Comparative study of the relationship between pregnancy and childbirth factors and autism in healthy children and children with autism.

BACKGROUND: Autism is a group of developmental disorders of the nervous system, the main manifestations of which are defects in social interactions and communication, as well as repetitive behaviors and limited interests. The etiology of autism is not limited to a single factor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the relationship between pregnancy and childbirth factors and autism in healthy children and children with autism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional study that was performed on 200 children in Isfahan in 2021. The instrument in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 software. RESULTS: The results of data analysis between the two groups with Mann-Whitney U test showed that there was a significant relationship between maternal age at delivery, father's age at delivery, gestational age at delivery, interval between pregnancies, and the length of hospital stay (P ≤ 0.05). Also, the results of data analysis with Chi-squared test showed that there is a significant relationship between the two groups in terms of economic status, place of residence, multiple pregnancies, neonatal sex, and disease in infancy (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that economic status, place of residence, multiple pregnancies, sex of the baby, and disease in infancy can be effective factors for this disease. According to the results of the study, by considering the factors related to autism, many cases can be adjusted and corrected as much as possible before attempting to conceive.

Investigating the relationship between attitudes toward fertility and childbearing and the value of children with attitudes toward fertility control in married women aged 15-45 in Isfahan.

BACKGROUND: The family is one of the important social institutions and the function of childbearing is one of the important functions of the family. The decision to have children depends on the individual's attitude about the consequences of having another child and their perceived norms. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between attitudes toward fertility and childbearing and the value of children with attitudes toward fertility control in married women aged 15 to 45 years in Isfahan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional correlational study that was performed on 500 married women with at least one child in health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tools in this study were standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22. RESULTS: The mean score of attitude toward fertility control was 40.43 ± 9.03. The area of security in old age and the area of procrastination had the highest mean values of children and attitudes toward fertility and childbearing, respectively. Analysis of data by Spearman test showed that there is a significant relationship between all dimensions of child value and attitudes toward fertility and childbearing with attitudes toward fertility control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A positive attitude toward the child increases the likelihood of having children and believing in the negative impact of the child on freedom reduces the likelihood of having a desire for fertility. Changing attitudes of societies toward childbearing and less desire to have children should not be sought only in material, economic, or social reasons but also cultural factors should be considered in this area.

Determining the frequency of Candida species in women with candidal vaginal infection frequency of Candida species in women with candida vaginal infection.

BACKGROUND: Candidiasis vaginitis is an opportunistic and common mucosal infection. Although Candida albicans is the most common isolated species, other species of Candida such as Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis have also increased significantly in recent years. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species in women with candidal vaginal infection in order to promote health in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on nonpregnant women of childbearing age who referred to health centers in Neyshabur in 2018. At the beginning of the study, 163 people entered the study and the culture results were positive in 68 of them. In vitro, culture was performed in subduxtrose agar medium containing chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Species identification was performed using Candida specific culture medium (Saburo dextrose agar and chloramphenicol). After culture, 15% of the residual wet slide with potash (KOH) was prepared and observed with a lens. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS software version 24. RESULTS: The participants in the study were women with a mean age of 35.55 ± 5.47 and the average number of deliveries was 1.38 ± 1.15. In this study, the prevalence of C. albicans was 59.7%, C. tropicalis was 14.8%, C. krusei was 15%, and C. glabrata was 7.61% and also krusei and tropicalis were 3% simultaneously. Therefore, C. albicans was the most common species isolated from clinical specimens. CONCLUSION: In this study, the most common species after albicans were C. tropicalis and cruciferous. Considering the role of C. glabrata in the development of resistance to antifungal drugs, the lower prevalence of this species in the present study can be associated with improved treatment outcomes in patients.

