Conquering hypertension in Vietnam: 12- month follow up results from a cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Background: Approximately 20% of adults in Vietnam have hypertension, and management of this chronic condition remains challenging. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention in reducing blood pressure (BP) in adults with uncontrolled hypertension. Methods: This cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in sixteen communities (8 intervention and 8 comparison) in a rural setting in Vietnam (2017-2022). Consenting adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with uncontrolled hypertension were enrolled. Sixteen communities were equally randomised to an intervention or comparison group stratified by district. Consenting adults were assigned to study groups by community. The comparison arm received training sessions about hypertension prevention and management for health workers, and patient education materials. The intervention arm received training sessions about hypertension prevention and management for health workers, and patient education materials and three enhancement components including a storytelling intervention, home BP self-monitoring, and expanded community health worker services. The primary outcome was the difference in changes in patient's levels of systolic BP between the study groups over a 12-month follow-up period. Patients and outcome assessors were masked. Findings: A total of 671 patients (340: intervention, 331: comparison) were enrolled in the trial. The mean age was 66 years and 45% were men. At the 12-month follow-up, the mean systolic BP declined by 18.4 mmHg in the intervention group and 3.7 mmHg in the comparison group (differential decline of 14.7 mmHg [95% CI: 11.8-17.6]). The intervention group also achieved better BP control and medication adherence than the comparison group. There were no serious adverse events related to study participation. Interpretation: The results of this trial demonstrate that a multicomponent intervention can effectively reduce elevated BP in individuals with uncontrolled hypertension in Vietnam. Trial registration: This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03590691. Funding: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

To treat or not to treat: a comparative effectiveness analysis of oral anticoagulant outcomes among U.S. nursing home residents with atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Nursing home residents with atrial fibrillation are at high risk for ischemic stroke, but most are not treated with anticoagulants. This study compared the effectiveness and safety between oral anticoagulant (OAC) users and non-users. METHODS: We conducted a new-user retrospective cohort study by using Minimum Data Set 3.0 assessments linked with Medicare claims. The participants were Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with atrial fibrillation residing in US nursing homes between 2011 and 2016, aged ≥ 65 years. The primary outcomes were occurrence of an ischemic stroke or systemic embolism (effectiveness), occurrence of intracranial or extracranial bleeding (safety) and net clinical outcome (effectiveness or safety outcomes). Secondary outcomes included total mortality and a net clinical and mortality outcome. Cox proportional hazards and Fine and Grey models estimated multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and sub-distribution hazard ratios (sHRs). RESULTS: Outcome rates were low (effectiveness: OAC: 0.86; non-users: 1.73; safety: OAC: 2.26; non-users: 1.75 (per 100 person-years)). OAC use was associated with a lower rate of the effectiveness outcome (sHR: 0.69; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.61-0.77), higher rates of the safety (sHR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.58-1.84) and net clinical outcomes (sHR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.13-1.28) lower rate of all-cause mortality outcome (sHR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.59-0.61), and lower rate of the net clinical and mortality outcome (sHR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.59-0.61). Warfarin users, but not DOAC users, had a higher rate of the net clinical outcome versus OAC non-users. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the benefits of treatment with OACs to prevent ischemic strokes and increase longevity, while highlighting the need to weigh apparent benefits against elevated risk for bleeding. Results were consistent with net favorability of DOACs versus warfarin.

