A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of thymol as an anti-inflammatory and wound healing agent: A review of thymol effect on inflammation and wound healing: A review of thymol effect on inflammation and wound healing.

Thymol (THY) exhibits antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Recent studies have also shown that THY presents anti-inflammatory and healing properties. This review focused on in vitro and in vivo investigations related to THY utilization, as an anti-inflammatory and/or wound healing agent. PubMed, WebOfScience, and Scopus were examined. Independent reviewers conducted all diagram steps. PRISMA was followed for data extraction. RoB 2 and SYRCLE were utilized to assess the risk of bias for in vitro and animal studies. Meta-analysis was performed for in vitro and in vivo articles that investigated THY as an anti-inflammatory agent. Thirty-six and 15 articles were included in the qualitative analysis and meta-analysis, respectively. Studies showed high risk of bias related to sampling, allocation procedures, randomization, and blinding. Even so, for in vitro studies, significant result was observed for IL-2. For in vivo studies, significant results were found for IL-1, IL-17, TNF-α, AST, MPO, and CRP, with higher levels noticed in control groups. THY presents significant properties as anti-inflammatory, ameliorating affections of the digestive system, cardiovascular problems, respiratory system and dermal damages, and burns. Researches are needed to clarify THY dose-response relationship and its mechanism of action, especially in the application of THY as a healing agent.

Expression of interferon-γ, interferon-α and related genes in individuals with Down syndrome and periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, attenuation of anti-inflammatory and increase of pro-inflammatory mediators was demonstrated in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) in comparison with euploid patients during periodontal disease (PD), suggesting a shift to a more aggressive inflammation in DS. AIM: To determine the influence of DS in the modulation of interferons (IFNs) signaling pathway in PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical periodontal assessment was performed and gingival tissue samples obtained from a total of 51 subjects, including 19 DS individuals with PD, 20 euploid individuals with PD and 12 euploid individuals without PD. Expression levels of interferon-gamma (IFNG) and interferon-alpha (IFNA), and their receptors IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, the signaling intermediates Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) were determined using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS: Clinical signs of periodontal disease were markedly more severe in DS and euploid patients with PD in comparison to euploid and periodontally healthy patients. There was no difference on mRNA levels of IFNA, IFNG, INFGR2, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 between DS and euploid individuals, even though some of these genes are located on chromosome 21. STAT1 and IRF1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in DS patients in comparison with euploid individuals with PD. In euploid individuals, PD was associated with an increased expression of IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNAR1, STAT1 and IRF1. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced expression of STAT1 and IRF1 genes indicate an impaired activation of IFNs signaling in individuals with DS and PD. Expression of IFNA, IFNG and IFN receptors was not altered in DS patients, indicating that indirect mechanisms are involved in the reduced activation of IFN signaling.

Effect of a calcium hydroxide/chlorhexidine paste as intracanal dressing in human primary teeth with necrotic pulp against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis.

BACKGROUND: Intracanal medication is important for endodontic treatment success as it eliminates microorganisms that persist after biomechanical preparation. Aim. To evaluate the effect of two intracanal medications against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Enterococcus faecalis in the root canals of human primary teeth with necrotic pulp with and without furcal/periapical lesion, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). DESIGN: Thirty-two teeth with necrotic pulp were used. Twelve teeth did not present lesion, and 20 teeth presented radiographically visible furca/periapical lesion. Microbiological samples were collected after coronal access and biomechanical preparation. The teeth were medicated with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with either polyethylene glycol or chlorhexidine. After 30days, the medication was removed and a third collection was performed. Microbiological samples were processed using qRT-PCR. Data were analysed by Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the microbiota present in the primary teeth with and without furcal/periapical lesion. Biomechanical preparation was effective in reducing the number of microorganisms (P<0.05). The intracanal medications had similar antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION: The association of chlorhexidine with calcium hydroxide did not increase the antibacterial activity of the intracanal medication in the treatment of primary teeth with necrotic pulp with and without furcal/periapical lesion.

Congenital epulis: a rare benign tumor in the newborn.

Congenital epulis (CE) of the newborn is a rare benign soft tissue tumor that presents at birth. It occurs usually as a single mass with various sizes, although some multiple lesions have also been reported. The lesion is more common in female neonates and normally affects the maxillary alveolar ridge. Rare recurrence and no malignant alteration have also been reported. This condition may interfere with respiration, feeding or adequate closure of the mouth. A decisive diagnosis is made by histopathologic analysis as other newborn lesions can be incorrectly diagnosed as CE. This article presents a case report of a female infant who presented a fibrotic mass in the primary lateral incisor and canine region of the maxillary alveolar ridge. The lesion was not causing feeding or respiratory problems. After a watchful waiting procedure and no spontaneous regression, the lesion was excised under local anesthesia and confirmed by histopathologic analysis as CE.

