Acute Silver Catfish (Rhamdia quelen) Exposure to Chlorantraniliprole Insecticide.

The aim of the current study is to investigate whether silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) individuals exposed to commercial formulation of the chlorantraniliprole insecticide used in rice crops present changes in biochemical parameters. Fifty-four (54) silver catfish individuals were distributed in six units per tank (n = 6/repetition; triplicate/treatment) and subjected to the following treatments: T1-control, without insecticide; T2 (0.02 µg/L of insecticide) and T3 (0.20 µg/L of insecticide). Exposure time lasted 24 or 96 h, and it was followed by 96 h recovery in pesticide-free water. Results have indicated biochemical changes in cortisol, glucose, lactate and plasma protein levels, as well as few ionic changes in animals' gills during the exposure and recovery periods. Chlorantraniliprole incidence in water resulted in some biochemical changes in silver catfish specimens' plasma and gills throughout the acute exposure protocol (sub-lethal dose). Thus, chlorantraniliprole insecticide has caused osmoregulatory and/or biochemical imbalance in the investigated species under the herein adopted laboratory conditions; these changes did not get back to normal levels even after specimens were left to recover for 96 h in clean water.

Toxicological response of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after acute exposure to a commercial insecticide containing thiamethoxam.

This study assessed the hematological, enzymatic and osmoregulatory responses of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to sublethal concentrations (1.125 and 3.750 µg/L) of a commercial thiamethoxam-containing insecticide used on rice crops. Groups of 6 fish per tank (in triplicate, n = 3, total 54 fish) were exposed for up to 96 h to different concentrations of the compound. After this period, fish were placed in clean water for 48 h. Two fish from each tank (6 per treatment) that had been exposed to the insecticide for 24 h were anesthetized with eugenol and blood was collected to evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters. Blood, liver and muscle were collected for determination of metabolic parameters, plasma cortisol, Cl-, Na+ and K+ levels and H+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the gill. H+-ATPase activity was higher in fish exposed to 1.125 µg/L insecticide at 24 h compared to control (0.0 µg/L). Differences in cortisol levels were evidenced throughout the experimental period. These results indicated that exposure to the insecticide changed the hematological, biochemical and metabolic profile of the animals, suggesting concern about environmental safety. Therefore, we discourage the use of this pesticide in areas that come into contact with water bodies inhabited by fish.

Imazapyr+imazapic herbicide determines acute toxicity in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen.

Imazapyr (IMY) and imazapic (IMI) are imidazolinone herbicides which have been associated in a commercial formulation (Kifix(®)). To date, there are no studies on the toxicity of an IMY+IMI herbicide in fish. This work aimed to assess the acute toxicity (24 and 96 h) of IMY+IMI (0, 0.488 and 4.88 µg/L) towards Rhamdia quelen through hematological, biochemical, immunological, ionoregulatory and enzymatic indexes. Red blood cell count was lower at 4.88 than at 0.488 µg/L (24 and 96 h); mean corpuscular volume was lower than control at both concentrations (24 h) and at 0.488 µg/L (96 h); lymphocytes declined at 4.88 µg/L comparing to control (96 h); and monocytes increased at 4.88 µg/L (96 h) in comparison with the respective control and with 4.88 µg/L at 24h. Aspartate aminotransferase was higher at 0.488 µg/L (96 h) than the respective control and the respective concentration at 24 h; uric acid reduced at 4.88 µg/L comparing with 0.488 µg/L (96 h); and cortisol was lower at 4.88 µg/L compared to 0.488 µg/L and control (96 h). Herbicide exposure lowered plasma bactericidal activity at both concentrations (24 h) and at 0.488 µg/L (96 h); and plasma complement activity declined at 4.88 µg/L comparing with 0.488 µg/L and control (96 h), and was lower at all concentrations at 96 h than at 24 h. Plasma K(+) levels were higher at 4.88µg/L than in the remaining groups (24 and 96h); and Na(+) levels decreased at 4.88 µg/L compared to control (96 h). Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and H(+)-ATPase activities in gills were lower at 4.88 µg/L comparing with control (24 h) and with the respective concentration at 96 h; and AChE activity in brain was higher at 0.488 and 4.88 µg/L than control (24 h) and the respective concentrations at 96 h, while in muscle it was higher at 0.488 and 4.88 µg/L than control (96 h) and the respective concentrations at 24 h. The present findings demonstrate that, despite IMY+IMI targets the animal-absent AHAS enzyme, such formulation displayed an acute toxic effect upon R. quelen homeostasis by impacting on vital functions such as immune defense, metabolism, ionoregulation and neurotransmission.

