Endovascular (stent-graft)-assisted open vascular anastomosis.

Endovascular and open surgical approaches are an integral part of treating patients with complex vascular disease and are often considered separately. In some situations, traditional open surgical techniques can be used to facilitate an endovascular approach, as example: iliac conduit use for EVAR/TEVAR, subclavian or axillary conduits for complex endovascular aortic repairs (chimney, B-FEVAR), and bypass to great vessels or visceral artery (celiac, superior mesenteric and renal arteries) debranching. As devices and techniques evolve, the open and endovascular approaches can be utilized in more complimentary fashion. This paper describes the use of endovascular procedures to assist difficult open surgical situations such as iliofemoral bypass, aortic arch debranching involving the left subclavian artery, and distal right iliac artery management during open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair.

Multicenter Study on Physician-Modified Endografts for Thoracoabdominal and Complex Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: Physician modified endografts (PMEGs) have been widely used in the treatment of complex abdominal aortic aneurysm and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, however, previous data are limited to small single center studies and robust data on safety and effectiveness of PMEGs are lacking. We aimed to perform an international multicenter study analyzing the outcomes of PMEGs in complex abdominal aortic aneurysms and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. METHODS: An international multicenter single-arm cohort study was performed analyzing the outcomes of PMEGs in the treatment of elective, symptomatic, and ruptured complex abdominal aortic aneurysms and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Variables and outcomes were defined according to the Society for Vascular Surgery reporting standards. Device modification and procedure details were collected and analyzed. Efficacy outcomes included technical success and safety outcomes included major adverse events and 30-day mortality. Follow-up outcomes included reinterventions, endoleaks, target vessel patency rates and overall and aortic-related mortality. Multivariable analysis was performed aiming at identifying predictors of technical success, 30-day mortality, and major adverse events. RESULTS: Overall, 1274 patients were included in the study from 19 centers. Median age was 74 (IQR, 68-79), and 75.7% were men; 45.7% were complex abdominal aortic aneurysms, and 54.3% were thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms; 65.5% patients presented electively, 24.6% were symptomatic, and 9.9% were ruptured. Most patients (83.1%) were submitted to a fenestrated repair, 3.6% to branched repair, and 13.4% to a combined fenestrated and branched repair. Most patients (85.8%) had ≥3 target vessels included. The overall technical success was 94% (94% in elective, 93.4% in symptomatic, and 95.1% in ruptured cases). Thirty-day mortality was 5.8% (4.1% in elective, 7.6% in symptomatic, and 12.7% in ruptured aneurysms). Major adverse events occurred in 25.2% of cases (23.1% in elective, 27.8% in symptomatic, and 30.3% in ruptured aneurysms). Median follow-up was 21 months (5.6-50.6). Freedom from reintervention was 73.8%, 61.8%, and 51.4% at 1, 3, and 5 years; primary target vessel patency was 96.9%, 93.6%, and 90.3%. Overall survival and freedom from aortic-related mortality was 82.4%/92.9%, 69.9%/91.6%, and 55.0%/89.1% at 1, 3, and 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: PMEGs were a safe and effective treatment option for elective, symptomatic, and ruptured complex aortic aneurysms. Long-term data and future prospective studies are needed for more robust and detailed analysis.