Ventricular Tachycardia and Hospital Readmission in Patients Discharged From the Hospital After an Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background: Although ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurring during hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) increases mortality risk, its relationship with 30-day postdischarge rehospitalization has not been examined. Methods: Using data from the Worcester Heart Attack Study, we examined the association between early (during the first 48 hours of admission) and late (after 48 hours from admission) VT with 30-day postdischarge all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related rehospitalization while analytically controlling for several demographic and clinical factors. Results: The study population consisted of 3534 patients who were hospitalized with an AMI between 2005 and 2015 (average age, 67.2 years; 40.7% women); VT occurred in 452 patients (13.7%), with the majority of instances (81.2%) occurring within 48 hours of admission. The 30-day all-cause rehospitalization rate was 17.3%, with 70.9% of the hospitalizations related to CVD. The odds of rehospitalization were 1.63 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99-2.69) and 1.12 times (95% CI = 0.83-1.51) higher for patients with AMI who developed late VT and early VT, respectively, compared to patients who did not develop VT. The risk of rehospitalization among patients with late VT was higher (odds ratio = 2.22 (95% CI = 0.79-6.26) in those with ST-segment-elevation AMI, compared to those with non-ST-segment-elevation AMI (odds ratio = 1.45 (95% CI = 0.81-2.57); early VT was not associated with rehospitalization in patients with either AMI subtype. No significant association was present between the occurrence of VT and CVD-related rehospitalization. Conclusions: Patients who develop late VT may experience a higher risk of 30-day rehospitalization following hospital discharge for AMI, especially among those with ST-segment-elevation AMI. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Contexte: Bien qu'une tachycardie ventriculaire (TV) survenant pendant une hospitalisation pour un infarctus aigu du myocarde (IAM) augmente le risque de décès, son lien avec une réhospitalisation dans les 30 jours suivant le congé n'a pas fait l'objet d'étude. Méthodologie: À partir des données de l'étude Worcester Heart Attack Study, nous avons étudié le lien entre les TV précoces (dans les 48 heures de l'hospitalisation) et tardives (après 48 heures d'hospitalisation) et les réhospitalisations liées à une maladie cardiovasculaire et toutes causes confondues 30 jours après le congé, tout en tenant compte de manière analytique de plusieurs facteurs démographiques et cliniques. Résultats: La population de l'étude était composée de 3 534 patients qui ont été hospitalisés pour un IAM entre 2005 et 2015 (âge moyen, 67,2 ans; 40,7 % de femmes). Une TV est survenue chez 452 patients (13,7 %), la majorité des cas (81,2 %) dans les 48 heures de l'hospitalisation. Le taux de réhospitalisations toutes causes confondues à 30 jours était de 17,3 %, 70,9 % des cas étant liés à une maladie cardiovasculaire. Chez les patients ayant eu un IAM et ayant subi une TV tardive ou précoce, les risques de réhospitalisation étaient respectivement 1,63 fois (intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % = 0,99-2,69) et 1,12 fois (IC à 95 % = 0,83-1,51) plus élevés que chez ceux qui n'avaient pas développé de TV. Le risque de réhospitalisation chez les patients ayant subi une TV tardive était plus élevé (risque relatif approché = 2,22 [IC à 95 % = 0,79-6,26]) chez ceux ayant eu un IAM avec élévation du segment ST que chez ceux ayant eu un IAM sans élévation du segment ST (risque relatif approché = 1,45 [IC à 95 % = 0,81-2,57]). La TV précoce n'a pas été associée à la réhospitalisation chez les patients dans l'un ou l'autre des sous-types d'IAM. Aucun lien important n'a été observé entre la survenue d'une TV et la réhospitalisation pour une maladie cardiovasculaire. Conclusions: Chez les patients qui développent une TV tardive, le risque de réhospitalisation 30 jours après le congé de l'hôpital pour un IAM peut être augmenté, particulièrement lorsque l'IAM s'accompagne d'une élévation du segment ST. De vastes études sont nécessaires pour confirmer nos observations.

Lifestyle practices and associated factors among adults with hypertension: Conquering Hypertension in Vietnam-solutions at the grassroots level study.

BACKGROUND: Vietnam is experiencing an increasing prevalence of hypertension in its adult population. In addition to medical therapy, modifying adverse lifestyle practices is important for effective blood pressure control. There are limited data on unhealthy lifestyle practices in patients with chronic diseases, however, particularly among hypertensive patients living in rural Vietnam. Our study objectives were to examine the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle practices and associated factors among rural Vietnamese adults with uncontrolled hypertension. METHODS: Data from the baseline survey of a cluster randomized trial among hypertensive Vietnamese adults (2017-2022) were utilized. Information on unhealthy lifestyle practices including smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and inadequate fruit and vegetable intake was collected from study participants. The primary study outcome was having ≥2 unhealthy lifestyle practices. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine factors associated with the primary study outcome. RESULTS: The mean age of the 671 patients was 67 years and 45.0% were men. Nearly three out of every four participants had one or fewer unhealthy practices, 24.0% had two, and 3.3% had three or all four unhealthy lifestyle practices. Men, individuals who did unpaid work or were unemployed, and individuals with hypertension level III were more likely to have ≥2 unhealthy lifestyle practices, whereas individuals with higher education were less likely to have ≥2 unhealthy lifestyle practices compared with respective comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high prevalence of unhealthy lifestyle practices among rural Vietnamese patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Several demographic factors were associated with a greater number of unhealthy lifestyle practices. Newer interventions and educational programs encouraging lifestyle modification practices are needed to control hypertension among adults living in rural settings of Vietnam.