Zooplankton community responses to the mixture of imazethapyr with imazapic and bispyribac-sodium herbicides under rice paddy water conditions / Respostas da comunidade de zooplâncton à mistura dos herbicidas imazetapir com imazapique e bispiribaque-sódico em áreas de arroz irrigado

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of concentrations of imazethapyr, imazapic, and bispyribac-sodium herbicides on zooplankton community (Cladocer, Copepod and Rotifer) in rice paddy fields. The decrease of half-life dissipation (DT50) of the herbicides under study in water was: imazethapyr, imazapic, and bispyribac-sodium with an average of 3.75, 3.73 and 1.91 days, respectively. The mixture of imazethapyr with imazapic caused change in the analyzed zooplankton, with an increase in the densities of Cladocer and adult Copepod groups, while bispyribac-sodium caused a reduction of density in Copepod group, both adults and nauplii, in the initial samples. Among the groups, Rotifer was slightly sensitive to the herbicides.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito das concentrações dos herbicidas imazetapir, imazapique e bispiribaque-sódico na comunidade zooplanctônica (Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera) na lavoura de arroz. A diminuição da dissipação de meia-vida (DT50) desses herbicidas em estudo na água foi: imazetapir, imazapique e bispiribaque-sódico, com uma média de 3,75, 3,73 e 1,91 dias, respectivamente. A mistura de imazetapir com imazapic provocou alteração no zooplâncton analisado, com incremento nas densidades dos grupos Cladocera e Copepoda adultos, enquanto que bispiribaque-sódico causou redução de densidade no grupo Copepoda, tanto adulto quanto náuplio, nas amostragens iniciais. Dentre os grupos, Rotifera foi pouco sensível aos herbicidas.

Preference behavior of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles in waters with pH gradients: laboratory experiments

The aim of this study was to determine the preferred pH in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen juveniles acclimated to different water hardness and the effect of shelters and infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Fish were acclimated for two weeks at different water hardness levels (4, 24, 50, or 100 mg CaCO3 L-1) and then transferred to a polyethylene tube with a pH gradient ranging from 3.5 to 11.7 and maintaining the same hardness. The position of the fish in the pH gradient was observed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h after transfer. Acclimation to different water hardness did not change pH preference of uninfected silver catfish (pH 7.30-7.83), and the presence of a shelter at the preferred pH or outside this preferred pH did not change the chosen pH range, either. Consequently silver catfish favored the acid-base regulation over shelter seeking tendency. Juveniles infected with I. multifiliis acclimated to water hardness of 24 mg CaCO3 L-1 preferred alkaline pH (9.08-9.79). This choice is not explained by the higher Na+ levels at alkaline pH compared to neutral pH because infected and uninfected fish choose the same waterborne Na+ levels in a Na+ gradient with the same pH.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o pH preferencial de juvenis de jundiá Rhamdia quelen aclimatados a diferentes durezas da água e o efeito de abrigos e infecção por Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Os peixes foram aclimatados durante duas semanas em diferentes níveis de dureza da água (4, 24, 50 ou 100 mg CaCO3 L-1) e então transferidos para um tubo de polietileno com um gradiente de pH de 3,5-11,7, mantendo a mesma dureza. A posição do peixe no gradiente de pH foi observada 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 h após a transferência. A aclimatação a diferentes durezas da água não afetou o pH preferencial de jundiás não infectados (pH 7,30-7,83), e a presença de um abrigo no pH preferido ou fora deste pH também não alterou a faixa de pH preferida. Portanto, jundiás favorecem a regulação ácido-base em detrimento a uma tendência de procurar abrigo. Em juvenis infectados com I. multifiliis aclimatados à dureza da água de 24 mg L-1 de CaCO3 o pH preferencial é alcalino (9,08-9,79). Esta escolha não é explicada pelos maiores níveis de Na+ em pH alcalino que em pH neutro porque peixes infectados e não infectados escolheram os mesmos níveis de Na+ na água em um gradiente de Na+ com o mesmo pH.

Nitrogenous and phosphorus excretions in juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to different water hardness, humic acid, and pH levels.

