A time-restricted feeding intervention in children and adolescents with obesity: The TRansForm study protocol.

Obesity during childhood is of special concern as adiposity is typically tracked into adult life and it constitutes a major risk factor for future obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Recent studies indicate that time-restricted feeding (TRF) interventions may provide a promising strategy for obesity treatment. However, TRF interventions have only been tested in adult subjects. This study aims to determine both short- and long-term effects of a TRF intervention in children and adolescents with obesity. We will also investigate potential mechanisms mediating the response to the intervention, including the circadian rhythm and the gut microbiota composition. We have designed a randomized-controlled parallel-group clinical study in which children and adolescents (age range 8-18 year-old) with obesity will be subjected to time-restricted eating or no time restrictions for 2 months. Follow-up visits will allow for long-term effect assessments. We will measure anthropometric (BMI, body composition) and metabolic parameters (glucose and lipid metabolism), indicators of the circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota composition will be analyzed. This study will (1) determine safety and effectiveness of the TRF intervention in children and adolescents; (2) assess its long-term effects; and (3) evaluate potential mechanisms involved in the response to the intervention. Clinical trial registration: [www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT05174871].

Estimulación cerebral profunda del globo pálido interno en el síndrome de distonía mioclónica: serie de 3 casos y revisión de la literatura / Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus in myoclonus-dystonia syndrome: a case series and review of the literature

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La distonía mioclónica es un trastorno del movimiento con poca prevalencia, pero muy discapacitante, en el cual es frecuente la refractariedad al tratamiento médico. Cómo opción terapéutica se ha planteado la estimulación cerebral profunda, buscando con ello mejorar la función motora, la discapacidad y la calidad de vida de estos pacientes. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se presentan 3 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de distonía mioclónica sin confirmación genética, que fueron llevados a estimulación cerebral profunda bilateral del globo pálido interno. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció una mejoría significativa en la evaluación de la escala unificada de mioclonías (80-90 %) y en la escala de distonía de Burke-Fahn-Marsden (tanto en movilidad como en discapacidad). La mejoría clínica se evidenció en los tres pacientes, en periodos de seguimiento que estuvieron entre los 6 meses y los 5 años luego de la estimulación cerebral profunda. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos en esta serie de 3 pacientes colombianos son consistentes con lo reportado en la literatura. Sin embargo, aportan información sobre el desenlace de pacientes sin genotipificación sometidos a estimulación cerebral profunda, dado que la eficacia de la intervención en pacientes con distonía sin confirmación genética aún no ha sido determinada, y depende de otros factores como la edad, el tiempo de evolución y el tipo de distonía.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Myoclonic dystonia is a movement disorder with low prevalence, but very disabling, where refractoriness to medical treatment is frequent. Deep brain stimulation has been proposed as a therapeutic option, seeking to improve motor function, disability and quality of life in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present 3 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Myoclonic-Dystonia without genetic confirmation, who underwent bilateral deep brain stimulation of the Globus Pallidus Internus. RESULTS: A significant improvement was evidenced in the evaluation of the unified myoclonus scale (80-90 %) and in the Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia scale (both in mobility and in disability). The clinical improvement was evidenced in the 3 patients, in follow-up periods that were between 6 months and 5 years after deep brain stimulation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings in this Colombian case series are consistent with that reported in the literature. However, the current description provides information on the outcome of patients without genotyping undergoing deep brain stimulation, considering that the efficacy of the intervention in these types of patients without genetic confirmation has not been determined and depends on other factors.

Digital PCR (dPCR) and qPCR mediated determination of transgene copy number in the forage legume white clover (Trifolium repens).

Obtaining data on transgene copy number is an integral step in the generation of transgenic plants. Techniques such as Southern blot, segregation analysis, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) have routinely been used for this task, in a range of species. More recently, use of Digital PCR (dPCR) has become prevalent, with a measurement accuracy higher than qPCR reported. Here, the relative merits of qPCR and dPCR for transgene copy number estimation in white clover were investigated. Furthermore, given that single copy reference genes are desirable for estimating gene copy number by relative quantification, and that no single-copy genes have been reported in this species, a search and evaluation of suitable reference genes in white clover was undertaken. Results demonstrated a higher accuracy of dPCR relative to qPCR for copy number estimation in white clover. Two genes, Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and an ATP-dependent protease, identified as single-copy genes, were used as references for copy number estimation by relative quantification. Identification of single-copy genes in white clover will enable the application of relative quantification for copy number estimation of other genes or transgenes in the species. The results generated here validate the use of dPCR as a reliable strategy for transgene copy number estimation in white clover, and provide resources for future copy number studies in this species.

