A pan-genome of 69 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions reveals a conserved genome structure throughout the global species range.

Although originally primarily a system for functional biology, Arabidopsis thaliana has, owing to its broad geographical distribution and adaptation to diverse environments, developed into a powerful model in population genomics. Here we present chromosome-level genome assemblies of 69 accessions from a global species range. We found that genomic colinearity is very conserved, even among geographically and genetically distant accessions. Along chromosome arms, megabase-scale rearrangements are rare and typically present only in a single accession. This indicates that the karyotype is quasi-fixed and that rearrangements in chromosome arms are counter-selected. Centromeric regions display higher structural dynamics, and divergences in core centromeres account for most of the genome size variations. Pan-genome analyses uncovered 32,986 distinct gene families, 60% being present in all accessions and 40% appearing to be dispensable, including 18% private to a single accession, indicating unexplored genic diversity. These 69 new Arabidopsis thaliana genome assemblies will empower future genetic research.

Related factors for ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway failure / Factores relacionados con insuficiencia de las vías respiratorias con el uso de ProSeal™ laryngeal mask

Abstract Introduction: The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a device for airway management that is easy to insert, safe, and efficient. However, there are associated complications that can lead to important patient morbidity and mortality, as ventilator failure, can occur with reported incidence between 0.2% and 4.7%. Male gender, advanced age, obesity, short thyromental distance, and poor dentition are known related factors to LMA failure. Objective: Determine the incidence of ProSeal™ LMA ventilatory failure and identify clinical related conditions. Materials and methods: Observational analytic study a group of adult patients with ProSealTM laryngeal mask for airway management. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.1 software. Bivariate analysis was done using Fisher's exact test or Chi2 as it corresponded with statistical significance defined as P value <0.05. Skewed logistic regression for multivariate analysis was performed for estimating adjusted odd ratios (ORs). Results: Incidence of ProSealTM LMA ventilatory failure was 5.2%. In the group of patients that presented failure, 69 were older than 75 years (OR=1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.09, P < 0.001), 6 (23.1%) thyromental distance less than 6 x0200A;cm (OR = 2.48, 95% CI 0.93-6.62, P = 0.069), 5 (19.2%), inadequate anesthetic depth and/or laryngospasm (OR=5.78, 95% CI 2.23-14.96, P< 0.001) and 9 (34.6%) vintraoperative use of neuromuscular blockers (NMB) (OR=2.35, 95% CI 1.06-5.21, P=0.035). Conclusion: In patients with LMA management, the age, intraoperative use of NMB and inadequate anesthetic depth and/ or laryngospasm are clinical related conditions for ProSealTMLMA ventilatory failure.

Resumen Introducción: La mascarilla laríngea de vía aérea (LMA) es un dispositivo para el manejo de la vía aérea fácil de insertar, seguro y eficiente. Sin embargo, hay complicaciones asociadas que pueden llevar a morbilidad y mortalidad del paciente, como la falla del respirador, con una incidencia reportada de entre el 0.2% y el 4.7%. El sexo masculino, la edad avanzada, la obesidad, la corta distancia tiromentoniana y la mala dentición son factores conocidos relacionados con el fracaso de la LMA. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de la insuficiencia respiratoria con ProSeal™ LMA e identificar las condiciones clínicas relacionadas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico observacional de un grupo de pacientes adultos con uso de ProSeal™ Laryngeal Mask para el manejo de las vías respiratorias. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el software STATA 12.1©. El análisis bivariado se realizó utilizando la prueba exacta de Fisher o Chi2, ya que correspondía a la significación estadística definida como valor de p < 0.05. Se realizó una regresión logística sesgada para el análisis multivariado, con el fin de estimar las proporciones impares ajustadas (OR). Resultados: La incidencia de fallo ventilatorio de ProSeal™ LMA fue del 5.2%. En el grupo de pacientes que presentaron fracaso, 69 eran mayores de 75 años (OR = 1.06; IC del 95%: 1.03 a 1.09; p < 0.001), 6 pacientes (23.1%) tenían distancia tiromentoniana inferior a 6 cm (OR = 2.48; IC del 95%: 0.93 a 6.62, p = 0.069), 5 (19.2%) presentaron profundidad inadecuada del anestésico y/o laringoespasmo (OR = 5.78; IC del 95%: 2.23 a 14.96; p < 0.001) y en 9 (34.6%) hubo uso intraoperatorio de NMB (OR = 2.35; IC del 95%: 1.06 a 5.21; p = 0.035). Conclusión: En pacientes con manejo de la LMA, la edad, el uso intraoperatorio de la NMB y la profundidad anestésica inadecuada y/o laringoespasmo son condiciones clínicas relacionadas con la insuficiencia respiratoria de la LMA ProSeal™.