This study examined ammonia, urea, creatinine, protein, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphorus (P) excretion at different water hardness, humic acid, or pH levels in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles. The fish were exposed to different levels of water hardness (4, 24, 50, or 100 mg L(-1) CaCO3), humic acid (0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg L(-1)), or pH (5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0) for 10 days. The overall measured nitrogen excretions were 88.1% (244-423 µmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for ammonia, 10.9% (30-52 µmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for creatinine, 0.02% (0.05-0.08 µmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for protein, 0.001 % (0.002-0.004 µmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for urea, 0.5% (0.64-3.6 µmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for nitrite, and 0.5% (0.0-6.9 µmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for nitrate, and these proportions were not affected by water hardness or humic acid levels. The overall P excretion in R. quelen was 0.14-2.97 µmol kg(-1) h(-1). Ammonia excretion in R. quelen usually was significantly higher in the first 12 h after feeding, and no clear effect of water hardness, humic acid levels, and pH on this daily pattern of ammonia excretion could be observed. Water hardness only affected the ammonia and P excretion of R. quelen juveniles in the initial and fifth days after transfer, respectively. The exposure of this species to humic acid increased ammonia excretion after 10 days of exposure but did not affect P excretion. An increase in pH decreased ammonia and increased creatinine excretion but did not change P excretion in R. quelen. Therefore, when there is any change on humic acid levels or pH in the culture of this species, nitrogenous compounds must be monitored because their excretion rates are variable. On the other hand, P excretion rates determined in the present study are applicable to a wide range of fish culture conditions.

Cladocers, Copepods and Rotifers in rice-fish culture handled with metsulfuron-methyl and azimsulfuron herbicides and carbofuran insecticide / Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera em rizipiscicultura tratada com os herbicidas metsulfuron-metílico e azimsulfuron e o inseticida carbofuran

This study determined the effects of metsulfuron-methyl, azimsulfuron and carbofuran in communities: Cladocers, Copepods and Rotifers that are present in irrigated rice farming with the rice-fish system. The field experiment was conducted in the 2004/05 growing season with eight treatments. The fish species were: Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Aristichthys nobilis, introduced seven days after treatments were applied. Water samples were collected 17 days before and 1st, 3rd, 10th, 18th, 31th, 51th, and 75th days after the agrochemicals were applied for identification and evaluation of the zooplankton. The results indicated that the herbicides did not affect the zooplankton community studied and carbofuran insecticide application provoked negative effects in Cladocers. Copepods and Rotifers were slightly affected by carbofuran.

O presente estudo determinou o efeito de metsulfuron-metílico, azimsulfuron e carbofuran nas comunidades: Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera presentes em lavouras de arroz irrigado com o sistema de rizipiscicultura. O experimento foi conduzido durante a safra agrícola 2004/05 com oito tratamentos. As espécies de peixes utilizadas foram: Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella e Aristichthys nobilis, introduzidas sete dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Amostras de água foram coletadas 17 dias antes e no(s) 1°, 3°, 10°, 18°, 31°, 51° e 75° dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos para a identificação e a avaliação de zooplâncton. Os resultados indicam que os herbicidas estudados não afetaram a comunidade zooplanctônica e a aplicação do inseticida carbofuran provocou efeitos negativos em Cladocera. Copepoda e Rotifera foram pouco afetados pelo carbofuran.

Persistência na água e influência de herbicidas utilizados na lavoura arrozeira sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica de Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera / Water persistence and influence of herbicides utilized in rice paddy about zooplankton community of Cladocers Copepods and Rotifers

Em lavoura de arroz irrigado, é utilizada uma grande quantidade de agroquímicos que, dependendo da sua persistência a campo e toxicidade, podem contaminar corpos d’água e afetar organismos vivos. Com o objetivo de determinar o efeito de concentrações de campo dos herbicidas Clomazone, Quinclorac, Metsulfuron-methyl e Propanil na comunidade zooplanctônica (Cladocera, Copepoda e Rotifera), conduziu-se um experimento em viveiros de aqüicultura, de março a maio de 2005, na estação do outono. Nos dias 1°, 2°, 3°, 7°, 10°, 18°, 31° e 51° após a aplicação dos herbicidas, foram coletadas amostras de água para se determinarem parâmetros físico-químicos da água, concentração dos herbicidas e comunidade zooplanctônica. Os parâmetros médios da qualidade da água foram: oxigênio dissolvido (3,5mg L-1), temperatura (20,1°C), pH (6,0), dureza total (18mg L-1 de CaCO3) e alcalinidade total (9mg L-1 de CaCO3). A ordem decrescente de persistência dos herbicidas na água foi Clomazone = Quinclorac > Propanil > Metsulfuron-methyl, com média de 31, 31, 10 e 7 dias, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que os herbicidas provocaram poucas alterações na densidade de organismos dos grupos Rotifera e Copepoda (Adulto e Nauplio). A densidade do grupo Cladocera permaneceu baixa para todo o período experimental.