ATPase Inhibitory Factor-1 Disrupts Mitochondrial Ca2+ Handling and Promotes Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy through CaMKIIδ.

ATPase inhibitory factor-1 (IF1) preserves cellular ATP under conditions of respiratory collapse, yet the function of IF1 under normal respiring conditions is unresolved. We tested the hypothesis that IF1 promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in the context of heart failure (HF). Methods and results: Cardiac expression of IF1 was increased in mice and in humans with HF, downstream of neurohumoral signaling pathways and in patterns that resembled the fetal-like gene program. Adenoviral expression of wild-type IF1 in primary cardiomyocytes resulted in pathological hypertrophy and metabolic remodeling as evidenced by enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress, reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity, and the augmentation of extramitochondrial glycolysis. Similar perturbations were observed with an IF1 mutant incapable of binding to ATP synthase (E55A mutation), an indication that these effects occurred independent of binding to ATP synthase. Instead, IF1 promoted mitochondrial fragmentation and compromised mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, which resulted in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ overloading. The effects of IF1 on Ca2+ handling were associated with the cytosolic activation of calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and inhibition of CaMKII or co-expression of catalytically dead CaMKIIδC was sufficient to prevent IF1 induced pathological hypertrophy. Conclusions: IF1 represents a novel member of the fetal-like gene program that contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological cardiac remodeling in HF. Furthermore, we present evidence for a novel, ATP-synthase-independent, role for IF1 in mitochondrial Ca2+ handling and mitochondrial-to-nuclear crosstalk involving CaMKII.

Influencia de las redes de apoyo social en la evolución de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Influence of social support networks on the evolution of Alzheimer disease

Resumen Introducción: El Alzheimer es la forma más común de demencia y una de las primeras causas de discapacidad. Objetivo: Describir si en pacientes con Alzheimer el acompañamiento familiar, en comparación con el abandono, ralentiza la evolución de esta enfermedad. Metodología: Revisión integrativa. Se seleccionaron artículos de los últimos cinco años, en idioma inglés, español y portugués, disponibles en las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCO HOST, Scielo, Clinicalkey, Google Académico; se utilizaron los términos MeSH y DeCS: Alzheimer, Continuity of Patient Care, family, Psychosocial Support Systems, junto con los operadores booleanos AND y OR. Se efectuó lectura crítica con las escalas STROBE y AMSTAR, y se clasificó el nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación. Resultados: El diario vivir del cuidador evidencia sobrecarga física y psicológica que llevan a desistir del cuidado de los adultos que padecen Alzheimer. Conclusión: Una red de apoyo estable garantiza mejores cuidados y educación que ralentizan la enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia and one of the first causes of disability. Objective: To describe if in patients with Alzheimer's disease the family accompaniment, compared to the abandonment, slows the evolution of this disease. Methodology: Integrative review. Selected articles from the last five years, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, available in the PubMed, EBSCO HOST, Scielo, Clinicalkey, Google academic databases, using the terms MeSH and DeCS: Alzheimer, Continuity of Patient Care, family, Psychosocial Support Systems, along with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". A critical reading was made with the STROBE and AMSTAR scales, and the level of evidence and degree of recommendation were classified. Results: The daily life of the caregiver shows physical and psychological overload that leads to giving up the care of adults suffering from Alzheimer. Conclusion: A stable support network ensures better care and education that slows the disease.

Provision of Utility Shut-off Protection Letters at an Urban Safety-Net Hospital, 2009-2018.

Most states prohibit utility companies from terminating service to low-income households when occupants present a medical letter confirming a household member has a chronic serious illness. It is unclear how many patients receive these letters and whether screening for health-related social needs (HRSN) identifies these patients. We analyzed characteristics of adult patients at a safety-net hospital with a utility shut-off protection letter 2009-2018. A total of 2973 patients received a letter; most were non-Hispanic black, and had government insurance. Among patients who received a letter in 2018, 70% were screened for HRSN. Among these, only 16% screened positive for difficulty paying utility bills.

Rapid and Detailed Characterization of Transgene Insertion Sites in Genetically Modified Plants via Nanopore Sequencing.

