Circulating tumor DNA and radiological tumor volume identify patients at risk for relapse with resected, early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Predicting relapse and overall survival (OS) in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients remains challenging. Therefore, we hypothesized that detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can identify patients with increased risk of relapse and that integrating radiological tumor volume measurement along with ctDNA detectability improves prediction of outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 366 serial plasma samples from 85 patients who underwent surgical resections and assessed ctDNA using a next-generation sequencing liquid biopsy assay, and measured tumor volume using a computed tomography-based three-dimensional annotation. RESULTS: Our results showed that patients with detectable ctDNA at baseline or after treatment and patients who did not clear ctDNA after treatment had a significantly worse clinical outcome. Integrating radiological analysis allowed the stratification in risk groups prognostic of clinical outcome as confirmed in an independent cohort of 32 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest ctDNA and radiological monitoring could be valuable tools for guiding follow-up care and treatment decisions for early-stage NSCLC patients.

Study of autonomic modulation by non-linear analysis of heart rate variability in different age groups and analysis of health status, disease and risk of death in dogs.

The symbolic analysis of heart rate variability (biomarker of cardiac autonomic homeostasis) is a nonlinear and effective tool for pattern extraction and classification in a series analysis, which implies the transformation of an original time series into symbols, represented by numbers. Autonomic heart rate control is influenced by different factors, and better indicators of heart rate variability are found in healthy young individuals than in older and sicker individuals. The aim of this study was to compare the indicators of heart rate variability among healthy dogs in different age groups and in health status using the nonlinear method of symbolic analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of this method for the risk of death in dogs. An increase in cardiac sympathetic modulation was observed in puppies and dogs at risk of death, which was evidenced by a marked increase of 0 V% (without variation - associated with sympathetic modulation) and a decrease in patterns of 2 V% (two variations - associated with parasympathetic modulation), while the opposite was observed in young adult dogs with increased parasympathetic modulation. Elderly dogs showed a gradual decrease in parasympathetic activity, which tended to worsen with loss of health. It is concluded that the variables of symbolic analysis may be useful to evaluate autonomic modulation in dogs and assist in the differentiation between health states, advanced disease and death throughout the life cycle and have been shown to be indices with high specificity, sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy to help identify dogs at risk of death.

S-Nitrosylation in endothelial cells contributes to tumor cell adhesion and extravasation during breast cancer metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide is produced by different nitric oxide synthases isoforms. NO activates two signaling pathways, one dependent on soluble guanylate cyclase and protein kinase G, and other where NO post-translationally modifies proteins through S-nitrosylation, which is the modification induced by NO in free-thiol cysteines in proteins to form S-nitrosothiols. High levels of NO have been detected in blood of breast cancer patients and increased NOS activity has been detected in invasive breast tumors compared to benign or normal breast tissue, suggesting a positive correlation between NO biosynthesis, degree of malignancy and metastasis. During metastasis, the endothelium plays a key role allowing the adhesion of tumor cells, which is the first step in the extravasation process leading to metastasis. This step shares similarities with leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and it is plausible that it may also share some regulatory elements. The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expressed on the endothelial cell surface promotes interactions between the endothelium and tumor cells, as well as leukocytes. Data show that breast tumor cells adhere to areas in the vasculature where NO production is increased, however, the mechanisms involved are unknown. RESULTS: We report that the stimulation of endothelial cells with interleukin-8, and conditioned medium from breast tumor cells activates the S-nitrosylation pathway in the endothelium to induce leukocyte adhesion and tumor cell extravasation by a mechanism that involves an increased VCAM-1 cell surface expression in endothelial cells. We identified VCAM-1 as an S-nitrosylation target during this process. The inhibition of NO signaling and S-nitrosylation blocked the transmigration of tumor cells through endothelial monolayers. Using an in vivo model, the number of lung metastases was inhibited in the presence of the S-nitrosylation inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which was correlated with lower levels of S-nitrosylated VCAM-1 in the metastases. CONCLUSIONS: S-Nitrosylation in the endothelium activates pathways that enhance VCAM-1 surface localization to promote binding of leukocytes and extravasation of tumor cells leading to metastasis. NAC is positioned as an important tool that might be tested as a co-therapy against breast cancer metastasis.

