Waitlisting and liver transplantation for MetALD in the United States: An analysis of the UNOS national registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The new steatotic liver disease (SLD) nomenclature introduced metabolic and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD), describing the intersection of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Waitlisting and liver transplantation for MetALD are not well-defined. We aimed to develop and validate an algorithm for identifying SLD phenotypes and assess trends in waitlisting and transplant outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, supplemented with detailed single-center data. We developed five candidate algorithms for SLD classification and calculated their diagnostic performance. Trends in waitlist registrations and transplants were estimated, and competing risk analyses and Cox regression models were conducted to assess waitlist removal and post-transplant outcomes among SLD phenotypes. RESULTS: The best-performing algorithm demonstrated substantial agreement (weighted kappa, 0.62) for SLD phenotypes, with acceptable sensitivity (73%) for MetALD. Between 2002-2022, waitlist registrations and transplants for MetALD increased 2.9-fold and 3.3-fold. Since 2013, there was a significant increase in the absolute number of waitlist registrations (122 per year; 95% CI, 111-133) and transplants (107 per year; 95% CI, 94-120) for MetALD. Patients with MetALD experienced higher waitlist removal (aSHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17), all-cause mortality (aHR, 1.13; 95%, 1.03-1.23), and graft failure (aHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21) than those with ALD. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and validated an algorithm for identifying SLD phenotypes in UNOS. MetALD is the third leading etiology among those waitlisted and transplanted, exhibiting worse pre- and post-transplantation outcomes compared to ALD. Identifying and addressing factors determining poor outcomes is crucial in this patient population.

Use of a cholangioscope for appendixoscopy and detecting a residual appendiceal adenoma.

Video 1Use of a cholangioscope for appendixoscopy and detecting a residual appendiceal adenoma.

Appendixoscopy to evaluate a suspected mucinous appendiceal lesion.

Video 1Colonoscopy with "appendixoscopy" using a single-operator digital cholangioscope to exclude a mucinous lesion of the appendix.

Novel through-the-scope suture closure of colonic EMR defects (with video).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Large colon polyps removed by EMR can be complicated by delayed bleeding. Prophylactic defect clip closure can reduce post-EMR bleeding. Larger defects can be challenging to close using through-the-scope clips (TTSCs), and proximal defects are difficult to reach using over-the-scope techniques. A novel, through-the-scope suturing (TTSS) device allows direct closure of mucosal defects without scope withdrawal. The goal of this study was to evaluate the rate of delayed bleeding after the closure of large colon polyp EMR sites with TTSS. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed involving 13 centers. All defect closure by TTSS after EMR of colon polyps ≥2 cm from January 2021 to February 2022 were included. The primary outcome was rate of delayed bleeding. RESULTS: A total of 94 patients (52% female; mean age, 65 years) underwent EMR of predominantly right-sided (n = 62 [66%]) colon polyps (median size, 35 mm; interquartile range, 30-40 mm) followed by defect closure with TTSS during the study period. All defects were successfully closed with TTSS alone (n = 62 [66%]) or with TTSS and TTSCs (n = 32 [34%]), using a median of 1 (interquartile range, 1-1) TTSS system. Delayed bleeding occurred in 3 patients (3.2%), with 2 requiring repeated endoscopic evaluation/treatment (moderate). CONCLUSION: TTSS alone or with TTSCs was effective in achieving complete closure of all post-EMR defects, despite a large lesion size. After TTSS closure with or without adjunctive devices, delayed bleeding was seen in 3.2% of cases. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings before wider adoption of TTSS for large polypectomy closure.