Investigating the relationship between the dimensions of mindfulness and maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Maternal attachment to the fetus is a term used to describe the emotional relationship between mother and fetus. This emotional connection increases during pregnancy and is reflected in her feelings, perceptions, and behaviors. Mindfulness is important as one of the factors affecting the mental health of people during pregnancy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between the dimensions of mindfulness and maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was performed on 500 pregnant mothers referred to health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The samples were entered into the study by available sampling method and if they had inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria. The research instruments were the Fetal Attachment Questionnaire and the Bauer Mindfulness Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22. RESULTS: The results of the data showed that there was no significant relationship between the overall score of mindfulness and the overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus (P = 0.62). While from the dimensions of mindfulness such as "action with awareness" there was a significant negative relationship (P = 0.03) with maternal attachment to the fetus and a significant positive relationship "observation" with maternal attachment to the fetus (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, there is a relationship between maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy and a number of dimensions of mindfulness. For this purpose, since mindfulness can increase the mother's interactions with the fetus, and this interaction begins during pregnancy and with the mother's attachment to the fetus, it is important to pay attention to this.

Effect of spiritual care education on the spiritual health of preeclamptic women with postpartum stress disorder.

BACKGROUND: Spiritual health in the field of health has a great importance in mental disorders and posttraumatic stress disorders, in treatment process. The present study was done aiming "determine the effect of spiritual care education on the spiritual health of preeclamptic women with postpartum stress disorder." MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was done in 2017 on 260 women with preeclampsia in Mashhad. Data collection was done with questionnaires Perinatal Posttraumatic Stress Questionnaire (PPQ), the posttraumatic disorder checklist, Duke University Religion Index, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). In the intervention group, first, women were educated on spiritual care each day based on Richards and Bergin's pattern, in three sessions, which lasted 45-60 min. The control group also received routine cares. All units completed the questionnaire SWBS at the 8th postpartum period. P < 0.05 was meaningful. RESULTS: After the intervention, this score of spiritual health in the intervention and control groups had a significant difference with independent test (P = 0.004). Spiritual health significantly increased in the interventional group. CONCLUSIONS: Providing spiritual care to pregnant mothers with preeclampsia, increase their spiritual health.

The Relationship between religious orientation and promotion of sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction in women of reproductive age.

INTRODUCTION: Marital satisfaction is a situation in which the husband and wife enjoy marrying and feeling emotional; on the other hand, the existence of religious beliefs has a significant effect on family stability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between religious orientation, sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction in women of reproductive age. METHODS: This is a correlational study performed on 150 married women aged 45-45 years who referred to Neyshabur comprehensive health services centers. The sampling method was clustered. The present study used three questionnaires: Spinner Marital Satisfaction, Larson's Sexual Satisfaction, and Allport Religious Orientation Questionnaire. The reliability of these questionnaires was confirmed by the retest method. T-test, Pearson correlation, and one-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Data analysis showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between religious orientation and sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Religious commitment has a predictive role in promoting sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction, with increasing religious commitment, increasing sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Psychologists and counselors in individual and couple counseling sessions with sexual problems and marital dissatisfaction and premarital counseling can increase marital satisfaction with regard to religious factors and religious and spiritual teachings.

The relationship between hope and resilience with promoting maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal attachment to the fetus is an emotional bond and the unique relationship of the pregnant woman to the fetus. Attachment is an important predictor of mental health. One of the psychological factors affecting mental health is resilience and hope. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hope and resilience with promoting maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. METHODS: This is a descriptive correlational study performed on 386 pregnant women referred to community health centers in Isfahan-Iran. The research instruments were standard questionnaires of Hope Snyder, Conor and Davidson Resilience, and maternal attachment to the fetus of Cranley. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: The results showed that there is no significant relationship between the overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus and the total score of hope (P = 0.73). The overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus was positively and significantly correlated with hope subscales, including thinking (P = 0.004) and path (P = 0.047). The overall score of maternal attachment to the fetus was positively and significantly correlated with the overall score of resilience (P = 0.03). There was a correlation between the dimensions of maternal attachment to the fetus, including interaction with the fetus (P = 0.003) and self-sacrifice (P = 0.015). Maternal role acceptance (P = 0.001) was positively and significantly correlated with hope thinking subscale. Self-sacrifice (P = 0.027) and differentiation between self and fetus (P = 0.035) were positively and positively correlated with hope path subscales. Self-sacrifice (P = 0.03) and attribution to fetus (P = 0.001) had a significant positive relationship with resilience. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that hope and resiliency are positively and significantly associated with maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. Hope and resiliency are positively and significantly associated with maternal attachment to the fetus, thus increasing the expectation of pregnant mothers to increase their attachment to their fetus. As a result, they are paying more attention to prenatal care, which can guarantee the health of their mothers and their babies.