Comparison of the timed inspiratory effort index with the T-piece trial as a decision-making tool for extubation: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial.

The "timed inspiratory effort" (TIE) index, a new predictor of weaning outcome, normalizes the maximal inspiratory pressure with the time required to reach this value up to 60 s, incorporating the time domain into the assessment of inspiratory muscle function. The objective of this study was to determine whether the TIE predicts successful extubation at a similar rate as the T-piece trial with less time required. A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial was performed with ICU subjects eligible for weaning. The participants were allocated to the TIE or the T-piece groups. The primary outcome was successful weaning, and the main secondary outcome was ICU mortality. Eighty participants of each group were included in the final analysis. Time from the start of a successful test to effective extubation was significantly lower in the TIE group than in the T-piece group, 15 (10 to 24) vs 55 (40 to 75) min, P<0.001. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, no significant differences were found in successful weaning (79.5 vs 82.5%, P=0.268) or survival rate (62.9 vs 53.8%, P=0.210) between the TIE and T-piece groups at the 30th day. In this preliminary study, the TIE index was not inferior to the T-piece trial as a decision-making tool for extubation and allowed a reduction in the decision time.

Pneumonitis After Concurrent Chemoradiation and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Patients with Locally Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

AIMS: Pneumonitis is a common and potentially deadly complication of combined chemoradiation and immune checkpoint inhibition (CRT-ICI) in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). In this study we sought to identify the risk factors for pneumonitis with CRT-ICI therapy in LA-NSCLC cases and determine its impact on survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 140 patients with LA-NSCLC who underwent curative-intent CRT-ICI with durvalumab between 2018 and 2021. Pneumonitis was diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team of clinical experts. We used multivariable cause-specific hazard models to identify risk factors associated with grade ≥2 pneumonitis. We constructed multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to investigate the impact of pneumonitis on all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 67 years; most patients were current or former smokers (86%). The cumulative incidence of grade ≥2 pneumonitis was 23%. Among survivors, 25/28 patients had persistent parenchymal scarring. In multivariable analyses, the mean lung dose (hazard ratio 1.14 per Gy, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.25) and interstitial lung disease (hazard ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval 1.3-11.0) increased the risk for pneumonitis. In adjusted models, grade ≥2 pneumonitis (hazard ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.0-6.2, P = 0.049) and high-grade (≥3) pneumonitis (hazard ratio 8.3, 95% confidence interval 3.0-23.0, P < 0.001) were associated with higher all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for pneumonitis in LA-NSCLC patients undergoing CRT-ICI include the mean radiation dose to the lung and pre-treatment interstitial lung disease. Although most cases are not fatal, pneumonitis in this setting is associated with markedly increased mortality.

Nonequilibrium Ising model on a two-dimensional additive small-world network.

In this work, we have studied the Ising model with one- and two-spin flip competing dynamics on a two-dimensional additive small-world network (A-SWN). The system model consists of an L×L square lattice where each site of the lattice is occupied by a spin variable that interacts with the nearest-neighbor spins and it has a certain probability p of being additionally connected at random to one of its farther neighbors. The dynamics present in the system can be defined by the probability q of being in contact with a heat bath at a given temperature T and, at the same time, with a probability of (1-q) the system is subjected to an external flux of energy into the system. The contact with the heat bath is simulated by one-spin flip according to the Metropolis prescription, while the input of energy is mimicked by the two-spin flip process, involving a simultaneous flipping of a pair of neighboring spins. We have employed Monte Carlo simulations to obtain the thermodynamic quantities of the system, such as the total m_{L}^{F} and staggered m_{L}^{AF} magnetizations per spin, the susceptibility χ_{L}, and the reduced fourth-order Binder cumulant U_{L}. We have built the phase diagram for the stationary states of the model in the plane T versus q, showing the existence of two continuous transition lines for each value of p: one line between the ferromagnetic F and paramagnetic P phases and the other line between the P and antiferromagnetic AF phases. Therefore, we have shown that the phase diagram topology changes when p increases. Using the finite-size scaling analysis, we also obtained the critical exponents for the system, where, varying the parameter p, we have observed a different universality class from the Ising model in the regular square lattice to the A-SWN.