In the rice paddy field it is used a large amount of agrochemical that, depending on their field persistence and toxicity, can contaminate water bodies and may affect living organism. With the objective of determining the effect of field concentrations of Clomazone, Quinclorac, Metsulfuron-methyl and Propanil herbicides on zooplankton community (Cladocers, Copepods and Rotifers), it was carried an experiment in aquaculture ponds, during March to May 2005, in autumn season. In the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 10th, 18th, 31th and 51th days after the herbicides application, water samples were collected to evaluate the physical chemical water parameters, herbicides concentration and zooplankton community. The water physical chemical parameters means were: dissolved oxygen (3.5mg L-1), temperature (20.1°C), pH (6.0), total hardness (18mg L-1 CaCO3) and total alkalinity (9mg L-1 CaCO3). The decreasing of herbicides persistence in water was: Clomazone = Quinclorac > Propanil > Metsulfuron-methyl with average of 31, 31, 10 and 7 days, respectively. The results indicated that the herbicides provoke little alteration in density of Rotifers and, Copepods (Adults and Nauplii). The Cladocers group density remained low for the whole experiment period.

Produção integrada de arroz irrigado e peixes / Integrated production of irrigate rice and fish

Este trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo de determinar a densidade de povoamento de peixes e a época de colocação dos alevinos na área que proporcionam as melhores produções no consórcio arroz irrigado e peixes. Os experimentos foram realizados nas safras agrícolas de 2001/02 e 2002/03, no delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com três repetições, em esquema trifatorial (Ano x Densidade x Época), com três densidades de povoamento: D0= sem alevinos, D1=3000 alevinos ha-1 e D2=6000 alevinos ha-1 e três épocas de colocação dos peixes: E1=na semeadura; E2=20 dias após semeadura; E3= após colheita. As espécies de peixes utilizadas foram: carpa húngara, capim, prateada, cabeça grande e jundiá, na proporção de 60, 20, 5, 5 e 10 por cento, respectivamente. A semeadura foi realizada no sistema pré-germinado utilizando-se a cultivar IRGA 419 na densidade de 120kg ha-1 de sementes. A produção média de grãos de arroz do experimento foi de 6372kg ha-1, não sendo afetada pela presença de peixes. A produção de peixes não foi influenciada pelas densidades e nem pelas épocas de colocação dos alevinos na área, com uma produção média de 404kg ha-1 de peixes, verificando-se maior taxa de sobrevivência quando os peixes foram colocados após a colheita do arroz.

Qualidade da água no consórcio de peixes com arroz irrigado / Water quality in combination of the fish culture and irrigate rice

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água utilizada no consórcio de peixes com arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido em área de várzea, com sistema pré-germinado de cultivo de arroz associado ao cultivo de carpas e jundiá, onde semanalmente foram monitorados os níveis de oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, pH, dureza, alcalinidade total, amônia, nitrito e transparência da água. As características físico-químicas da água (temperatura, pH, dureza, alcalinidade,amônia e nitrito) não afetam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos peixes no consórcio com arroz irrigado para as espécies cultivadas (60 por cento de carpa húngara, 20 por cento de carpa capim, 10 por cento de jundiá, 5 por cento de carpa prateada e 5 por cento de carpa cabeça grande). Embora as densidades de peixes utilizadas e as épocas de colocação dos alevinos afetem certos parâmetros de qualidade da água (oxigênio dissolvido e transparência da água) em alguns períodos, em geral eles se mantêm em níveis adequados de acordo com os padrões para as espécies.

Lethal concentration of clomazone, metsulfuron-metil, and quinclorac for silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, fingerlings

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração letal (CL50 96h) de clomazone, metsulfuron-metil e quinclorac, herbicidas utilizados no cultivo de arroz, para alevinos de jundiá, Rhamdia quelen. Alevinos foram expostos a diferentes concentrações destes herbicidas. A CL50 foi 7,32µL L-1 para clomazone e 395mg L-1 para quinclorac. A CL50 para metsulfuron-metil não foi encontrada porque todos os alevinos sobreviveram mesmo à concentração de 1200mg L-1. Provavelmente apenas o clomazone pode provocar alguma mortalidade em jundiás mantidos em rizipiscicultura.