Molecular characterization of genetically modified plants can provide crucial information for the development of detection and identification methods, to comply with traceability, and labeling requirements prior to commercialization. Detailed description of the genetic modification was previously a challenging step in the safety assessment, since it required the use of laborious and time-consuming techniques. In this study an accurate, simple, and fast method was developed for molecular characterization of genetically modified (GM) plants, following a user-friendly workflow for researchers with limited bioinformatic capabilities. Three GM events from a diverse array of crop species-perennial ryegrass, white clover, and canola-were used to test the approach that exploits long-read sequencing by the MinION device, from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. The method delivered a higher degree of resolution of the transgenic events within the host genome than has previously been possible with the standard Illumina short-range sequencing strategies. The flanking sequences, copy number, and presence of backbone sequences, and overall transgene insertion structure were determined for each of the plant genomes, with the additional identification of moderate-sized secondary insertions that would have previously been missed. The proposed workflow takes only about 1 week from DNA extraction to analyzed result, and the method will complement the existing approaches for molecular characterization of GM plants, since it makes the process faster, simpler, and more cost-effective.

Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Feed: Is There Any Difference From Food?

Food security is one of major concerns for the growing global population. Modern agricultural biotechnologies, such as genetic modification, are a possible solution through enabling an increase of production, more efficient use of natural resources, and reduced environmental impacts. However, new crop varieties with altered genetic materials may be subjected to safety assessments to fulfil the regulatory requirements, prior to marketing. The aim of the assessment is to evaluate the impact of products from the new crop variety on human, animal, and the environmental health. Although, many studies on the risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) food have been published, little consideration to GM feedstuff has been given, despite that between 70 to 90% of all GM crops and their biomass are used as animal feed. In addition, in some GM plants such as forages that are only used for animal feeds, the assessment of the genetic modification may be of relevance only to livestock feeding. In this article, the regulatory framework of GM crops intended for animal feed is reviewed using the available information on GM food as the baseline. Although, the majority of techniques used for the safety assessment of GM food can be used in GM feed, many plant parts used for livestock feeding are inedible to humans. Therefore, the concentration of novel proteins in different plant tissues and level of exposure to GM feedstuff in the diet of target animals should be considered. A further development of specific methodologies for the assessment of GM crops intended for animal consumption is required, in order to provide a more accurate and standardized assessment to the GM feed safety.

Evaluation of endophyte toxin production and its interaction with transgenic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with altered expression of fructosyltransferases.

Alkaloid concentration of perennial ryegrass herbage is affected by endophyte strain and host plant genotype. However, previous studies suggest that associations between host and endophyte also depends on environmental conditions, especially those affecting nutrient reserves and that water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration of perennial ryegrass plants may influence grass-endophyte associations. In this study a single transgenic event, with altered expression of fructosyltransferase genes to produce high WSC and biomass, has been crossed into a range of cultivar backgrounds with varying Epichloë endophyte strains. The effect of the association between the transgenic trait and alkaloid production was assessed and compared with transgene free control populations. In the vast-majority of comparisons there was no significant difference between alkaloid concentrations of transgenic and non-transgenic plants within the same cultivar and endophyte backgrounds. There was no significant difference between GOI+ (gene of interest positive) and GOI- (gene of interest negative) populations in Janthritrem response. Peramine concentration was not different between GOI+ and GOI- for 10 of the 12 endophytes-cultivar combinations. Cultivar Trojan infected with NEA6 and Alto with SE (standard endophyte) exhibited higher peramine and lolitrem B (only for Alto SE) concentration, in the control GOI- compared with GOI+. Similarly, cultivar Trojan infected with NEA6 and Alto with NEA3 presented higher ergovaline concentration in GOI-. Differences in alkaloid concentration may be attributable to an indirect effect in the modulation of fungal biomass. These results conclude that the presence of this transgenic insertion, does not alter the risk (toxicity) of the endophyte-grass associations. Endophyte-host interactions are complex and further research into associations with high WSC plant should be performed in a case by case basis.