Analyzing Pelvic Asymmetry by Sex and Ancestry: Insights From an Osteological Collection.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic asymmetry has been noted in pelvic imaging, and might influence the development of various spinal pathologies, most notably scoliosis. There is a limited understanding of the relationship between pelvic asymmetry and sex and ancestry, and limited use of 3D modeling. The purpose of this study was to identify pelvic asymmetry and morphology differences between sex and ancestry utilizing 3D modeling on young adults in an osteological collection. METHODS: Thirty-three osteological pelvic specimens aged 18-25 years (average age 21.4 ± 2.0 years) were scanned to create virtual 3D models for analysis. Pelvic asymmetry and morphology were measured and compared across sex (male and female) and ancestry (European American and African American). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the variables measured. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated statistically significant relationships between innominate-pelvic ring ratio and both sex (p < 0.001) and ancestry (p= 0.003) with larger ratios in male and African American specimens respectively. There was also a statistically significant relationship of greater sacral 1 coronal tilt in European American specimens (p= 0.042). There were no statistically significant differences with sex or ancestry in terms of innominate or sacral asymmetry. CONCLUSION: Although there are differences in overall pelvic shape between sex and ancestry, there is no relationship between these two variables versus pelvic asymmetry in the axial or sagittal planes in young adult osteological specimens.

Maternal and Perinatal Factors Associated With Childhood Brain Tumors: A Case-Control Study in Vietnam.

INTRODUCTION: Brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children and the majority of childhood brain tumors are diagnosed without determination of their underlying etiology. Little is known about risk factors for childhood brain tumors in Vietnam. The objective of this case-control study was to identify maternal and perinatal factors associated with brain tumors occurring in young Vietnamese children and adolescents. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study at Viet Duc University Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam. Cases consisted of children with brain tumors aged 0-14 years old admitted to the hospital from January 2020 to July 2022 while the controls were age and sex-matched hospitalized children diagnosed with head trauma. Perinatal characteristics were abstracted from hospital medical records and maternal medical, behavioral, and sociodemographic factors were collected through in-person interviews. Conditional logistic regression models were used to examine maternal and perinatal factors associated with childhood brain tumors. RESULTS: The study sample included 220 children (110 cases and 110 controls) whose average age was 8.9 years and 41.8% were girls. Children born to mothers aged greater than 30 years at the time of the child's birth had a higher risk of childhood brain tumors compared to those born to mothers aged from 18 to 30 years old (OR = 2.55; 95% CI: 1.13-5.75). Additionally low maternal body mass index prior to the current pregnancy of <18.5 kg/m2 significantly increased the odds of having a child with a brain tumor in relation to normal maternal body mass index from 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 (OR = 3.19; 95% CI: 1.36 - 7.50). CONCLUSION: Advanced maternal age and being markedly underweight were associated with an increased odds of having a child with a brain tumor. A population-based study with larger sample size is needed to confirm and extend the present findings.

Cost-utility analysis of community-based interventions for hypertension control in Vietnam.

Between 2010 and 2011, stakeholders implemented a multi-faceted community-based intervention in response to the escalating issue of uncontrolled hypertension in Hung Yen province, Vietnam. This initiative integrated expanded community health worker services, home blood pressure self-monitoring, and a unique "storytelling intervention" into routine clinical care. From the limited societal perspective, our study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of this intervention using a Markov model with a one-year cycle over a lifetime horizon. The analysis, based on a cohort of 671 patients, reveals a lifetime incremental cost of approximately VND 90.37 million (USD 3,930) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. With a willingness to pay at three times GDP (VND 259.2 million per QALY), the intervention proves cost-effective 80% of the time. This research underscores the potential of the community-based approach to effectively control hypertension, offering valuable insights into its broader implications for public health.

Short and medium-term outcomes in individuals hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction and multiple chronic conditions: The Worcester heart attack study.