Effective, safe and efficient porcine model of Forrest Ib bleeding gastric and colonic ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Developing effective gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding animal models is necessary to advance endoscopic hemostasis methods and train endoscopists on their use. Our aim, therefore, was to develop an effective and safe porcine GI bleeding model in the stomach and colon of large and small-sized oozing-type ulcers. METHODS: Gastric and colonic bleeding ulcers were created using either a hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technique or a cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR-C) technique in 14 pigs. Prior to ulcer creation, animals were treated with either oral apixaban or intravenous (IV) unfractionated heparin anticoagulation in combination with clopidogrel and aspirin. The primary outcome was the technical success of inducing oozing-type Forrest Ib bleeding ulcers. Secondary outcomes included ulcer diameter, number, creation time and the number of complications associated with each technique. RESULTS: Using hybrid ESD and IV heparin anticoagulation, bleeding was observed in 21/23 (91.3%) gastric ulcers and 6/7 (85.7%) colonic ulcers created. The mean diameter and ulcer creation time were 2.3 ± 0.3 cm and 5.3 ± 0.5 min, respectively, for gastric ulcers and 2.2 ± 0.4 cm and 4.06 ± 0.6 min, respectively, for colonic ulcers. Using EMR-C and IV heparin anticoagulation, bleeding was observed in 14/15 (93.3%) gastric ulcers and 6/6 (100%) colonic ulcers created. The mean diameter and ulcer creation time were 0.8 ± 0.2 cm and 2.1 ± 0.5 min, respectively, for gastric ulcers and 0.7 ± 0.2 cm and 1.7 ± 0.3 min, respectively, for colonic ulcers. None of the ulcers created in animals anticoagulated with apixaban developed bleeding. None of the 14 pigs developed any complications. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of a porcine GI bleeding model utilizing IV heparin anticoagulation and either hybrid ESD or EMR-C techniques to create oozing-type bleeding ulcers in the stomach and colon with customizable size.

Technical details and outcomes of peroral endoscopic myotomy with fundoplication: the first U.S. experience (with video).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an established endoscopic treatment for achalasia; however, post-POEM rates of GERD remain a significant cause of concern. Single-session POEM with fundoplication (POEM-F) to treat achalasia was recently described to reduce post-POEM GERD. This study aims to report the technical feasibility, safety, and early outcomes of the first U.S. cohort of POEM-F. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients with achalasia treated with POEM-F at our center. The primary endpoint was technical success, defined as the successful completion of all steps of the POEM-F procedure. RESULTS: Six patients (mean age, 50 ± 4.8 years; 1 woman) underwent POEM-F for achalasia. Technical success was achieved in all patients (6/6), and no major immediate or delayed (up to 30 days postprocedure) adverse events were seen. At the 1-month follow-up visit, the mean Eckardt score decreased from 8.8 ± 1.1 to .3 ± .5. The GERD health-related quality of life and reflux symptom index scores obtained at the 1-month follow-up, with patients on proton pump inhibitors, were 2.3 ± 3.7 and 2.2 ± 2.5, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This first case series on POEM-F in the United States suggests that POEM-F is feasible and safe with excellent short-term outcomes.

Factors predictive of persistent fistulas in EUS-directed transgastric ERCP: a multicenter matched case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-directed transgastric ERCP (EDGE) is an established method for managing pancreaticobiliary pathology in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients, with high rates of technical success and low rates of serious adverse events (AEs). However, widespread adoption of the technique has been limited because of concerns about the development of persistent gastrogastric or jejunogastric fistulas. Gastrogastric and jejunogastric fistulas have been reported in up to 20% of cases in some series, but predictive risk factors and long-term management and outcomes are lacking. Therefore, our aims were to assess factors associated with the development of persistent fistulas and the technical success of endoscopic fistula closure. METHODS: This is a case-control study involving 9 centers (8 USA, 1 Europe) from February 2015 to September 2021. Cases of persistent fistulas were defined as endoscopic or imaging evidence of fistula more than 8 weeks after lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) removal. Control subjects were defined as endoscopic or imaging confirmation of no fistula more than 8 weeks after LAMS removal. AEs were defined and graded according to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy lexicon. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients identified to have evidence of a persistent fistula on follow-up surveillance (cases) were matched with 50 patients with no evidence of a persistent fistula on follow-up surveillance (control subjects) based on age and sex. Mean LAMS dwell time was 74.7 ± 106.2 days. After LAMS removal, argon plasma coagulation (APC) ablation of the fistula was performed in 46 patients (61.3%). Primary closure of the fistula was performed in 26.7% of patients (20: endoscopic suturing in 17, endoscopic tacking in 2, and over-the-scope clips + endoscopic suturing in 1). When comparing cases with control subjects, there was no difference in baseline demographics, fistula site, LAMS size, or primary closure frequency between the 2 groups (P > .05). However, in the persistent fistula group, the mean LAMS dwell time was significantly longer (127 vs 48 days, P = .02) and more patients had ≥5% total body weight gain (33.3% vs 10.3%, P = .03). LAMS dwell time was a significant predictor of persistent fistula (odds ratio, 4.5 after >40 days in situ, P = .01). The odds of developing a persistent fistula increased by 9.5% for every 7 days the LAMS was left in situ. In patients with a persistent fistula, endoscopic closure was attempted in 19 (76%) with successful resolution in 14 (73.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Longer LAMS dwell time was found to be associated with a higher risk of persistent fistulas in EDGE patients. APC or primary closure of the fistula on LAMS removal was not found to be protective against developing a persistent fistula, which, if present, can be effectively managed through endoscopic closure in most cases.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy and septotomy for Zenker diverticulum.