In silico design of polycationic antimicrobial peptides active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the potential to become valuable antimicrobial drugs in the coming years, since they offer wide spectrum of action, rapid bactericidal activity, and low probability for resistance development in comparison with traditional antibiotics. The search and improvement of methodologies for discovering new AMPs to treat resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are needed for further development of antimicrobial products. In this work, the software Peptide ID 1.0® was used to find new antimicrobial peptide candidates encrypted in proteins, considering the physicochemical parameters characteristics of AMPs such as positive net charge, hydrophobicity, and sequence length, among others. From the selected protein fragments, new AMPs were designed after conservative and semi-conservative modifications and amidation of the C-terminal region. In vitro studies of the antimicrobial activity of the newly designed peptides showed that two peptides, P3-B and P3-C, were active against P. aeruginosa Escherichia coli and A. baumannii with low minimum inhibitory concentrations. Peptide P3-C was also active against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. Furthermore, bactericidal activity and information on the possible mechanisms of action are described according to the scanning electron microscopy studies.

Development and Application of Droplet Digital PCR Tools for the Detection of Transgenes in Pastures and Pasture-Based Products.

Implementation of molecular biotechnology, such as transgenic technologies, in forage species can improve agricultural profitability through achievement of higher productivity, better use of resources such as soil nutrients, water, or light, and reduced environmental impact. Development of detection and quantification techniques for genetically modified plants are necessary to comply with traceability and labeling requirements prior to regulatory approval for release. Real-time PCR has been the standard method used for detection and quantification of genetically modified events, and droplet digital PCR is a recent alternative technology that offers a higher accuracy. Evaluation of both technologies was performed using a transgenic high-energy forage grass as a case study. Two methods for detection and quantification of the transgenic cassette, containing modified fructan biosynthesis genes, and a selectable marker gene, hygromycin B phosphotransferase used for transformation, were developed. Real-time PCR was assessed using two detection techniques, SYBR Green I and fluorescent probe-based methods. A range of different agricultural commodities were tested including fresh leaves, tillers, seeds, pollen, silage and hay, simulating a broad range of processed agricultural commodities that are relevant in the commercial use of genetically modified pastures. The real-time and droplet digital PCR methods were able to detect both exogenous constructs in all agricultural products. However, a higher sensitivity and repeatability in transgene detection was observed with the droplet digital PCR technology. Taking these results more broadly, it can be concluded that the droplet digital PCR technology provides the necessary resolution for quantitative analysis and detection, allowing absolute quantification of the target sequence at the required limits of detection across all jurisdictions globally. The information presented here provides guidance and resources for pasture-based biotechnology applications that are required to comply with traceability requirements.

Sensor Fusion of a Mobile Device to Control and Acquire Videos or Images of Coffee Branches and for Georeferencing Trees.

Smartphones show potential for controlling and monitoring variables in agriculture. Their processing capacity, instrumentation, connectivity, low cost, and accessibility allow farmers (among other users in rural areas) to operate them easily with applications adjusted to their specific needs. In this investigation, the integration of inertial sensors, a GPS, and a camera are presented for the monitoring of a coffee crop. An Android-based application was developed with two operating modes: (i) Navigation: for georeferencing trees, which can be as close as 0.5 m from each other; and (ii) Acquisition: control of video acquisition, based on the movement of the mobile device over a branch, and measurement of image quality, using clarity indexes to select the most appropriate frames for application in future processes. The integration of inertial sensors in navigation mode, shows a mean relative error of ±0.15 m, and total error ±5.15 m. In acquisition mode, the system correctly identifies the beginning and end of mobile phone movement in 99% of cases, and image quality is determined by means of a sharpness factor which measures blurriness. With the developed system, it will be possible to obtain georeferenced information about coffee trees, such as their production, nutritional state, and presence of plagues or diseases.

InverPep: A database of invertebrate antimicrobial peptides.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to construct InverPep, a database specialised in experimentally validated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from invertebrates. METHODS: AMP data contained in InverPep were manually curated from other databases and the scientific literature. MySQL was integrated with the development platform Laravel; this framework allows to integrate programming in PHP with HTML and was used to design the InverPep web page's interface. InverPep contains 18 separated fields, including InverPep code, phylum and species source, peptide name, sequence, peptide length, secondary structure, molar mass, charge, isoelectric point, hydrophobicity, Boman index, aliphatic index and percentage of hydrophobic amino acids. CALCAMPI, an algorithm to calculate the physicochemical properties of multiple peptides simultaneously, was programmed in PERL language. RESULTS: To date, InverPep contains 702 experimentally validated AMPs from invertebrate species. All of the peptides contain information associated with their source, physicochemical properties, secondary structure, biological activity and links to external literature. Most AMPs in InverPep have a length between 10 and 50 amino acids, a positive charge, a Boman index between 0 and 2 kcal/mol, and 30-50% hydrophobic amino acids. InverPep includes 33 AMPs not reported in other databases. Besides, CALCAMPI and statistical analysis of InverPep data is presented. The InverPep database is available in English and Spanish. CONCLUSIONS: InverPep is a useful database to study invertebrate AMPs and its information could be used for the design of new peptides. The user-friendly interface of InverPep and its information can be freely accessed via a web-based browser at http://ciencias.medellin.unal.edu.co/gruposdeinvestigacion/prospeccionydisenobiomoleculas/InverPep/public/home_en.