Neotropical sisterhood: new species of Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) infecting Rhamdia guatemalensis and Rhamdia laticauda (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) in Mexico.

We describe two new species of monogenean parasites of the genus Gyrodactylus von Nordmann, 1832 infecting Neotropical catfishes (Siluriformes) in southern Mexico: Gyrodactylus chulini n. sp. from 'chulín', Rhamdia laticauda collected in Oaxaca; and Gyrodactylus juili n. sp. from 'juil', Rhamdia guatemalensis from Veracruz. Morphologically, both new taxa are similar to Gyrodactylus spp. infecting catfishes (Siluriformes) in South America. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA), the D2+D3 domains of the large ribosomal subunit (28S rDNA) and the cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene were obtained from multiple parasite specimens and analysed using Bayesian inference. Phylogenetic hypotheses using ITS rDNA and COII genes, recovered two new Gyrodactylus species from Rhamdia spp.: G. chulini n. sp.; and Gyrodactylus juili n. sp., which are sister species to Gyrodactylus lilianae, a parasite of Rhamdia quelen in Brazil, and show strong affinity to other gyrodactytlids infecting Neotropical catfishes. This suggests that these new taxa, the first gyrodactylids described from Rhamdia spp. in Mexico, co-migrated to Tropical Middle America with their Neotropical catfish hosts, after the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama.

Effect of mirasol pathogen reduction technology system on immunomodulatory molecules of apheresis platelets.

Pathogen inactivation for platelets by riboflavin system (MIRASOL) efficiently reduces transfusion related pathogen transmission. However little is known about its impact on platelets' immunomodulatory biochemical profile. We aimed was to assess the effects of MIRASOL treatment on platelet quality parameters and immunomodulatory molecules CD62P, RANTES, and CD40L in Single Donor Platelets (SDPs) resuspended in plasma (SDP-P) or T-PAS and additive solution (SDP-A). Twenty nine SDPs (15 SDP-P and 14 SDP-A) were included in the study. Samples were collected before, after MIRASOL treatment and just before transfusion. P-selectin (CD62P), RANTES, and CD40L were tested by ELISA. Platelet products quality assays were also performed. Platelet count/unit decreased after Mirasol treatment by 13 %. The pH of all units decreased over the 5-day storage period but remained above expected limits and the swirling test was positive throughout storage. P-selectin levels were not different between the three different time points in both SDPs-P and SDPs-A while RANTES levels were found to differ statistically significantly at the three different time points in all units and in the SPD-A subgroup. CD40L levels in all SDP products increased slightly during storage but this was not statistically significant. CD62P, RANTES, and CD40L in all time points were elevated in SDPs-A compared to SDPs-P but not at a statistically significant level. In conclusion MIRASOL treatment apart from RANTES increase does not seem to substantially affect platelets associated other cytokines and immunomodulatory molecules namely P-selectin and sCD40L which are implicated in immune transfusion reactions.