Background: Multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) are common in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We examined the association of 12 MCCs with the risk of a 30-day hospital readmission and/or dying within one year among those discharged from the hospital after an AMI. We also examined the five most prevalent pairs of chronic conditions in this population and their association with the principal study endpoints. Methods: The study population consisted of 3,294 adults hospitalized with a confirmed AMI at the three major medical centers in central Massachusetts on an approximate biennial basis between 2005 and 2015. Patients were categorized as ≤1, 2-3, and ≥4 chronic conditions. Results: The median age of the study population was 67.9 years, 41.6% were women, and 15% had ≤1, 32% had 2-3, and 53% had ≥4 chronic conditions. Patients with ≥4 conditions tended to be older, had a longer hospital stay, and received fewer cardiac interventional procedures. There was an increased risk for being rehospitalized during the subsequent 30 days according to the presence of MCCs, with the highest risk for those with ≥4 conditions. There was an increased, but attenuated, risk for dying during the next year according to the presence of MCCs. Individuals with diabetes/hypertension and those with heart failure/chronic kidney disease were at particularly high risk for developing the principal study outcomes. Conclusion: Development of guidelines that include complex patients, particularly those with MCCs and those at high risk for adverse short/medium term outcomes, remain needed to inform best treatment practices.

Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults with Dementia Living in Vietnamese Nursing Homes.

Better understanding of the quality of life among nursing home residents with dementia is important for developing interventions. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to examine factors associated with poor health-related quality of life in older people with dementia living in nursing homes in Hanoi, Vietnam. In-person interviews were conducted with 140 adults who were 60 years and older with dementia, and information about their quality of life was obtained using the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) scale. The sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with poor health-related quality of life (lowest quartile) were assessed through the results of physical tests, interviews with nursing home staff, and review of medical records. The average age of the study sample was 78.3 years, 65% were women, and their average QOL-AD total score was 27.3 (SD = 4.4). Malnutrition, total dependence in activities of daily living, and urinary incontinence were associated with poor quality of life after controlling for multiple potentially confounding factors. Our findings show that Vietnamese nursing home residents with dementia have a moderate total quality of life score, and interventions based on comprehensive geriatric assessment remain needed to modify risk factors related to poor health-related quality of life.

Radiologic Features of Well-circumscribed Orbital Tumors With Histopathologic Correlation: A Multi-center Study.

PURPOSE: To delineate specific imaging characteristics of solitary fibrous tumors, schwannomas, cavernous venous malformations, and well-circumscribed orbital lymphoma. METHODS: Patients undergoing excisional biopsy of solitary fibrous tumor, schwannomas, cavernous venous malformations, or well-circumscribed orbital lymphoma with preoperative MRIs available for review were identified at 3 academic centers in the United States and Australia. An exploratory statistical analysis was performed to identify important radiologic features, which were subsequently included in a random forest model. Histopathologic correlates were evaluated in representative cases. RESULTS: A total of 91 cases were included with a mean age of 52.9 ± 17.2 years. Nearly all solitary fibrous tumors were located in the anterior or mid orbit (87.5%) and they more commonly demonstrated intralesional heterogeneity on T2-weighted imaging (45.5%) ( p < 0.01). Compared with the other tumors, schwannomas tended to be intraconal (66.7%) and were often in the mid or posterior orbit (83.4%) ( p < 0.01). Cavernous venous malformations characteristically demonstrated progressive contrast enhancement (93.9%; p < 0.01). Most lesions in all 4 groups were hypointense on T1-weighted imaging (80%-100%; p = 0.14) and only well-circumscribed orbital lymphoma tended to also be hypointense on T2 (81.8%) ( p < 0.01). Finally, cases of lymphoma had significantly lower apparent diffusion coefficient ratios (0.9 ± 0.2) ( p < 0.001), while the other 3 groups were not significantly different from one another (cavernous venous malformations: 1.8 ± 0.4; schwannomas: 1.8 ± 0.5; and solitary fibrous tumor: 1.6 ± 0.6) ( p = 0.739). CONCLUSIONS: Key features that aid in the differentiation of these 4 tumors from one another include T2 intensity and homogeneity, early contrast-enhancement pattern, and ADC ratio.

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the orbit.

