Investigating the Bone Bruise Patterns in Pediatric Patients With Contact and Noncontact Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: In adults with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, bone bruises on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans provide insight into the underlying mechanism of injury. There is a paucity of literature that has investigated these relationships in children with ACL tears. PURPOSE: To examine and compare the number and location of bone bruises between contact and noncontact ACL tears in pediatric patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Boys ≤14 years and girls ≤12 years of age who underwent primary ACL reconstruction surgery between 2018 and 2022 were identified at 3 separate institutions. Eligibility criteria required detailed documentation of the mechanism of injury and MRI performed within 30 days of the initial ACL tear. Patients with congenital lower extremity abnormalities, concomitant fractures, injuries to the posterolateral corner and/or posterior cruciate ligament, previous ipsilateral knee injuries or surgeries, or closed physes evident on MRI scans were excluded. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on a contact or noncontact mechanism of injury. Preoperative MRI scans were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of bone bruises in the coronal and sagittal planes using fat-suppressed T2-weighted images and a grid-based mapping technique of the tibiofemoral joint. RESULTS: A total of 109 patients were included, with 76 (69.7%) patients sustaining noncontact injuries and 33 (30.3%) patients sustaining contact injuries. There were no significant differences between the contact and noncontact groups in terms of age (11.8 ± 2.0 vs 12.4 ± 1.3 years; P = .12), male sex (90.9% vs 88.2%; P > .99), time from initial injury to MRI (10.3 ± 8.1 vs 10.4 ± 8.9 days; P = .84), the presence of a concomitant medial meniscus tear (18.2% vs 14.5%; P = .62) or lateral meniscus tear (69.7% vs 52.6%; P = .097), and sport-related injuries (82.9% vs 81.8%; P = .89). No significant differences were observed in the frequency of combined lateral tibiofemoral (lateral femoral condyle + lateral tibial plateau) bone bruises (87.9% contact vs 78.9% noncontact; P = .41) or combined medial tibiofemoral (medial femoral condyle [MFC] + medial tibial plateau) bone bruises (54.5% contact vs 35.5% noncontact; P = .064). Patients with contact ACL tears were significantly more likely to have centrally located MFC bruising (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.6-11; P = .0038) and less likely to have bruising on the anterior aspect of the lateral tibial plateau (odds ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.097-0.76; P = .013). CONCLUSION: Children with contact ACL tears were 4 times more likely to present with centrally located MFC bone bruises on preoperative MRI scans compared with children who sustained noncontact ACL tears. Future studies should investigate the relationship between these bone bruise patterns and the potential risk of articular cartilage damage in pediatric patients with contact ACL tears.

Gartland classification concordance of supracondylar fractures among pediatric emergency medicine physicians, radiologists, and orthopedic surgeons.

BACKGROUND: The modified Gartland classification is the most widely accepted grading method of supracondylar humeral fractures among orthopedic surgeons and is relevant to identifying fractures that may require surgery. OBJECTIVE: To assess the interobserver reliability of the modified Gartland classification among pediatric radiologists, pediatric orthopedic surgeons, and pediatric emergency medicine physicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Elbow radiographs for 100 children with supracondylar humeral fractures were retrospectively independently graded by two pediatric radiologists, two pediatric orthopedic surgeons, and two pediatric emergency medicine physicians using the modified Gartland classification. A third grader of the same subspecialty served as a tie-breaker as needed to reach consensus. Readers were blinded to one another and to the medical record. The modified Gartland grade documented in the medical record by the treating orthopedic provider was used as the reference standard. Interobserver agreement was assessed using kappa statistics. RESULTS: There was substantial interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.77 [95% CI, 0.69-0.85]) on consensus fracture grade between the three subspecialties. Similarly, when discriminating between Gartland type I and higher fracture grades, there was substantial interobserver agreement between specialties (kappa = 0.77 [95% CI, 0.66-0.89]). The grade assigned by pediatric radiologists differed from the reference standard on 15 occasions, pediatric emergency medicine differed on 19 occasions, and pediatric orthopedics differed on 9 occasions. CONCLUSION: The modified Gartland classification for supracondylar humeral fractures is reproducible among pediatric emergency medicine physicians, radiologists, and orthopedic surgeons.

The Gartland classification for expediting supracondylar humerus fracture triage: a collaborative approach to structured reporting between pediatric radiologists and orthopedists.

BACKGROUND: The modified Gartland classification is an important tool for evaluation of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF) because it can direct treatment decisions. Gartland type I can be managed outpatient, while emergent surgical consult occurs with type II and III. This study assesses the interobserver reliability of the Gartland classification between pediatric radiologists and orthopedic providers. METHODS: A retrospective review of 320 children diagnosed with a SCHF at a single tertiary children's hospital during 2022 was conducted. The Gartland classification documented in the radiographic report by a pediatric radiologist and the classification documented in the first encounter with an orthopedic provider was collected. Kappa value was used to assess interobserver reliability of classifications between radiologists and orthopedic providers. A second group of 76 Gartland type I SCHF from 2015, prior to our institution's implementation of structured reporting, was reviewed for comparison of unnecessary orthopedic consults at initial presentation. RESULTS: The Gartland classification has excellent interobserver reliability between radiologists and orthopedic providers with 90 % (289/320) agreement and kappa of 0.854 (confidence interval: 0.805-0.903). The most frequent disagreement that occurred was fractures classified as type II by radiology and type III by orthopedics. There were similar rates of consults for the 2015 and 2022 cohorts (p = 0.26). CONCLUSION: The Gartland classification system is a reliable and effective tool for communication between radiologists and orthopedic providers. Implementing a structured reporting system has the potential to improve triage efficiency for SCHF.