Comparison of the timed inspiratory effort index with the T-piece trial as a decision-making tool for extubation: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial

The "timed inspiratory effort" (TIE) index, a new predictor of weaning outcome, normalizes the maximal inspiratory pressure with the time required to reach this value up to 60 s, incorporating the time domain into the assessment of inspiratory muscle function. The objective of this study was to determine whether the TIE predicts successful extubation at a similar rate as the T-piece trial with less time required. A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial was performed with ICU subjects eligible for weaning. The participants were allocated to the TIE or the T-piece groups. The primary outcome was successful weaning, and the main secondary outcome was ICU mortality. Eighty participants of each group were included in the final analysis. Time from the start of a successful test to effective extubation was significantly lower in the TIE group than in the T-piece group, 15 (10 to 24) vs 55 (40 to 75) min, P<0.001. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, no significant differences were found in successful weaning (79.5 vs 82.5%, P=0.268) or survival rate (62.9 vs 53.8%, P=0.210) between the TIE and T-piece groups at the 30th day. In this preliminary study, the TIE index was not inferior to the T-piece trial as a decision-making tool for extubation and allowed a reduction in the decision time.

Post-immunotherapy imaging in lung cancer.

By boosting the immune system, immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has altered the management of patients with various cancers including those with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As a result of immune system activation, ICIs are associated with unique response patterns (that are not addressed by traditional response criteria) and inflammatory side effects termed immune-related adverse events. In this article, we will review the role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment, specifically ICIs used in NSCLC treatment, radiological response criteria of immunotherapy, and the imaging spectrum of immune-related adverse events.

Imaging of therapeutic airway interventions in thoracic oncology.

Tracheobronchial obstruction, haemoptysis, and airway fistulas caused by airway involvement by primary or metastatic malignancies may result in dyspnoea, wheezing, stridor, hypoxaemia, and obstructive atelectasis or pneumonia, and can lead to life-threatening respiratory failure if untreated. Complex minimally invasive endobronchial interventions are being used increasingly to treat cancer patients with tracheobronchial conditions with curative or, most often, palliative intent, to improve symptoms and quality of life. The selection of the appropriate treatment strategy depends on multiple factors, including tumour characteristics, whether the lesion is predominately endobronchial, shows extrinsic compression, or a combination of both, the patient's clinical status, the urgency of the clinical scenario, physician expertise, and availability of tools. Pre-procedure multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging can aid in the most appropriate selection of bronchoscopic treatment. Follow-up imaging is invaluable for the early recognition and management of any potential complication. This article reviews the most commonly used endobronchial procedures in the oncological setting and illustrates the role of MDCT in planning, assisting, and follow-up of endobronchial therapeutic procedures.

The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences-Positive scale (CAPE-P15) accurately classifies and differentiates psychotic experience levels in adolescents from the general population.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in studying psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations, with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences-Positive scale (CAPE-P15) being one of the self-screening questionnaires used most commonly for this purpose. Further research is needed to evaluate the ability of the scale to accurately identify and classify positive psychotic experiences (PE) in the general population. AIM: To provide psychometric evidence about the accuracy of the CAPE-P15 for detecting PE in a sample of Chilean adolescents from the general population and classifying them according to their PE severity levels. METHOD: We administered the CAPE-P15 to a general sample of 1594 students aged 12 to 19. Based on Item Response Theory (IRT), we tested the accuracy of the instrument using two main parameters: difficulty and discrimination power of the 15 items. RESULTS: We found that the scale provides very accurate information about PE, particularly for high PE levels. The items with the highest capability to determine the presence of the latent trait were those assessing perceptual anomalies (auditory and visual hallucinations), bizarre experiences (a double has taken the place of others; being controlled by external forces), and persecutory ideation (conspiracy against me). CONCLUSIONS: The CAPE-P15 is an accurate and suitable tool to screen PE and to accurately classify and differentiate PE levels in adolescents from the general population. Further research is needed to better understand how maladaptive psychological mechanisms influence relationships between PE and suicidal ideation (SI) in the general population.