Efeito antimicrobiano e citotóxico do óleo essencial de cymbopogon citratus sobre células odontoblastóides / Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the essential oil of cymbopogon citratus on odontoblast-like cells

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e o efeito citotóxico do óleo essencial (OE) de capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus). A partir do método de difusão em ágar, diferentes concentrações de OE (0,1%; 0,2% e 1%), e soluções controle (clorexidina (Chx), água destilada (Ad) e álcool de cereais (Ac) foram aplicados sobre culturas de Candida albicans (C.a), Streptococos mutans (S.m), Streptococos sobrinus (S.sob) e Lactobacilus acidoflus (L.a). Para C.a, S.m e S.sob, os maiores halos de inibição, em ordem decrescente foram: Chx, Ac e óleo 1%, sendo os dois últimos semelhantes estatisticamente (Mann-Whitney, p>0,05). Para L.a, o maior halo de inibição foi observado para a Chx, seguido do óleo a 1%, 0,2%, 0,1% e Ac. Para avaliação da citotoxicidade foram determinados os seguintes grupos: OE a 0,1%; G2: OE puro; G3 (controle positivo): H2O2; G4: álcool de cereais (Ac); e G5 (controle negativo): meio de cultura (DMEM). As soluções foram aplicadas sobre cultura de células MDPC-23 (30.000 células/cm2) semeadas em placas de 24 wells. O metabolismo celular foi avaliado pelo teste do MTT. Considerando G5 como 100% de metabolismo celular, foi observado para os grupos G1, G2, G3, e G4 uma redução percentual no metabolismo das células de 29,6%; 82%; 81,2%; e 33,4%, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o OE a 0,1% foi capaz de inibir o crescimento das cepas avaliadas e de causar discreta citotoxicidade sobre células odontoblastóides MDPC-23.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic efect of essential oil (EO) of lemon grass (Cymbo-pogon citratus). From the agar difusion method, diferent concentrations of EO (0.135%, 0.2% and 1%), and control solutions (chlorhexidine (Chx), distilled water (Ad) and cereal alcohol (Ac)) were applied on cultures of Candida albicans (C.a), Streptococcus mutans (S.m), Streptococcus sobrinus (S.sob) and Lacto-bacillus acidophilus (L.a). For C.a, S.m and S.sob, the largest inhibition zones in descending order were: Chx, Ac and EO 1%, while the later two were statistically similar (Mann-Whitney, p> 0.05). For L.a, the largest inhibition halo was observed for the Chx, followed by EO at 1%, 0.2%, 0.135% and Ac. For evaluation of cytotoxicity, the following groups were set: G1: 0,1% EO; G2: pure EO; G3 (positive control): H2O2; G4: cereal alcohol; and G5 (negative control): culture medium - DMEM. The solutions were applied on the cultured MDPC-23 cells, which were plated (30,000 cells/cm2) in wells of 24 well-dishes. Cell metabolism was evaluated by MTT assay. Considering G5 (negative control) as 100% of cell metabolism, it was observed for G1, G2, G3 and G4 a percentage reduction in cell metabolism of 29.6%, 82%, 81.2% and 33.4%, respectively. It was concluded that the low concentration of 0,1% OE (C. citratus) was able to inhibit the growth of the strains tested as well as caused mild cytotoxicity to the cultured MDPC-23 cells.

Regional odontodysplasia in early childhood: a clinical and histological study.

Regional odontodysplasia (RO) is a rare disorder of dental development. The affected teeth are clinically hypoplastic and hypocalcified, presenting a ghost-like appearance radiographically. The aim of this work was to report a clinical case of a child with both primary and permanent dentition affected by RO. The conducted therapy was based on a conservative approach, which consisted of follow-up clinical evaluations of the anomalous teeth. However, the endodontic treatment of the primary incisors failed. Then, the chosen option for patient rehabilitation became extraction followed by removable of prosthesis confection. The extracted teeth were processed for histological analysis. In spite of the uncertain prognosis, but taking into account the psychological aspects of the patient, a conservative approach in an attempt to maintain those viable teeth in the oral cavity should be established.

Influence of human dentine on the antibacterial activity of self-etching adhesive systems against cariogenic bacteria.