Loss of Reduction and Malunion After Cortical Perforation During Flexible Nailing of an Open Tibia Fracture.

Tibial shaft fractures have a relatively high incidence in the pediatric population. There are numerous ways to address this trauma including external fixation, plate osteosynthesis, flexible nailing, and closed treatment with the selection of each modality depending on multiple factors, including fracture characteristics as well as potential adverse events. Flexible nailing is a method of treatment at our institution for displaced tibial shaft fractures in patients who are not obese, who are skeletally immature, and whose fractures are not amenable to closed treatment. One of the described complications of this treatment method is an angular deformity. In this case report, we present a valgus recurvatum malunion of a pediatric left open tibia and fibula diaphyseal shaft fracture in a 13-year-old female due to an accidental bicortical perforation of one of the nails without concomitant fixation of the fibula. The purpose of this paper is to present a surgical complication and how to avoid it.

Arthroscopic Repair of Radial Tears in the Junction of the Anterior Horn and Body of the Lateral Meniscus Using an All-Inside Device.

Surgical treatment of radial tears in the junction of the anterior horn and body of the lateral meniscus is indicated in the acute setting and with failure of nonoperative therapy. There are several options for arthroscopic repair; however, these are more technically difficult to perform because of the current surgical instruments available to address these tears. An outside-in technique is the current standard of care for this tear location and pattern. We present a technique for an all-inside side-to-side repair of the lateral meniscus for radial tears in the junction of the anterior horn and body.

Pediatric discoid meniscus: can magnetic resonance imaging features coupled with clinical symptoms predict the need for surgery?

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria for evaluating discoid meniscus is limited in the pediatric population. OBJECTIVE: To assess MRI features of intact discoid meniscus and correlate with clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this institutional review board (IRB)-approved retrospective cohort study, knee MRIs at our institution from 2008 to 2019 were reviewed. The inclusion criterion was diagnosis of discoid meniscus on MRI. Exclusion criteria were torn discoid meniscus at presentation, previous meniscal surgery and confounding knee conditions. MRI features of discoid meniscus collected were craniocaudal dimension, transverse dimension, transverse dimension to tibial plateau (TV:TP) ratio and increased intrameniscal signal. The clinical course was reviewed for knee pain, mechanical symptoms and treatment type. RESULTS: Two hundred and nineteen of 3,277 (6.7%) patients had discoid meniscus. Of the 219 patients, 71 (32.4%) satisfied inclusion criteria. Seven patients had discoid meniscus of both knees resulting in 78 discoid menisci. The average patient age was 11.1 years (min: 2.0, max: 17.0). The average follow-up was 30.6 months. Of the 78 discoid menisci, 14 (17.9%) required surgery. Increased intrameniscal signal was found more in discoid meniscus requiring surgery (surgical: 10/14, nonsurgical: 19/64, P=0.009). Surgically treated discoid meniscus had a statistically significant increase in transverse dimension (surgical: 18.3±5.0 mm, nonsurgical: 15.7±4.3 mm, P=0.045) and TV:TP ratio (surgical: 0.55±0.15, nonsurgical: 0.47±0.12, P=0.036). Mechanical symptoms (surgical: 9/11, nonsurgical: 21/60, P=8.4×10-6) and pain ≥1 month (surgical: 11/11, nonsurgical: 17/60, P=0.006) were found more often in surgical patients. Clinical and imaging criteria of mechanical symptoms and knee pain ≥1 month and at least one of (1) increased intrameniscal signal or (2) TV:TP ratio greater than 0.47 identified discoid menisci that developed a tear and/or required surgery with a sensitivity of 0.86 and specificity of 0.88. CONCLUSION: Mechanical symptoms and knee pain ≥1 month, and at least one of (1) increased intrameniscal signal or (2) TV:TP ratio greater than or equal to 0.47, identified discoid menisci that would go on to tear and/or require surgery with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.86 and 0.88, respectively.

Pediatric Bassett's ligament: pathology or normal anatomy?