The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) ultrasound study on healthy, fertile men: Scrotal ultrasound reference ranges and associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Scrotal color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) still suffers from lack of standardization. Hence, the European Academy of Andrology (EAA) has promoted a multicenter study to assess the CDUS characteristics of healthy fertile men (HFM) to obtain normative parameters. OBJECTIVES: To report and discuss the scrotal organs CDUS reference ranges and characteristics in HFM and their associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical parameters. METHODS: A cohort of 248 HFM (35.3 ± 5.9years) was studied, evaluating, on the same day, clinical, biochemical, seminal, and scrotal CDUS following Standard Operating Procedures. RESULTS: The CDUS reference range and characteristics of the scrotal organs of HFM are reported here. CDUS showed a higher accuracy than physical examination in detecting scrotal abnormalities. Prader orchidometer (PO)- and US-measured testicular volume (TV) were closely related. The US-assessed TV with the ellipsoid formula showed the best correlation with the PO-TV. The mean TV of HFM was ~ 17 ml. The lowest reference limit for right and left testis was 12 and 11 ml, thresholds defining testicular hypotrophy. The highest reference limit for epididymal head, tail, and vas deferens was 12, 6, and 4.5 mm, respectively. Mean TV was associated positively with sperm concentration and total count and negatively with gonadotropins levels and pulse pressure. Subjects with testicular inhomogeneity or calcifications showed lower sperm vitality and concentration, respectively, than the rest of the sample. Sperm normal morphology and progressive motility were positively associated with epididymal head size/vascularization and vas deferens size, respectively. Increased epididymis and vas deferens sizes were associated with MAR test positivity. Decreased epididymal tail homogeneity/vascularization were positively associated with waistline, which was negatively associated with intratesticular vascularization. CDUS varicocele was detected in 37.2% of men and was not associated with seminal or hormonal parameters. Scrotal CDUS parameters were not associated with time to pregnancy, number of children, history of miscarriage. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings will help in better understanding male infertility pathophysiology, improving its management.

Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico y Manifestaciones en el Sistema Nervioso Central: Un desafío diagnóstico permanente: casos Clínicos / Systemic lupus erythematosus and manifestations in the Central Nervous System: a permanent diagnostic challenge. Clinical cases

La presencia de manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas en pacientes reumatológicos trae consigo un gran desafío diagnóstico que exige una mirada amplia, desde las bases de la medicina interna, a fin de poder orientar un estudio adecuado y el tratamiento oportuno. Junto con ello, el permanente diálogo e intercambio de miradas clínicas con otras especialidades permite tener un enfoque multidisciplinario que enriquece el abordaje de estas presentaciones complejas.

The presence of neuropsychiatric manifestations in rheumatological patients brings with it a great diagnostic challenge that requires a broad view, from the foundations of internal medicine, in order to guide the appropriate study and timely treatment of these patients. Along with this, the permanent dialogue and exchange of clinical views with other specialties allows for a multidisciplinary approach that enriches the approach to these complex presentations.

Anatomical and histological characterization of the digestive canal of the golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) / Caracterización anatómica e histológica del canal digestivo del congrio dorado (Genypterus blacodes)

Given the importance of the Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) as an alternative to the production of salmonid species for worldwide diversification of aquaculture this study researched the morpho-histology of the digestive canal, providing a uniform nomenclature and basic information to support their nutritional management in captive conditions. The objective was to describe the normal morphology of the digestive canal. Twelve wild specimens were collected and dissected. Samples of the esophagus, stomach, liver, pyloric blind and intestines were obtained. An anatomical and histological description was performed. The digestive canal presented a short tubular esophagus, a slightly dilated, J-shaped stomach and thick walls. The stomach had a cardiac region that ended in a pyloric sphincter from which the intestine of thin walls. The intestine presented an anterior, middle and posterior segment. The anterior region of the first segment of the middle intestine presented 4-5 pairs of pyloric cecum. The middle intestine represented approximately 30 % of the total length of the digestive canal, with a smaller diameter compared to the first segment. The posterior intestine was separated from the middle intestine by a thick and powerful sphincter. The liver was large and elongated, and located in the peritoneal cavity located to the left plane and ventral to the swim bladder. The gallbladder was located lateral to the hepatic anterior wolf. The bile duct led to the duodenal region of the anterior intestine. Ventrally, the rectum ended in the anus, located in front of the anal fin. In general, the histological structures were variable according to the segment studied, a mucous tunic was recognized that presented a simple columnar epithelium, a lamina propria composed of loose connective tissue, a muscular layer of the mucosa composed of smooth muscle tissue and a submucosal layer composed of loose connective tissue, a circular and longitudinal stratum of muscular tunic, which had striated musculature and an adventitial tunic composed of a simple squamous epithelium. In conclusion, Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) presents a digestive system typical of a carnivorous benthic fish adapted to feed on fish and crustaceans.