Evaluación de la mutación A3243G delADN mitocondrial en pacientes con subtipos específicos de migraña / Assessment of mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation in patients with migraine specific subtypes

En algunos subtipos de migraña se ha demostrado la existencia de hiperexcitabilidad cortical y metabolismo energético cerebral anormal debido probablemente a disfunción mitocondrial. En estos pacientes es alta la sospecha sobre la existencia de mutaciones en el ADN mitocondrial implicadas como mecanismos fisiopatológicos en esta entidad. Objetivo. Identificar la mutación A3243G del ADN mitocondrial en pacientes con complicaciones de la migraña, y la migraña hemipléjica esporádica, basilar y retiniana. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-prospectivo en una serie de pacientes de consulta externa neurológica de la ciudad de Medellín, con diagnóstico de los diferentes subtipos de migraña, desde agosto de 2006 a diciembre de 2007. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio 19 pacientes, 14 mujeres y 5 hombres, con edad promedio de 33,4 ± 13,5 años. De los diferentes subtipos la hemipléjica fue la más prevalente (11 pacientes), seguida de la migraña basilar (3 pacientes), el estado migrañoso (2 pacientes), la migraña retinal (2 pacientes) y el aura prolongada (1 paciente). La mutación A3243G en el ADN de leucocitos de sangre periférica, que fue la única evaluada en el estudio, no estuvo presente en ninguna de las muestras analizadas. Conclusiones. La mutación A3243G del ADN mitocondrial no está relacionada con la presentación de los diferentes subtipos en la población estudiada. Futuros estudios con mayor número de pacientes de cada sub-tipo de migraña permitirán ampliar el conocimiento sobre el papel de ésta y otras mutaciones mitocondriales en este trastorno.

Hyperexitability and abnormal brain metabolism due to mitochondrial dysfunction has been described in somespecific types of migraine. In these patients there are high suspicion of mutations in mitochondrial DNA thatare implicated as pathophysiologic mechanisms in this entity. Objective. To identify the A3243G mutation of mitochondrial DNA in patients with complications of migraine, sporadic hemiplegic migraine, basilar type migraine, retinal migraine. Materials and methods. A prospective descriptive study of a series of neurological patients in an outpatient of the city of Medellin, with a diagnosis of that subtypes, from August 2006 to December 2007. Results. This study included 19 patients, 14 women and 5 men with mean age 33.4 ± 13.54 years. Of the different subtypes hemiplegic was the most prevalent (11 patients), followed by basilar migraine (3 patients), migraine status (2 patients), retinal migraine (2 patients) and prolonged aura (1 patient). The A3243G mutation in the DNA of peripheral blood leukocytes, which was only evaluated in the study, was not found in any of the samples. Conclusions. The mitochondrial DNA A3243G mutation is not related to the presentation of different subtypes in the population studied. Future clinical trials, with a representative number of patients for each subtypes, may draw conclusions about whether the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by this and other mutations associated with the clinical presentation of this type of migraine.

Tumor disembrioplástico neuroepitelial y epilepsia focal de larga evolución: informe de caso y revisión en la literatura / Dysembrioplastic neuroephitelial tumor and long lasting focal epilepsy: case report an literature review

Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de 20 años con epilepsia focal sintomática de larga evolución con poco control de sus crisis por tratamiento médico irregular. Las imágenes de resonancia magnética evidenciaron lesión multiquística principalmente del lóbulo temporal izquierdo. Se tomó biopsia estereotáxica cerebral de la lesión; la histolopatología mostró un componente glioneural en una matriz mucinosa, y por tanto, se hizo el diagnóstico de tumor disembrioplástico neuroepitelial. El paciente logra control de las crisis con ácido valproico y carbamazepina, mejora su estado funcional, aunque persiste el déficit cognitivo previo. No se realizó resección quirúrgica por ser una lesión benigna muy extensa y por el adecuado control de las crisis con el tratamiento médico. Debe sugerirse siempre el diagnóstico de tumor disembrioplástico neuroepitelial, ante cualquier tumor glial, en un paciente con larga historia de crisis focales, que inicien antes de los 20 años, sin déficit neurológico y que la resonancia magnética cerebral muestre una lesión cortical microquística, localizada principalmente en lóbulo temporal.