Purpose: To present a rare case of dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the orbit. Observations: A 61-year-old male complained of left-sided proptosis, diplopia, and limited ocular motility for two years. Biopsy results at that time were suggestive of an atypical lipomatous neoplasm. Ten years later, he presented with increase in size of the mass and worsening of his symptoms. Imaging showed a multi-lobulated mass in the left orbit involving the intraconal, medial, and anterior orbit. Decompression and orbitotomy with biopsy were performed to debulk the mass. Pathology showed a low-grade well-differentiated liposarcoma and the patient was monitored thereafter annually. Eight years later, he complained of persistent proptosis and mass effect from the tumor resulting in ptosis and diplopia and underwent orbital exenteration. Histopathological analysis of the exenterated orbit revealed a focal area of dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Conclusions and importance: Dedifferentiation of an orbital mass can occur as a late complication years after the diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma. Compared to the previously published cases of orbital liposarcoma, this presentation shows a prolonged timeline prior to dedifferentiation (18 years after initial diagnosis). Symptoms of growth or invasive features could indicate dedifferentiation and should warrant a biopsy.

Transorbital Endoscopic Approach to the Pterygopalatine Fossa: A Less Invasive Alternative to Traditional Access.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article and accompanying video is to demonstrate a transorbital endoscopic approach for accessing the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF). This technique does not require a skin incision, avoids dissection of critical neurovascular structures, and utilizes a comparatively small osteotomy. The 2 cases presented in this article highlight the utility of a transorbital endoscopic approach for accessing an anatomic region that has traditionally required more invasive techniques to reach. METHODS: Description of surgical technique with 2 illustrative clinical cases and accompanying surgical video. RESULTS: Surgical technique: A trans-conjunctival approach is taken to the inferior orbital rim, and a subperiosteal dissection is propagated posteriorly. The bone of the posterior orbital floor is then deroofed, and the superior portion of the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus is removed, allowing access to the PPF for an incisional biopsy. CASE: A 76-year-old male with a history of left cheek squamous cell carcinoma presented with progressive V2 paresthesia and an abnormally enhancing lesion in the left PPF on MRI. CASE: A 58-year-old male with no significant medical history presented with left facial numbness (V1-V3), ptosis, an abduction deficit, and decreased hearing. Contrast-enhanced MRI demonstrated an abnormally enhanced lesion in the left PPF extending to Meckel's cave.The transorbital approach described was used to successfully obtain a diagnostic biopsy in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: These cases highlight the utility of a transorbital endoscopic approach to the PPF as a less morbid alternative to traditional access. Patient selection is key to identifying appropriate cases.

Visual Outcomes Following Surgical Debulking in Exophytic Optic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas.

PURPOSE: To report a case of a globular primary optic nerve sheath meningioma managed surgically with improvement in vision and review the literature for outcomes of purely intraorbital exophytic-globular primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas managed surgically. METHODS: A literature review was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed with the search terms "primary optic nerve sheath meningioma," "surgery," "exophytic," and "globular." Articles were included if they were available in English. Individual cases from the reviewed articles were included if the tumor was purely intraorbital with a globular or exophytic morphology, was managed with total or subtotal surgical excision, and visual outcomes were reported. Cases were excluded if the tumor extended intracanalicularly or intracranially, tumor morphology was unknown, or surgical management consisted of biopsy, optic nerve sheath decompression, or optic canal decompression rather than tumor debulking. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients with intraorbital globular-exophytic primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas managed surgically have been reported in the literature. Vision improved in 29% (n = 8/28) and remained stable in 43% (n = 12/28) of patients. Furthermore, patients with good (Snellen notation ≥ 0.5) vision (n = 10) typically retained good vision postoperatively and at follow-up, with 1 patient experiencing a decline to poor (Snellen ≤0.1) vision at the last follow-up (92 months postoperatively). Similarly, patients with fair (Snellen notation >0.1 and <0.5) vision (n = 5) often improved to good vision (n = 3) or stayed at fair vision (n = 1), with 1 declining to poor vision at postoperative hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical management of exophytic or globular optic nerve meningiomas does not universally lead to vision loss and may be appropriate in select patients.

Pediatric High Blood Pressure Follow-Up Guideline Adherence in a Massachusetts Health Care System.