Dada la importancia del Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) como alternativa a la producción de especies salmonídeas para la diversificación mundial de la acuicultura, el objetivo del presente estudio es describir la morfología normal del canal digestivo de esta especie, proporcionando una nomenclatura uniforme e información básica para apoyar su manejo nutricional en condiciones de cautiverio. Doce especímenes silvestres fueron colectados y disecados. Se obtuvo muestras del esófago, estómago, hígado, ciego pilórico e intestinos. Se realizó una descripción anatómica e histológica. El canal digestivo presentó un esófago tubular corto, un estómago ligeramente dilatado, con forma de J y paredes gruesas. El estómago presentaba una región cardíaca que terminaba en un esfínter pilórico desde el cual el intestino de paredes delgadas. El intestino presentaba un segmento anterior, medio y posterior. La región anterior del primer segmento del intestino medio presentó 4-5 pares de ciegos pilóricos. El intestino medio representó aproximadamente el 30 % de la longitud total del canal digestivo, con un diámetro menor en comparación con el primer segmento. El intestino posterior estaba separado del intestino medio por un esfínter grueso y poderoso. El hígado era grande y alargado, y ubicado en la cavidad peritoneal ubicado al plano izquierdo y ventral a la vejiga natatoria. La vesícula biliar se ubicó lateral al lobo anterior hepático. El ducto biliar desembocó en la región duodenal del intestino anterior. Ventralmente, el recto terminó en el ano, ubicado frente a la aleta anal. En general, las estructuras histológicas fueron variables según el segmento estudiado, se reconoció una túnica mucosa que presentaba un epitelio columnar simple, una lámina propia de la mucosa compuesta por tejido conectivo laxo, una capa muscular de la mucosa compuesta por músculo liso tejido y una capa submucosa compuesta de tejido conectivo laxo, un estrato circular y longitudinal de túnica muscular, que tenía musculatura estriada y una túnica adventicia compuesta por un epitelio plano simple. En conclusión, Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) presenta un sistema digestivo típico de un pez bentónico carnívoro adaptado para alimentarse de peces y crustáceos.

Standardization of Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale in preterm infants. / Normalización escala Early Feeding Skills (EFS) en recién nacidos prematuros.

INTRODUCTION: The Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale assessed the neonate's behavior before, during, and after the feeding process. OBJECTIVES: To determine the face and content validity, and to evaluate with this scale the feeding process in premature newborns comparing with relevant variables. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Premature newborns were evaluated; they were between 34 to 36 weeks of corrected age, without neurological damage or craniofacial malformations. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were obtained through the EFS scale, version corrected by face and content validation. The study variables were gender, breastfeeding achievement, and feeding skills during the feeding process, evaluated by two observers. Dispersion measures were analyzed, and the Fisher test was used at 5% significance, establishing the association of the obtained results with the variables. RESULTS: 5 domains were evaluated: (1) Ability to stay focused on food, in which 75.3% have a poor performance level, and 28.6% equitable, with significant differences in the sex variable. (2) Ability to organize motor- oral functioning presents 10.5% deficient, 68.8% equitable, and 20.6% good. (3) Ability to coordinate swallowing 95.2% presents an equitable performance. (4) Ability to maintain physiological stability 96.7% was equitable; and (5) Evaluation of oral food tolerance presents 41.6% of poor performance. CONCLUSION: The EFS scale is a tool that provides relevant information to describe the oral feeding process in premature infants, allowing to identify the areas of greatest difficulty that require profes sional treatment, however, this tool is not enough by itself to carry a comprehensive evaluation of the newborn feeding process.