The case of a 20 year old boy, with long-lasting focal symptomatic epilepsy and a poor control of his seizures, because of irregular adherence to the neurological treatment, is presented. Brain MRI showed a multi-cystic lesion, located mainly in the temporal lobe. A brain stereotaxic biopsy was performed, finding a specific neural gliosis in a mucin-like matrix. The diagnosis of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor was done. Patient had a good control of his seizures with valproic acid and carbamazepine. Patient improved his functional state; however his previous cognitive deficit remains unchanged. Surgical resection was not developed because the lesion is considered as very benign and because the control of his seizures. The diagnosis of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor should be kept in mind in a patient with a long history of focal seizures; mainly when seizures onset begin before 20 years old, without motor or sensory neurological deficit, and when the MRI shows a cortical multi-cystic lesion, without mass effect, located in the temporal lobe.

Estado periodontal, prevalencia de caries y necesidad de prótesis en pacientes adictos a drogas psicoactivas en la Fundación Luís Amigo (2002) / Periodontal status, caries prevalence and need for prosthetic treatment of drug-addicted patients of the Luis Amigo Foundation

El propósito de este estudio fue describir el estado de salud bucal y las características generales del consumo de drogas psicoactivas. Se evaluaron 30 pacientes distribuidos en 2 grupos dependiendo del tiempo que llevaban en tratamiento de 0-2 meses (etapa inicial) y de 3-8 meses (etapa intermedia). La historia de caries se evaluó con el índice CPO-D y predominaron los dientes obturados con un promedio de 5.2 y los dientes perdidos por caries 0.9. La principal necesidad de tratamiento fue la obturación de una superficie y los dientes perdidos por caries 0.9. La principal necesidad de tratamiento fue la obturación de una superficie y las menos predominantes fueron las exodoncias y endodoncias. El 73.3 por ciento tuvieron la dentición completa en los dos maxilares y la necesidad de elaboración de prótesis fija fue la más predominante 6.7 por ciento y 20 por ciento maxilar superior e inferior respectivamente. El 10 por ciento de la población necesitó un cambio de prótesis. El ESI de bolsa completa fue (7.8, 2.1) y (29.6, 2.6); el ESI parcial fue (6.2, 2.2) y (36.2, 2.4) y el ESI proximal fue (11.3, 2.1) y (2.6, 2.6) para los menores y mayores de 25 años respectivamente. La perdida de inserción fue principalmente localizada (menor 30 por ciento) en los dos grupos de edad y su severidad entre leve y moderada. La extensión presentó un aumentaron con la edad. La severidad de la perdida fue leve, predominando en los menores de 25 años y las formas moderadas aumentaron con la edad. Al relacionar los índices de extensión y severidad con el tiempo de consumo y consumo diario de cigarrillo, estos, mostraron un incremento con la edad...

Evaluacion de la respuesta a la tuberculina en estudiantes del area de la salud / Evaluation of the response to tuberculin among university students in the health field

Se realizo un estudio transversal con el fin de evaluar la respuesta a la tuberculina en estudiantes del area de la salud (medicina, odontologia, enfermeria y bacteriologia) en comparacion con estudiantes de otras areas de la Universidad de Antioquia (Medellin, Colombia) en tres niveles, (inicial, intermedio y final) del programa academico. La muestra comprendio 490 estudiantes, 273 del area de la salud y 217 de las otras areas; la seleccion se hizo de manera aleatoria con base en los listados del Departamento de Admisiones y Registros de la Universidad para el segundo semestre de 1998. Se determino la presencia de cicatriz de vacunacion BCG y factores de riesgo de tuberculosis. La tuberculina se evaluo 72 horas despues de la aplicacion intradermica de 2 UT de PPD, RT-23. La respuesta a la tuberculina no mostro deferencias por nivel de estudios ni nivel socioeconomico; solo la presencia de cicatriz BCG estuvo significativamente asociada (P=0,007). Estos resultados indican que los estudiantes del area de la salud tienen un contacto reducido con pacientes con tuberculosis o sus muestras durante su formacion, lo cual no descarta la tuberculosis como riesgo profesional para el personal de salud