Correction: The effectiveness and efficiency of using normative messages to reduce waste: A real world experiment.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261734.].

Focusing on Social Behaviors: Improving the Perceived Warmth of Sharks in an Aquarium Setting.

Sharks are commonly depicted as intentionally dangerous predators and are considered a threat by the general public, limiting support for and success of global shark conservation. Following the SCM framework, this study aimed at testing the effect of information on the social lives of sharks alone or paired with circumstantial humor on the participants' perceived warmth of sharks before visiting an aquarium. The present study took place in a naturalistic setting, allowing testing of the variables in a pseudo-real-world environment where results can objectively help in the implementation of strategies on the ground. A total sample of 303 visitors participated in this study, where three conditions (control: 100; social information: 102; social information with humor: 101) were tested. Results showed that, although mild, it was possible to affect the warmth dimension of the shark's stereotype, most likely due to the presence of information about the social lives of sharks. This information slightly leveraged the perceived warmth dimension, although still far from the less threatening stereotype as aimed. Results also highlight the possible importance of using videos within the strategic communication and education approaches in aquariums in order to be most effective in challenging the shark stereotype. Limitations and future research ideas are explored.

Ethics 4.0: Ethical Dilemmas in Healthcare Mediated by Social Robots.

This study examined people's moral judgments and trait perception toward a healthcare agent's response to a patient who refuses to take medication. A sample of 524 participants was randomly assigned to one of eight vignettes in which the type of healthcare agent (human vs. robot), the use of a health message framing (emphasizing health-losses for not taking vs. health-gains in taking the medication), and the ethical decision (respect the autonomy vs. beneficence/nonmaleficence) were manipulated to investigate their effects on moral judgments (acceptance and responsibility) and traits perception (warmth, competence, trustworthiness). The results indicated that moral acceptance was higher when the agents respected the patient's autonomy than when the agents prioritized beneficence/nonmaleficence. Moral responsibility and perceived warmth were higher for the human agent than for the robot, and the agent who respected the patient's autonomy was perceived as warmer, but less competent and trustworthy than the agent who decided for the patient's beneficence/nonmaleficence. Agents who prioritized beneficence/nonmaleficence and framed the health gains were also perceived as more trustworthy. Our findings contribute to the understanding of moral judgments in the healthcare domain mediated by both healthcare humans and artificial agents.

O efeito do tipo de mulher na categorização social inicial e na atribuição de características estereotípicas / The Effect of Woman's Type on Initial Social Categorization and the Attribution of Stereotypical Characteristics

Resumo Introdução: Os estereótipos de género dizem respeito a crenças partilhadas sobre os atributos físicos, psicológicos e comportamentais de homens e mulheres. De acordo com a literatura, observa-se alguma variabilidade nos estereótipos para a categoria mulher, em função de serem associadas a uma de três subcategorias: mulher tradicional, mulher independente e mulher sexy. Este estudo pretendeu observar os estereótipos predominantes e diferenciadores de cada tipo de mulher e a formação de impressões numa amostra portuguesa. Método: Os participantes (N = 78), distribuídos em 6 condições de acordo com o design experimental 3 (tipo de mulher: tradicional, independente vs. sexy) x 2 (sexo do participante: homem vs. mulher), deveriam, com base numa descrição prévia, indicar a área profissional, aparência física e modo de vestir da mulher alvo e formar uma impressão em termos dos atributos calorosa e competente. Resultados: Os resultados indicam maiores avaliações de calor para a mulher tradicional, pouca variabilidade nas avaliações de competência e as respostas obtidas através da análise semântica conferem diferentes imagens para os três subgrupos de mulher. Conclusões: Os resultados confirmam parcialmente as hipóteses e são discutidos com base nas implicações para a literatura dos estereótipos de género.

Abstract Introduction: Gender stereotypes are beliefs about the physical, psychological, and behavioral attributes of men and women. According to the literature, there is some variability in stereotypes for the woman category, as they are associated with one of three subcategories: traditional woman, independent woman, and sexy woman. This study aimed to observe the predominant and differentiating stereotypes of each type of woman and the formation of impressions in a Portuguese sample. Method: Participants (N = 78), distributed in 6 conditions according to the experimental design 3 (woman type: traditional, independent vs. sexy) x 2 (participant's gender: male vs. female), should base on a previous description indicate the professional field, physical appearance and dress of the target woman and form an impression in terms of warm and competent attributes. Results: The results indicate higher warmth ratings for traditional women, little variability in competency ratings, and the responses obtained through semantic analysis provide different images for the three subgroups of women. Conclusions: The results partially confirm the hypotheses and are discussed based on the implications for the gender stereotypes` literature.