BACKGROUND: Bassett's ligament is an accessory fascicle of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament. The prevalence, normal thickness and clinical implications of a thickened ligament have not been described in the pediatric radiology literature. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and thickness of Bassett's ligament in pediatric patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of lateral talar osteochondral lesions, medial talar osteochondral lesions and posterior ankle impingement, to compare these measurements with normal MRIs, and to compare the reproducibility of these measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of pediatric ankle MRIs with four cohorts containing 21 patients each. All MRIs were retrospectively reviewed by a pediatric musculoskeletal radiologist and a pediatric radiology fellow. The prevalence of Bassett's ligament and its axial thickness were obtained for each cohort with repeat measurements for intra-observer and interobserver variability. Average thickness and standard deviation of Bassett's ligament were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of Bassett's ligament and its thickness in each cohort were (mean±standard deviation): lateral osteochondral lesions, 71% (15/21), 1.9±0.5 mm; medial osteochondral lesions, 52% (11/21), 1.4±0.2 mm; posterior impingement, 52% (11/21), 1.3±0.2 mm; and normal ankle examinations, 71% (15/21), 1.5±0.4 mm. The thickness of Bassett's ligament was increased in the lateral talar osteochondral lesion group when compared to normal (P=0.02), while thickness in the medial osteochondral lesion and posterior impingement groups was not significant when compared to normal. The repeat measurements showed no significant difference in intra-observer and interobserver variability. CONCLUSION: Bassett's ligament is a normal structure in children. Thickening of Bassett's ligament is seen with lateral osteochondral lesions and may be an indirect sign of anterolateral tibiotalar capsule injury.

Forearm Pronation Osteotomy for Supination Contracture Secondary to Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy can lead to fixed forearm supination contracture. Fixed supination may lead to functional deficits as the affected hand cannot be positioned optimally for activities on a desk such as writing and typing, or for using tools including utensils, which require a neutral or pronated forearm. Forearm pronation osteotomy has been used to address this problem, although the functional benefit over nonoperative management has not been clearly defined. Potentially deleterious consequences on hand function that requires supination or fine motor skills are also uncertain. METHODS: Patients with fixed forearm supination contracture were selected from our institutional brachial plexus database. Those who underwent both bone forearm rotational osteotomy were analyzed for age at time of surgery, preoperative forearm resting position, active and passive supination and pronation, and preoperative function assessed by the brachial plexus outcome measure (BPOM) and active movement scale (AMS). Preoperative results were compared with values obtained at follow-up at least 12 months postoperatively. A matched cohort of children with fixed forearm supination contracture that were treated nonoperatively and followed for at least 12 months, was also selected. For this group, forearm resting position, movement, AMS, and BPOM scores were analyzed at a baseline clinic visit and the most recent follow-up. Changes in forearm resting position, AMS, and BPOM activity scale scores were then compared between groups. RESULTS: Records were obtained for 14 cases and 10 controls. Study groups were similar with respect to resting forearm position, hand function, and time from initial to final evaluation. Groups differed with respect to age and active supination. We observed a statistically significant change in resting position among operative patients compared with their preoperative status and compared with controls. Hand-specific AMS score did not change significantly in the operative group as compared with controls. The BPOM score for drums, reflective of function in neutral rotation to mild pronation, improved in the operated patients as compared with controls. There was no loss of plate holding ability (reflective of supination function, putty (grasp), or bead placement (fine motor) among the operated patients as compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: By pronating resting forearm position by about 90 degrees to near neutral, osteotomy resulted in improved neutral to mild pronation-dependent function without loss of supination-dependent function or hand motor skills. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective cohort study.

Painful Hips and a Nodular Neck: Bilateral Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Leading to the Diagnosis of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: A Case Report.

CASE: A twelve-year-old slender white girl underwent pinning of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) on both the right and left sides. The bilateral nature of the disease and her slender build prompted consideration of an underlying predisposition. She was referred for medical evaluation, which resulted in the identification of medullary thyroid carcinoma. CONCLUSION: This report highlights the importance of recognizing atypical presentations of SCFE and the necessity for investigation of associated comorbid diagnoses. As with this case, atypical SCFE may represent the sentinel event leading to identification of underlying systemic illness and therefore may present an opportunity for early intervention.

Measuring sesamoid position in hallux valgus: when is the sesamoid axial view necessary?

UNLABELLED: Measuring tibial sesamoid position is an important component of the preoperative radiographic evaluation of hallux valgus as it helps guide the surgeon in surgical selection. Tibial sesamoid position is typically measured on an anteroposterior (AP) radiograph on a scale from 1 to 7 as described by Hardy and Clapham. Some authors have advocated measuring the position on the sesamoid axial view, noting that the AP and axial views often yield different measurements. There is no consensus as to which view is more helpful in guiding the surgeon's surgical decision. Weightbearing radiographs of 99 feet in patients with a clinical diagnosis of hallux valgus were retrospectively reviewed. Tibial sesamoid position was measured on the AP view using the 7-point scale of Hardy and Clapham. Tibial sesamoid position was also measured on the axial radiograph. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to assess agreement of measurements obtained on the 2 views. There was poor agreement of the AP and axial views, with a kappa of 0.31. In our analysis of the data, it was determined that the lack of agreement was due mainly to X-rays showing tibial sesamoid positions of 4 and 5. A subgroup analysis of all X-rays with tibial sesamoids in positions other than 4 or 5 showed excellent agreement, with a kappa of 0.95. Anteroposterior and sesamoid axial views of feet with hallux valgus show excellent agreement in patients with the tibial sesamoid in positions other than 4 or 5. If the tibial sesamoid has a position of 4 or 5 on the AP, an axial view may be warranted to further understand the extent of deformity. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic, Level IV: Case series.