OBJECTIVES: The incorporation of antibacterial agents into adhesive systems has been proposed to eliminate residual bacteria from dentine. This study used the agar diffusion method to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB), Clearfil SE Bond (CSEB), Clearfil Tri-S Bond (C3SB) and Xeno-III (XIII) self-etching adhesive systems, with or without light-activation, against cariogenic bacteria, and to assess the influence of human dentine on the antibacterial activity of these materials. METHODS: An aliquot of 10 microl per material (and individual components) were pipetted onto paper and dentine discs distributed in Petri dishes containing bacterial culture in BHI agar. Positive control was 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). RESULTS: After incubation, the adhesive components of CPB and CSEB, liquid A of XIII and C3SB did not present antibacterial activity when applied to paper discs. The non-light-activated CPB primer+adhesive promoted the greatest inhibition of Streptococcus mutans (p<0.05), whereas with light-activation, there was no significant difference between primer+adhesive and primer alone. For Lactobacillus acidophilus, CPB primer presented the greatest antibacterial activity in both light-activation conditions (p<0.05). Regarding the dentine discs, only CHX promoted an inhibitory effect, though less intense than on paper discs (p<0.05). CHX presented greater antibacterial activity against S. mutans than against L. acidophilus (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Light-activation significantly reduced the antibacterial activity of the self-etching adhesive systems; MDPB incorporation contributed to the effect of adhesive systems against cariogenic bacteria; the components eluted from the adhesive systems were not capable to diffuse through 400 microm-thick dentine disc to exert their antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria.

Effect of curing regime on the cytotoxicity of resin-modified glass-ionomer lining cements applied to an odontoblast-cell line.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of resin-modified glass-ionomer lining cements submitted to different curing regimes and applied to an immortalized odontoblast-cell line (MDPC-23). METHODS: Forty round-shaped specimens of each experimental material (Fuji Lining LC and Vitrebond) were prepared. They were light-cured for the manufacturers' recommended time (MRT = 30 s), under-cured (0.5 MRT = 15 s), over-cured (1.5 MRT = 45 s) or allowed to dark cure (0 MRT). Sterilized filter papers soaked with either 5 microL of PBS or HEMA were used as negative and positive control, respectively. After placing the specimens individually in wells of 24-well dishes, odontoblast-like cells MDPC-23 (30,000 cells/cm2) were plated in each well and incubated for 72 h in a humidified incubator at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2 and 95% air. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by the cell metabolism (MTT assay) and cell morphology (SEM). RESULTS: Fuji Lining LC was less cytotoxic than Vitrebond (p < 0.05) in all the experimental conditions. However, the cytotoxicity of Fuji Lining LC was noticeably increased in the absence of light-curing while the same was not observed for Vitrebond. The length of light-curing (15, 30 or 45 s) did not influence the toxicity of both lining materials when they were applied on the odontoblast-cell line MDPC-23. SIGNIFICANCE: The light-activation plays an important role in reducing the cytotoxicity of Fuji Lining LC. Following the manufacturer' recommendation regarding the light-curing regime may prevent toxic effect to the pulp cells.

In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo biocompatibility of contemporary resin-modified glass-ionomer cements.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of current resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs) applied on culture of cells or implanted into subcutaneous tissue of rats. METHODS: Experiment 1 - Thirty round-shaped samples of every RMGICs: Rely X Luting Cement (RL), Vitremer (VM), and Vitrebond (VB) were placed into wells with 1.1 mL of culture medium (DMEM), and incubated for 24, 48 or 72 h. The extracts from every sample were applied on the MDPC-23 cells. Fresh DMEM was used as control group. The MTT assay was carried out for mitochondrial respiration. Experiment 2 - Fifty-four polyethylene tubes filled with the experimental materials were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of rats. At 7, 30, and 90 days the animals were killed and the biopsies were processed for histological evaluation. RESULTS: Experiment--Both time of elution and material significantly influenced cell respiratory activity. In general, the extracts obtained at 24 h were less cytotoxic than 48 and 72 h incubation. The cytotoxic effect of VM and RL were not statistically different (p < 0.05) for the 24-hour period. VB showed the highest cytotoxic effect. Experiment 2--All RMGICs elicited at 7 days a moderate to intense inflammatory reaction which decreased over time. However, connective healing occurred for most of samples at 90-day evaluation. SIGNIFICANCE: Glass-ionomer cements may cause noticeable inflammatory response when in direct contact to connective tissue. The toxic effects of this kind of soluble material depend on the amount of components released in the aqueous environment.