Normalización escala Early Feeding Skills (EFS) en recién nacidos prematuros / Standardization of Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale in preterm infants

INTRODUCCIÓN: La escala Early Feeding Skills (EFS) evalúa la conducta del neonato antes, durante y posterior al proceso de alimentación. OBJETIVOS: Determinar la validez de fachada, de contenido y evaluar con dicha escala el proceso de alimentación en los recién nacidos prematuros comparando con variables relevantes. PPACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se evaluaron prematuros de 34 a 36 semanas de edad corregida sin daño neurológico o malformaciones craneofaciales. Diseño de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante escala EFS, versión corregida mediante validación de fachada y contenido. Las variables de estudio fueron género, logro de alimentación por pecho, y habilidades de alimentación durante el proceso de alimentación, evaluadas por 2 observadoras Se analizaron medidas de dispersión y se aplicó prueba Fisher al 5% de significancia, estableciendo la asociación de los resultados obtenidos con las variables. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 5 dominios: (1) Capacidad de mantenerse enfocado en la alimentación, en que el 75,3% posee un nivel desempeño deficiente y el 28,6% equitativo existiendo diferencias significativas con la variable sexo. (2) Capacidad de organizar el funcionamiento motor - oral tiene un 10,5% deficiente, un 68,8% equitativo y un 20,6% bueno. (3) Capacidad de coordinar la deglución el 95,2% presenta un rendimiento equitativo. (4) Capacidad de mantener la estabilidad fisiológica el 96,7% fue equitativo y en (5) Evaluación de la tolerancia alimentaria oral tiene un desempeño deficiente del 41,6%. CONCLUSIÓN: La escala EFS es una herra mienta que aporta información relevante para describir el proceso de alimentación oral en lactantes prematuros, permitiendo identificar las áreas de mayor dificultad que requieren tratamiento profe sional, sin embargo, esta herramienta no es suficiente por sí sola para llevar a cabo una evaluación integral del proceso de alimentación del neonato.

INTRODUCTION: The Early Feeding Skills (EFS) scale assessed the neonate's behavior before, during, and after the feeding process. OBJECTIVES: To determine the face and content validity, and to evaluate with this scale the feeding process in premature newborns comparing with relevant variables. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Premature newborns were evaluated; they were between 34 to 36 weeks of corrected age, without neurological damage or craniofacial malformations. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The data were obtained through the EFS scale, version corrected by face and content validation. The study variables were gender, breastfeeding achievement, and feeding skills during the feeding process, evaluated by two observers. Dispersion measures were analyzed, and the Fisher test was used at 5% significance, establishing the association of the obtained results with the variables. RESULTS: 5 domains were evaluated: (1) Ability to stay focused on food, in which 75.3% have a poor performance level, and 28.6% equitable, with significant differences in the sex variable. (2) Ability to organize motor- oral functioning presents 10.5% deficient, 68.8% equitable, and 20.6% good. (3) Ability to coordinate swallowing 95.2% presents an equitable performance. (4) Ability to maintain physiological stability 96.7% was equitable; and (5) Evaluation of oral food tolerance presents 41.6% of poor performance. CONCLUSION: The EFS scale is a tool that provides relevant information to describe the oral feeding process in premature infants, allowing to identify the areas of greatest difficulty that require profes sional treatment, however, this tool is not enough by itself to carry a comprehensive evaluation of the newborn feeding process.