Zenker diverticulum (ZD) is the most common hypopharyngeal diverticulum seen often in septuagenarian and octogenarian males. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is the most common presenting symptom. Treatment of ZD has been advancing with the introduction of a wide variety of accessory devices, primarily focusing on obliteration of the septum by complete transection of the cricopharyngeus muscle to recreate the common cavity and restore normal pharyngo-esophageal bolus outflow. This review aimed to provide an overview of the various surgical and endoscopic treatment options for ZD, while focusing specifically on Zenker peroral endoscopic myotomy.

Through-the-scope suture closure of peroral endoscopic myotomy mucosal incision sites.

BACKGROUND : Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is now widely used for esophageal motility disorders including achalasia. Closure of the mucosal incision site is a critical step of the procedure. We evaluated the use of a novel through-the-scope (TTS) suture system for closure of POEM mucosal incision sites. METHODS : We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent POEM with TTS suture closure at our institution between February and July 2021. Technical success was defined as complete mucosal incision site closure using TTS suturing, without the need for adjunctive devices. Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range [IQR]) or mean (SD). RESULTS : 35 consecutive patients (median age 58 years [IQR 46.5-72]; 54.3 % female) underwent POEM with attempted mucosal closure by TTS suturing. Technical success was achieved in 32 patients (91.4 %) with a mean closure time of 12.4 (SD 6.9) minutes. The median mucosal incision length at time of closure was 2.5 cm (IQR 2-2.5). Overall, 17 patients (53.1 %) required ≥ 2 TTS suture systems and 3 patients (8.6 %) required additional TTS clips to achieve secure mucosal closure. No adverse events were encountered. CONCLUSIONS : TTS suturing was effective and safe for POEM mucosotomy closure. However, prospective comparative trials and cost-effectiveness analyses are warranted before routine adoption.

Double edged: a dual EUS-guided approach to pancreatobiliary intervention in altered anatomy.

Video 1A dual EUS-guided approach to pancreatobiliary intervention in altered anatomy.

Endoscopic full-thickness resection with through-the-scope suture closure for gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Video 1Endoscopic full-thickness resection with through-the-scope suture closure for gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

EUS-directed transgastric ERCP in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass revision of sleeve gastrectomy.

Video 1EUS-directed transgastric ERCP in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass revision of sleeve gastrectomy.

An international experience with single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy in patients with altered anatomy.