OBJECTIVES: To describe adherence to the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) 2017 clinical practice guidelines for follow-up after high blood pressure (BP) screening by pediatric and family medicine providers in a Massachusetts health care system and to assess differences in receipt of follow-up according to child- and clinic-level factors. METHODS: Electronic health record data were analyzed for children aged 3 to 17years who had an outpatient primary care visit during 2018 with a high BP screening (according to AAP guidelines). We classified AAP guideline adherent follow-up as BP follow-up within 6months after an elevated finding (+2-week buffer) and within 2weeks after a hypertensive finding (+2-week buffer). Differences in receipt of guideline adherent follow-up by child- and clinic-level factors were assessed via multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models. RESULTS: The median age of the 4563 included children was 12years and 43% were female. Overall, guideline adherent follow-up was received by 17.7% of children within the recommended time interval; 27.4% for those whose index BP was elevated and 5.4% for those whose index BP was hypertensive. Modeling revealed older children and those belonging to clinics with more providers, smaller patient panels, and smaller proportion of Medicaid patients were more likely to receive adherent follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Few children received guideline adherent BP follow-up and most differences in adherence were related to clinic resources. System-level interventions are needed to improve BP follow-up.

Orbital Decompression: Conceptual Approach for Orbital Volume Expansion.

PURPOSE: To review the advances in the surgical techniques of orbital decompression. METHODS: A literature review of orbital decompression surgery and experience-based consideration of bony areas for decompression. RESULTS: In the 100-year-plus span of orbital decompression literature, multiple incisions and multiple bone and fat removal strategies have been described. In general, bone removal has been conceptualized as consisting of 4 walls of the orbit. However, the orbital bony anatomy is more subtle than a simple box, and considering 6 areas of potential bony removal allows a more nuanced paradigm for clinical decision-making and for understanding various technique descriptions. Historical and current techniques, and surgical planning and decision-making, are described from the perspective of a 6 area paradigm. Potential complications are reviewed. CONCLUSION: A conceptual framework for orbital decompression focusing on 6 potential areas of bone removal provides a nuanced and flexible paradigm for understanding and describing surgical techniques, and for designing individualized surgery. Orbital decompression surgery should be customized to the patient's anatomy and symptoms.

Teprotumumab and Orbital Decompression for the Management of Proptosis in Patients With Thyroid Eye Disease.

PURPOSE: To compare outcomes of patients with thyroid eye disease treated with teprotumumab or orbital decompression, or both in sequence. METHODS: Patients with thyroid eye disease and treated with decompression, teprotumumab, or both were included. Four groups were defined: decompression only, teprotumumab only, teprotumumab first with decompression later, and decompression first with teprotumumab later. The primary outcome was change in exophthalmometry. Secondary outcomes included change in extraocular muscle motility, strabismus, diplopia, and side effects. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine patients were included. The mean duration for early follow-up was 1.2 months for both decompression and teprotumumab groups. The mean late follow-up was 14.4 and 8.2 months for the decompression and teprotumumab groups respectively. Mean change in exophthalmometry was significantly greater for the decompression group (3.5 mm) compared with teprotumumab (2.0 mm) at late follow-up. Improvement in total extraocular muscle restriction was significantly greater in the teprotumumab group (14.7 degrees) than in the decompression group (2.6 degrees). The teprotumumab group had a significantly higher percentage of patients with diplopia score >1 at baseline and late follow-up (p < 0.01) compared with the decompression group. Additional treatment with teprotumumab or decompression when previously treated with the opposite had similar proptosis reduction effect as that therapy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical decompression has a greater proptosis reduction effect than teprotumumab, whereas teprotumumab better improves extraocular muscle motility. The addition of teprotumumab or decompression to a previous course of the opposite adds a similar effect to the supplemental treatment alone.

Intermittent Orbital Pain due to Hemodynamic Collapse of an Orbital Varix: A Case Report.

Orbital varices typically present with symptoms related to dilation or thrombosis. We describe a rare presentation of an orbital varix with pain caused by hemodynamic collapse of the varix. A woman in the third decade presented with position-dependent orbital pain and enophthalmos. She was found to have an intraorbital varix and a separate pterygoid varix. The patient underwent endovascular treatment of the pterygoid varix using coils and sclerosing agents which altered the venous outflow from the orbital varix. The patient had immediate resolution of symptoms after the procedure. Our findings suggest that extraorbital venous outflow abnormalities may be the cause of symptoms in selected cases of orbital varices. By understanding the venous structures on cerebral angiography and treating the extraorbital component, orbital intervention may be avoided, reducing the risk of complications.