Emotional Availability in Mother-Child and Father-Child Interactions as Predictors of Child's Attachment Representations in Adoptive Families.

Emotional availability (EA) in parent-child interactions is associated with positive child outcomes, including attachment security. However, little is known about EA in adoptive families. This study investigated the associations between secure representations of attachment in adopted children and the adoptive parents' EA. The participants (n = 75) included 26 mothers, 23 fathers, and 26 children who were aged 3 to 9 years. Children completed the Attachment Story Completion Task. Adult-child dyadic relationships were assessed using the EA® System. The results showed that the children's and parents' EA, age when adopted, and time elapsed since adoption were associated with more secure children's attachment representations. Implications for family support and public policy are discussed.

Are We Getting Less Sexist? A Ten-Year Gap Comparison Analysis of Sexism in a Portuguese Sample.

Widely and slowly, discrimination against women based upon gender has become socially unacceptable. However, less is known about how sexist beliefs have progressed in the last years and if we are responding to this social antagonizing of a sexist discourse. Our goal was to verify the existence of differences in ambivalent sexism and neosexism over a ten-year gap in a Portuguese adult sample and to assess possible modifications in the relationship between the variables. A cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted using two independent groups, with measures taken in 2009 and then in 2019. Both groups were invariant in terms of average age and proportion of sexes. Our results show a decrease in hostile and benevolent forms of sexism, while neosexism remains constant. The relationships between variables suggest that sexist beliefs are changing to accommodate subtler and modernized forms of sexism, like neosexism, that deny the existence of discrimination against women, resent discrimination complaints, and maintain a paternalistic view of women. Neosexism also seems to have a stronger correlation with hostile sexism than with benevolent forms of sexism in the male subsample. This relationship is stronger for the 2019 sample. These relationships suggest that sexism is more deeply rooted than we would like to admit and adapts to social discourse. Despite our best efforts, it is yet to be overcome.

The effectiveness and efficiency of using normative messages to reduce waste: A real world experiment.

Although they are only home to 16% of the global human population, high-income countries produce approximately one third of the world's waste, the majority of which goes to landfills. To reduce pressure on landfills and natural systems, environmental messaging should focus on reducing consumption. Messages that signal social norms have the potential to influence people to reduce their consumption of comfort goods, such as straws, which are not a necessity for most people. We conducted a randomized field-experiment at a marine park in Portugal to test whether different normative messages reduced visitors' paper straw use when compared to non-normative messages. We found that a message framed around a positive injunctive norm significantly reduced straw use compared to a non-normative message. We estimated that using the message at 17 park concession stands could keep over 27500 straws out of landfills annually and save the park money after two years.

Legitimizing Intimate Partner Violence: The Role of Romantic Love and the Mediating Effect of Patriarchal Ideologies.

Romantic love in heterosexual relationships is recognized as an important aspect to be considered in relation to the psychosocial mechanisms associated with the persistence of intimate partner violence and the help-seeking barriers faced by female victims. However, few studies have explored the processes underlying the relationship between this form of love and attitudes toward this kind of violence. To do this, the current study aims to analyze the relationship between the adherence to romantic love and the legitimization of intimate partner violence (i.e., perceived severity of violence, victim blame, and exoneration of the perpetrator). It was also to test the mediating effect of patriarchal ideologies (i.e., ambivalent sexism and domestic violence myths) on this relationship. Two hundred thirty-five French adults (51.1% women) were surveyed. The data were analyzed with structural equation models to study the mediations between the variables considered. Consistent with our hypotheses, the results showed that the more the participants adhered to romantic love, the more they blamed the victim and exonerated the perpetrator. They also showed a positive link between romantic love, ambivalent sexism, and domestic violence myths. Finally, the results demonstrated that the relationship between romantic love and the legitimization of violence is mediatized by ambivalent sexism and domestic violence myths. The findings illustrate the need to deconstruct romantic love ideology and the psychosocial logics underlying the legitimization of intimate partner violence.

Adaptation of the Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance Scale to Portuguese and Tests of Its Convergent, Divergent, and Predictive Validities.

The Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance Scale was adapted to Portuguese (PDVMAS). The PDVMAS displayed reasonable fit indices (Study 1); was positively correlated with right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, belief in a just world (Study 2), and ambivalent sexism (Study 3); and negatively correlated with empathetic tendencies (Study 4). PDVMAS significantly predicted victim blame and aggressor exoneration in scenarios of coercion (Study 5) and physical assault (Study 6). Victims and non-victims of domestic violence equally endorsed domestic violence myths. Globally, the PDVMAS is a reliable instrument, and domestic violence myths are pervasive and alter the perception of intimate partner violence.

Action Contribution to Competence Judgments: The Use of the Journey Schema.

The current research considered the question of how performing an action, or merely preparing the body for action, can have an impact on social judgments related to person perception. Participants were asked to ascribe competence and warmth characteristics to a target person by reading a metaphoric text while their body was manipulated to be prepared for the processing of action-congruent information. In Experiment 1, participants whose forward body action matched the metaphoric action described in the text ascribed more competence characteristics to a politician than did control participants. In Experiment 2, participants whose body was merely prepared for forward movement also ascribed more competence characteristics to a politician than did control participants. In addition, the data from Experiment 2 ruled out an alternative non-embodied explanation (i.e., that effect is due to basic associative processes) grounded in the existing literatures on attitudes by demonstrating that body manipulation had no effect on competence when a non-metaphoric text was used. Finally, no evidence was found that body manipulation affects warmth judgments. These studies converge in demonstrating that forward body movements enhance the favorability of competence judgments when these match the metaphoric forward movements described by text.

Evidências métricas da adaptação da Escala de Dominância Social numa amostra portuguesa / Metric Evidences of the adaptation of the Social Dominance Scale in a portuguese sample / Evidencias de validez da la adaptación de la escala de dominancia social en una muestra portuguesa

Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar evidências de validação da escala de Orientação para a Dominância Social para a população portuguesa. Participaram 910 pessoas, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (58,7%), com idades variando de 18 a 81 anos (M=34,09; DP=11,57). Foram realizadas análises de consistência interna, fatorial exploratória (n=455) e fatorial confirmatória (n=455). Os resultados mostram o modelo de dois fatores como mais adequado do que o modelo original e com bom valores de consistência interna. Concluiu-se que esse é um instrumento psicometricamente adequado. Reitera-se a premência de continuar a estudar a da análise da validade de critério em relação ao sexismo ambivalente, neossexismo e personalidade autoritária...

This study aims to present evidences of the validity of the social dominance orientation scale for Portuguese population. Participants were 910 Portuguese people. Most of them were women (58.7%), with ages ranging from 18 to 81 years (M=34.09; SD=11.57). Reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis (n=455) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=455) were carried out. Results supported a two-component model for the SDO scale, which displayed a better fit than the original one-factorial structure. The scale showed good psychometric properties. In conclusion, the SDO is a psychometrically adequate instrument, being better represented by a two-component model. Future studies should examine the criterion validity through the analysis of the relationship of social dominance with ambivalent sexism, neosexism and authoritarian personality, among others...

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar evidencias de validez de la adaptación de la escala de orientación a la dominancia social en una muestra portuguesa. Participaron 910 personas de varios puntos de Portugal, siendo la mayoría de los participantes mujeres (58,7%) con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 81 años (M=34,09; DP=11,57). Se realizaron análisis de consistencia interna, análisis factorial exploratoria (n=455) y análisis factorial confirmatoria (n=455). Los resultados mostraron que el modelo de dos factores tuvo un mejor ajuste que el modelo unidimensional original, mostrando buenos valores de consistencia interna. Considerado una estructura de dos factores, la escala demuestra ser un instrumento psicométricamente adecuado. Futuros estudios deberán analizar la validez de criterio a través de las relaciones con el sexismo ambivalente, el neosexismo y la personalidad autoritaria, entre otras...