Background and study aims The utility of digital single- operator cholangiopancreatoscopy (D-SOCP) in surgically altered anatomy (SAA) is limited. We aimed to evaluate the technical success and safety of D-SOCP in patients SAA. Patients and methods Patients with SAA who underwent D-SOCP between February 2015 and June 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Technical success was defined as completing the intended procedure with the use of D-SOCP. Results Thirty-five patients underwent D-SOCP (34 D-SOC, 1 D-SOP). Bilroth II was the most common type of SAA (45.7 %), followed by Whipple reconstruction (31.4 %). Twenty-three patients (65.7 %) patients had prior failed ERCP due to the presence of complex biliary stone (52.2 %). A therapeutic duodenoscope was utilized in the majority of the cases (68.6 %), while a therapeutic gastroscope (22.7 %) or adult colonoscope (8.5 %) were used in the remaining procedures. Choledocholithiasis (61.2 %) and pancreatic duct calculi (3.2 %) were the most common indications for D-SOCP. Technical success was achieved in all 35 patients (100 %) and majority (91.4 %) requiring a single session. Complex interventions included electrohydraulic or laser lithotripsy, biliary or pancreatic stent placement, stricture dilation, and target tissue biopsies. Two mild adverse events occurred (pancreatitis and transient bacteremia). Conclusions In SAA, D-SOCP is a safe and effective modality to diagnose and treat complex pancreatobiliary disorders, especially in cases where standard ERCP attempts may fail.

EUS-directed transgastric interventions in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass anatomy: a multicenter experience.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Placement of a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) between the gastric pouch and the excluded stomach allows for EUS-guided transgastric interventions (EDGIs) in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Although EUS-guided transgastric ERCP (EDGE) outcomes have been reported, data are scant on other endoscopic interventions. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes and safety of EDGIs. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 9 centers (United States, 8; Europe, 1) and included patients with RYGB who underwent EDGIs between June 2015 and September 2021. The primary outcome was the technical success of EDGIs. Secondary outcomes were adverse events (AEs), length of hospital stay, and fistula follow-up and management. RESULTS: Fifty-four EDGI procedures were performed in 47 patients (mean age, 61 years; 72% women), most commonly for the evaluation of a pancreatic mass (n = 16) and management of pancreatic fluid collections (n = 10). A 20-mm LAMS was used in 26 patients and a 15-mm LAMS in 21, creating a gastrogastrostomy in 37 patients and jejunogastrostomy in 10. Most patients (n = 30, 64%) underwent a dual-session EDGI, with a median interval of 17 days between the 2 procedures. Single-session EDGI was performed in 17 patients, of whom 10 (59%) had anchoring of the LAMS. The most common interventions were diagnostic EUS (with or without FNA or fine-needle biopsy sampling; n = 28) and EUS-guided cystgastrostomy (n = 8). The mean procedural time was 97.6 ± 78.9 minutes. Technical success was achieved in 52 patients (96%). AEs occurred in 5 patients (10.6%), of which only 1 AE (2.1%) was graded as severe. Intraprocedural LAMS migration was the most common AE, occurring in 3 patients (6.4%), whereas delayed spontaneous LAMS migration occurred in 2 (4.3%). Four of the 5 LAMS migration events were managed endoscopically, and 1 required surgical repair. LAMS anchoring was found to be protective against LAMS migration (P = .001). The median duration of hospital stay was 2.1 ± 3.7 days. Of the 17 patients who underwent objective fistula assessment endoscopically or radiologically after LAMS removal, 2 (11.7%) were found to have persistent fistulas. In 1 case the fistula was intentionally left open to assist with weight gain. The other fistula was successfully closed endoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: EDGI is effective and safe for the diagnosis and management of pancreaticobiliary and foregut disorders in RYGB patients. It is associated with high rates of technical success and low rates of severe AEs. LAMS migration is the most common AE with evidence that anchoring can be protective against its occurrence. Persistent fistulas may occur, but endoscopic closure seems to be effective.