Anxiety and Depression Among US Nursing Home Residents with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly prevalent among nursing home residents; however, few studies have focused on the psychological impact of this clinically significant condition on nursing home residents. Objective: We examine the prevalence of, and factors associated with, anxiety and depression in nursing home residents with COPD. Methods: Using the US 2018 Minimum Dataset (MDS), we conducted a cross-sectional study among 239,615 residents aged ≥50 years old in US Medicare/Medicaid certified nursing homes with COPD. Anxiety and depression were diagnosed based on clinical diagnoses, physical examination findings, and treatment orders. Multivariable adjusted Poisson models with a generalized estimating equations approach account for the clustering among residents within nursing homes. Results: The average age of the study population was 79 years (SD: 10.6), 62.0% were women, and 43.7% had five or more comorbid conditions. In this population, 37.2% had anxiety, 57.6% had depression, and 27.5% had both mental health conditions. Women, current tobacco users, persons 50-64 years old, those who reported having moderate or severe pain, and nursing home residents with multimorbidity were more likely to have anxiety or depression than respective comparison groups. Conclusion: Anxiety and depression are common among US nursing home residents with COPD. Women, medically complex patients, and those who report having moderate-to-severe pain appear to be more likely to have anxiety and depression. Clinical teams should be aware of these findings when managing nursing home residents with COPD and use various nonpharmacological and medical interventions for the effective management of anxiety and depression. Longitudinal studies evaluating how anxiety and depression affect the management of COPD and related outcomes, and how best to improve the quality of life of nursing home residents with COPD, are warranted.

Differences in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among US nursing home residents with heart failure according to sex and type of heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are leading cause of death throughout the world. Few recent studies have, however, examined possible sex and type of heart failure (HFpEF, HFrEF, and unspecified/other heart failure) differences in the prevalence of these chronic conditions among nursing home residents. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to examine the magnitude of concomitant COPD and differences according to sex and heart failure type, in terms of the prevalence of COPD among nursing home residents with heart failure. METHODS: The principal study outcomes were examined in a cross-sectional study of 97 495 US nursing home residents with heart failure using the 2018 Minimum Data Set. The diagnoses of heart failure and COPD were operationalized through a review of nursing home admission, progress notes, and physical examination findings. RESULTS: The average age of this study population was 81.3 ± 11.0 years, 67.3% were women, and 53.8% had COPD. A slightly higher prevalence of COPD was found among men than women. A higher proportion of unspecified heart failure type was found in both men and women, than reduced and preserved ejection fractions, respectively. In both men and women, there was a higher prevalence of COPD among those with various chronic conditions and current tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS: COPD is highly prevalent among medically complex middle-aged and older nursing home residents with heart failure. Future research should focus on increasing our understanding of factors that influence the risk and optimal management of COPD and heart failure to improve the quality of life for nursing home residents.

Development and validation of a predictive model for the diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease in low-income countries based on two cross-sectional studies.

Objectives: We developed a questionnaire-based risk-scoring system to identify children at risk for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in rural India. The resulting predictive model was validated in Nepal, in a population with a similar demographic profile to rural India. Methods: The study involved 8646 students (mean age 13.0 years, 46% boys) from 20 middle and high schools in the West Midnapore district of India. The survey asked questions about the presence of different signs and symptoms of RHD. Students with possible RHD who experienced sore throat and joint pain were offered an echocardiogram to screen for RHD. Their findings were compared with randomly selected students without these symptoms. The data were analyzed to develop a predictive model for identifying RHD. Results: Based on our univariate analyses, seven variables were used for building a predictive model. A four-variable model (joint pain plus sore throat, female sex, shortness of breath, and palpitations) best predicted the risk of RHD with a C-statistic of 0.854. A six-point scoring system developed from the model was validated among similarly aged children in Nepal. Conclusions: A simple questionnaire-based predictive instrument could identify children at higher risk for this disease in low-income countries where RHD remains prevalent. Echocardiography could then be used in these high-risk children to detect RHD in its early stages. This may support a strategy for more effective secondary prophylaxis of RHD.