Escala de cavalheirismo paternalista: estrutura fatorial e correlatos com o sexismo ambivalente / Paternalistic chivalry scale: factor structure and correlates with the ambivalent sexism / Escala de caballerosidad paternalista: estructura factorial y correlatos con el sexismo ambivalente

O sexismo ambivalente expressa um desejo dos homens de cuidar das mulheres, protegê-las e adorá-las. Essas atitudes corteses e consideradas em relação às mulheres são definidas como o cavalheirismo paternalista. Este estudo pretende apresentar evidências métricas da adaptação à população portuguesa da escala de cavalheirismo paternalista por meio de análises fatoriais confirmatórias e das relações entre cavalheirismo paternalista e sexismo ambivalente. Os resultados confirmaram que o modelo de dois fatores é mais adequado do que o modelo unidimensional da escala original. No tocante à relação entre cavalheirismo paternalista e sexismo ambivalente, os participantes com elevados níveis de cavalheirismo paternalista (comportamentos cavalheirosos, intimidade heterossexual) mostraram elevados níveis de sexismo benevolente: preferem relações nas quais o homem possua o poder...

The ambivalent sexism of men expressed a desire to take care of women, protect them and worship them. These attitudes courteous and considered in relation to women are defined as paternalistic chivalry. This study aims to present evidence metrics adaptation to the Portuguese population scale paternalistic chivalry through confirmatory factor analyzes and relations between ambivalent sexism and paternalistic chivalry. The results confirmed that the two-factor model is more appropriate than the one-dimensional model of the original scale. Regarding the relationship between ambivalent sexism and paternalistic chivalry, participants with high levels of paternalistic chivalry (chivalrous behavior, heterosexual intimacy) showed high levels of benevolent sexism: prefer relationships in which the man possesses the power...

El sexismo benevolente expresa el deseo de los hombres de cuidar, proteger y adorar las mujeres. Esas actitudes y proceder cortés hacia las mujeres son definidos como caballerosidad paternalista. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar evidencias de validez de la adaptación a la población portuguesa de la escala de caballerosidad paternalista mediante análisis factorial confirmatoria y de las relaciones entre caballerosidad paternalista y sexismo ambivalente. Los resultados mostraron que la estructura bifactorial de la escala se ajusta mejor que la unidimensionalidad de la escala original. Respecto a la relación entre caballerosidad paternalista y sexismo ambivalente, los individuos con elevadas puntuaciones en caballerosidad paternalista (comportamiento caballeresco, intimidad heterosexual) mostraron elevados niveles de sexismo benevolente: prefieren las relaciones donde el hombre posea el poder...

Estudo de validação da Escala de Necessidade de Cognição com amostra portuguesa / Validation Study of the Need for Cognition Scale with a Portuguese sample / Estudio de validación de la Escala de Necesidad de Cognición con muestra portuguesa

Não há consenso no que concerne à estrutura da escala de Necessidade de Cognição, (versão curta) de Cacioppo, Petty e Kao (1984). O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura fatorial da escala de 18 itens, numa amostra Portuguesa de 344 indivíduos, com distribuições semelhantes entre gêneros e 45,3 tendo como habilitação o ensino secundário. Os resultados da análise exploratória mostram uma estrutura trifatorial, com elevada consistência interna, o que sugere a sua bondade para aplicação à população portuguesa. Os indivíduos com uma maior necessidade de cognição parecem ser aqueles que atingem níveis de escolaridade mais elevados, contudo não são os que apresentam profissões de maior qualificação. Reitera-se a premência em continuar a estudar essa temática, nomeadamente a sua relação com os demais processos cognitivos.

There is no consensus regarding the structure of the Need for Cognition scale (short version) of Cacioppo, Petty and Kao (1984). The present study aims to examine the fator structure of the scale of 18 items in a Portuguese sample of 344 individuals with similar distribution among gender. 45.3 have secondary education. The results of the exploratory analysis trifatorial show a structure with high internal consistency, which ensures the application to the Portuguese population. Individuals with a greater need for cognition appear to be those who attain higher educational levels. However they didn’t attain the occupations of higher qualification. We reiterate the urgent need to further examine this issue, including its relationship with other cognitive processes.

No hay consenso cuanto a la estructura de la escala de Necesidad de Cognición, (versión corta) de Cacioppo, Petty e Kao (1984). El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la estructura factorial de la escala de 18 ítems, en una muestra Portuguesa de 344 individuos, con distribuciones semejantes entre géneros, 45,3 de ellos con educación secundaria. Los resultados del análisis exploratorio muestran una estructura trifactorial, con elevada consistencia interna, lo que sugiere su bondad para aplicación a la población portuguesa. Los individuos con una mayor necesidad de cognición parecen ser aquellos que atingen niveles de escolaridad más elevados, todavía no son los que presentan profesiones de mayor cualificación. Se reitera la urgencia en continuar a estudiar esa temática, en particular su relación con los demás procesos cognitivos.