Role of functional luminal imaging probe in the management of postmyotomy clinical failure.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A small percentage of patients with esophageal dysmotility disorders (EDDs) fail to improve or relapse after management by laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). In this study, we aimed to describe the role of functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) in identifying patients who might benefit from lower esophageal sphincter (LES)-directed retreatment. METHODS: This was a retrospective study at 6 tertiary care centers (United States, 4; Europe, 1; Asia, 1) between January 2015 and April 2021 involving patients with prior failed myotomy. The primary outcome was the impact of the use of FLIP on the management of patients with prior failed myotomy. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three patients (62 women [50%]; mean age, 53 ± 21.1 years) who underwent LHM (n = 53, 43%) or POEM (n = 70, 57%) for the management of achalasia (n = 98) or other EDDs (n = 25) had clinical failure at a median time of 10.8 months (interquartile range, .8-17.3) postprocedure. Twenty-nine patients had apposing "abnormal" diagnoses in terms of integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) >15 mm Hg on HRM and distensibility index (DI) <2.8 mm2/mm Hg on FLIP, with ultimate change in management noted in 15 patients (10 directed toward conservative management, 5 directed toward LES-directed retreatment). The impact of FLIP on both diagnosis and management was noted in 15 of 29 patients (52%). In the subgroup analysis of 44 patients who underwent LES-directed retreatment, clinical success was highest among patients with both abnormal IRP and DI (21/25 [84%]) versus patients with only abnormal IRP (8/14 [57%]) or only abnormal DI (3/5 [60%], P = .04), with DI at 40-mL distension volume on FLIP identified as an independent predictor of clinical success (odd ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.1; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of this study further suggests the important role of using FLIP in addition to HRM in evaluating patients with clinical failure postmyotomy.

Cholangioscopy-guided double-guidewire technique for complex malignant hilar obstruction.

Video 1Cholangioscopy-guided double-guidewire technique for the management of complex malignant hilar obstruction.

Endoscopic through-the-scope suturing.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is growing interest in closure of larger mucosal defects, given the increasing use of endoscopic resection for early GI neoplasia and the advent of submucosal endoscopy, including peroral endoscopic myotomy. Existing closure methods include through-the-scope clips, over-the-scope clips, and over-the-scope suturing. Although over-the-scope clips and over-the-scope suturing allow closure of large defects, both require endoscope removal for device application and may have difficulty in treating lesions in the proximal colon or the small intestine. Hence, a significant gap exists for a through-the-scope device capable of closing larger defects. The novel X-Tack system (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, Tex, USA) offers through-the-scope suturing (TTSS), which eliminates the need to withdraw the endoscope from the patient before applying therapy. METHODS: We demonstrate the possible indications for endoscopic mucosal adhesion with TTSS through a video case series. We present 5 cases to illustrate the use of TTSS in the closure of a duodenal EMR defect, a cecal EMR defect, mucostomy after esophageal and gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy, and, finally, for primary closure of a gastrogastric fistula. RESULTS: All defects were successfully closed with 1 to 2 TTSS systems. There were no postprocedure adverse events, including bleeding or perforation, at a median of 30 (range 14-30) days of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: TTSS is a valuable addition to mucosal closure devices, which allows closure through a gastroscope or a colonoscope, without requiring endoscope removal for device application. Likely applications include larger or more distant defects and those located within tight spaces. Pending further clinical evaluation, important areas for research include assessment of the learning curve, comparative trials with other closure devices, and cost-effectiveness analysis.

Peroral endoscopic myotomy for management of cricopharyngeal bars (CP-POEM): a retrospective evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Cricopharyngeal bars (CPBs) are a unique etiology of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Symptomatic patients are managed with endoscopic dilation or surgical myotomy. Cricopharyngeal peroral endoscopic myotomy (CP-POEM) is an emerging technique for the management of dysphagia due to CPBs. This study evaluated technical success, clinical success, adverse events, and long-term recurrence following CP-POEM. METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent POEM for management of CPBs between May 2015 and December 2020 at four tertiary care centers were included. Primary outcome was clinical success (defined as improvement of dysphagia score to ≤ 1). Secondary outcomes were technical success, rate and severity of adverse events, procedure duration, and symptom recurrence. RESULTS: 27 patients (mean age 69 years; 10 female) underwent CP-POEM during the study period. The most common presenting symptoms at the time of index procedure were dysphagia (26; 96.3 %) and regurgitation (20; 74.1 %). Clinical and technical success were achieved in all patients. Mild/moderate adverse events occurred in two patients (7.4 %). CP-POEM significantly reduced the median dysphagia score. CONCLUSIONS: CP-POEM was a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic CPBs. Although symptom recurrence was low, long-term outcome data are needed. CP-POEM should be considered as a management option for symptomatic CPBs at centers with POEM expertise.