Urine analysis with dipstick test in asymptomatic 7-year-old children.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of renal failure in children is increasing worldwide, and most renal diseases do not show clinical symptoms for the patient. Moreover, given the importance of screening for patient identification and prevention planning that result from screening, the present study was performed. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 292 children aged 7 years who referred to Neyshabur health centers during 2017-2018. In addition, sampling was clustered. The first urine sample was taken in the morning, and the dipstick test was performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11.5 and Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Pearson's tests. RESULTS: Of the 292 children, 142 (48.6%) were male and 150 (51.4%) were female. All the boys had been circumcised. The children were 7-year-old. Urinary tract problems were present in 31 (10.61%) children. Urinary problems were observed in 163 children (55.82%) considering crystalluria. Some children had more than one type of urinary disorder. Pyuria was the most common disorder in 13 (8.7%) of the studied children, and proteinuria was the least common. Nitrite and hemoglobin were not found in the urine of the studied children. There was a statistically significant relationship between gender and white blood cell count (P < 0.001), crystalline oxalate (P = 0.004), and specific gravity (P = 0.009). There was also a statistically significant relationship between urinary-specific gravity and pH (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic urinary problems may be identified by screening tests in school-aged children. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the exact cause of the obtained abnormal results and determine whether or not they are related to renal disease in order to reduce the number of people with untreated renal diseases in future.

Comparison of attachment styles of addicted parents and non-addicted parents in health-care referents.

BACKGROUND: Growing interest in issues of attachment, sociocultural, psychological, and above all clinical perspectives is also reflected in the emergence of research on "attachment style and parental parenting style in referrals to addiction treatment centers." METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Three health centers were selected randomly from among the health centers of Neyshabur city in 2015-2016 year. The sampling was done so that all individuals who had the characteristics of the research unit and had the consent to participate in the study were justified by the researcher and completed questionnaire form. We used Chi-square, one-way analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: In the present study, safe attachment scores in children with healthy parents were significantly more than children with addicted parents. CONCLUSION: Addiction has an important role in reducing attachment to children, and because this decrease in attachment has dangerous consequences in child's life.

The effectiveness of existential psychotherapy on attitude to life and self-flourishing of educated women homemakers.

INTRODUCTION: Women make up half of the world's population and play a critical role in the health and well-being of the family and society. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of existential psychotherapy on attitude to life and self-flourishing of educated women homemakers. METHODS: A quasiexperimental study with the pretest-posttest design is used in this work. The research population included 68 homemakers with university education who live in Neyshabur, Iran. Sampling method was available. The women were randomly assigned into two groups: intervention and control groups. The women in the intervention group participated in 10 sessions of existential therapy group. The data collection tool was a questionnaire of Life Regard Index (LRI) and Human Flourishing Questionnaire (HFQ). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 21 using Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test while P < 0.05 considered as a significant level. RESULTS: Scores of attitude to life and self-flourishing in educated homemakers before intervention were not significantly different in the two groups. Independent t-test showed that self-flourishing was significantly increased in the intervention group (90.88 ± 15.27) compared to the control group (79.64 ± 15.87) (P = 0.004). The attitude to life was significantly increased in the intervention group (35.79 ± 14.21) compared to the control group (27.50 ± 8.77) (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study emphasize that existential group therapy is effective in attitude to life, and self-flourishing of educated homemakers. This therapy can also be used to enhance individual and social abilities the importance and impact of existential psychotherapy on enhancing capabilities such as a positive attitude to life and self-flourishing.