An outbreak of compressive myelopathy due to pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine - case report / Surto de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação piogranulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra Febre Aftosa em Minas Gerais - relato de caso

Cases of compressive myelopathy syndrome associated with post vaccinal pyogranulomas were diagnosed post mortem in three cows from a farm in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. These cows presented ataxia and bilateral paresis of the pelvic limbs, which evolved to paralysis, and sternal recumbence. On necropsy, locally extensive areas of the longissimus dorsi muscle were replaced by pyogranulomas supported by moderate amounts of fibrous connective tissue. On the cut surface, some nodules contained yellowish and viscous fluid (purulent exudate) or whitish fluid (interpreted as the oily adjuvant of a vaccine). In the spinal canal of the subjacent vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord, were pyogranulomas identical to those described in the skeletal muscle. Histologically, the pyogranulomas were composed of a central clear vacuole (consistent with the space left by the oil adjuvant droplets), surrounded by neutrophils and, more externally, by large numbers of epithelioid macrophages and fewer multinucleated giant cells. In the white matter of the spinal cord were numerous well-defined, clear vacuoles (Wallerian degeneration). The association of the clinical history and pathological findings allowed the diagnosis of compressive myelopathy associated with pyogranulomatous reaction to the oily adjuvant of the foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, in this case, due to its inadequate application.(AU)

São descritos casos de síndrome de compressão medular, associada a granulomas pós-vacinais, em bovinos Nelore, provenientes de uma propriedade em Minas Gerais. Esses bovinos apresentavam ataxia e paresia bilateral dos membros pélvicos, que evoluiu para paralisia e decúbito esternal. Na necropsia, áreas focalmente extensas da musculatura na região torácica dorsal (músculo longissimus dorsi) eram substituídas por numerosos piogranulomas, separados por tecido brancacento e firme (tecido conjuntivo fibroso). Ao corte, alguns nódulos continham material amarelado e viscoso (exsudato purulento) ou material esbranquiçado e fluido (sugestivo de adjuvante de vacina). No canal medular das vértebras subjacentes, havia granulomas idênticos aos observados no tecido muscular. Histologicamente, os piogranulomas continham, no centro, vacúolo, bem delimitado e arredondado (consistente com o espaço deixado pela gotícula de lipídio do adjuvante), circundado por variável quantidade de neutrófilos degenerados e íntegros e, mais externamente, por numerosos macrófagos epitelioides e algumas células gigantes multinucleadas. Nas áreas da medula espinhal, circundadas pelos granulomas, numerosos vacúolos, bem definidos, eram observados na substância branca (degeneração walleriana). A associação do histórico clínico e de achados patológicos permitiu o diagnóstico de mielopatia compressiva associada à reação granulomatosa ao adjuvante oleoso da vacina contra febre aftosa, no caso, induzida pela aplicação inadequada da vacina.(AU)

Morphological and molecular characterization of an enigmatic clinostomid trematode (Digenea: Clinostomidae) parasitic as metacercariae in the body cavity of freshwater fishes (Cichlidae) across Middle America.

The family Clinostomidae Lühe, 1901 contains 29 species allocated to seven genera, of which Clinostomum Leidy, 1856 is the most diverse, with c. 14 valid species. The diversity of Clinostomum has been assessed, combining morphological and molecular data. The genetic library for species in this genus has increased steadily, although there is little or no information for the other genera included in the family. Molecular phylogenetic relationships among the genera of clinostomids have not been assessed, and their classification is still based on morphological traits. The monotypic Ithyoclinostomum was described from a fish-eating bird in Brazil, and its metacercariae have been found in several locations in South America, parasitizing erythrinid freshwater fishes. We collected unusually large metacercariae from the body cavity of cichlids in several locations across Middle America. These metacercariae exhibited some resemblance to Ithyoclinostomum, although several differences prevent their inclusion in Ithyoclinostomum dimorphum, casting doubt on their taxonomic identification. The main objective of this paper was to characterize the metacercariae collected in cichlids using both morphology and molecular data from three molecular markers, and to assess the molecular phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Clinostomidae to establish the position of the newly generated sequences. We took a conservative position and tentatively placed the metacercariae as belonging to Ithyoclinostomum.