Effect of fenestration configuration on renal artery outcomes during fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fenestration configuration and fenestration gap on renal artery outcomes during fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair (F/BEVAR). METHODS: A retrospective multicenter analysis was performed, including patients with complex aortic aneurysms treated with F/BEVAR that incorporated at least one small fenestration to a renal artery. The renal fenestrations were divided into groups 1 (8 × 6 mm) and 2 (6 × 6 mm). Primary patency, target vessel instability (TVI), freedom from secondary interventions (SIs), occurrence of type IIIc endoleak, all related to the renal arteries, were analyzed at 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year landmarks. The fenestration gap (FG) distance was analyzed as a modifier, and clustering was addressed at the patient level. RESULTS: A total of 796 patients were included in this study, 71.7% male, with a mean age of 73.3 ± 8.1 years. The mean follow-up was 30.0 ± 20.6 months. Of the 1474 small renal fenestrations analyzed, 47.6% were 8 × 6 mm, and 52.4% were 6 × 6 mm. At the 30-day landmark, primary patency (99.9% vs 98.0%; P value < .001 for groups 1 and 2, respectively), freedom from TVI (99.6% vs 97.1%; P value < .001 for groups 1 and 2, respectively), and freedom from SI (99.8% vs 98.4%; P value = .022 for groups 1 and 2, respectively) were higher in 8 × 6 compared with 6 × 6 fenestrations, and the incidence of acute kidney injury was similar across the groups (92.6% vs 92.7%; P value = .953 for groups 1 and 2 respectively). The primary patency at 1 and 5 years was higher in 8 × 6 fenestrations (1-year: 98.8% vs 96.9%; 5-year: 97.8% vs 95.7%, for groups 1 and 2, respectively, P values = .010 and .021 for 1 and 5 year comparisons, respectively). The freedom from SIs was significantly higher among 6 × 6 fenestrations at 5 years (93.1% vs 96.4%, for groups 1 and 2, respectively, P value = .007). The groups were equally as likely to experience a type Ic endoleak (1.3% and 1.6% for 8 × 6 and 6 × 6mm fenestrations, respectively, P = .689). The 6 × 6 fenestrations were associated with higher risk of kidney function deterioration (17.8%) when compared with 8 × 6 fenestrations (7.6%) at 5 years (P < .001). The risk of type IIIc endoleak was significantly higher among 8 × 6 fenestrations at 5 years (4.9% and 2% for 8 × 6 and 6 × 6 mm fenestrations, respectively; P = .005). A FG ≥5 mm negatively impacted the cumulative 5-year freedom from TVI (group 1: FG ≥5 mm = 0.714, FG <5 mm = 0.857; P < .001; group 2: FG ≥5 mm = 0.761, FG <5 mm = 0.929; P < .001) and the cumulative 5-year freedom from type IIIc endoleak (group 1: FG ≥5 mm = 0.759, FG <5 mm = 0.921; P = .034; group 2: FG ≥5 mm = 0.853, FG <5 mm = 0.979; P < .001) in both groups and the cumulative 5-year patency in group 2 (group 1: FG ≥5 mm = 0.963, FG <5 mm = 0.948; P = .572; group 2: FG ≥5 mm = 0.905, FG <5 mm = 0.938; P = .036). CONCLUSIONS: Fenestration configuration for the renal arteries impacts outcomes. The 8 × 6 small fenestrations have better patency at 30 days, 1 year, and 5 years, whereas 6 × 6 small fenestrations are associated with lower rates of SIs, primarily due to a lower incidence of type IIIc endoleaks. FG ≥5 mm at the level of the renal arteries significantly impacts the freedom from TVI, freedom from type IIIc endoleak, and 5-year patency independently of the fenestration size or vessel diameter.

Development and assessment of a multiepitope synthetic antigen for the diagnosis of Dengue virus infection.

Immunodiagnostic tests for detecting dengue virus infections encounter challenges related to cross-reactivity with other related flaviviruses. Our research focuses on the development of a synthetic multiepitope antigen tailored for dengue immunodiagnostics. Selected dengue epitopes involved structural linearity and dissimilarity from the proteomes of Zika and Yellow fever viruses which served for computationally modeling the three-dimensional protein structure, resulting in the design of two proteins: rDME-C and rDME-BR. Both proteins consist of seven epitopes, separated by the GPGPG linker, and a carboxy-terminal 6 × -histidine tag. The molecular weights of the final proteins rDME-C and rDME-BR are 16.83 kDa and 16.80 kDa, respectively, both with an isoelectric point of 6.35. The distinguishing factor between the two proteins lies in the origin of their epitope sequences, where rDME-C is based on the reference dengue proteome, while rDME-BR utilizes sequences from prevalent Dengue genotypes in Brazil from 2008 to 2019. PyMol analysis revealed exposure of epitopes in the secondary structure. Successful expression of the antigens was achieved in soluble form and fluorescence experiments indicated a disordered structure. In subsequent testing, rDME-BR and rDME-C antigens were assessed using an indirect Elisa protocol against Dengue infected serum, previously examined with a commercial diagnostic test. Optimal concentrations for antigens were determined at 10 µg/mL for rDME-BR and 30 µg/mL for rDME-C, with serum dilutions ranging from 1:50 to 1:100. Both antigens effectively detected IgM and IgG antibodies in Dengue fever patients, with rDME-BR exhibiting higher sensitivity. Our in-house test showed a sensitivity of 77.3 % and 82.6 % and a specificity of 89.4 % and 71.4 % for rDME-C and rDEM-BR antigens. No cross-reactivity was observed with serum from Zika-infected mice but with COVID-19 serum samples. Our findings underscore the utility of synthetic biology in crafting Dengue-specific multiepitope proteins and hold promise for precise clinical diagnosis and monitoring responses to emerging Dengue vaccines.

Five-year outcomes of fenestrated and branched endovascular repair of complex aortic aneurysms based on aneurysm extent.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the 5-year outcomes of fenestrated/branched endovascular aortic repair (F/BEVAR) for the treatment of complex aortic aneurysms stratified by the aneurysm extent. METHODS: Patients with the diagnosis of complex aortic aneurysm, who underwent F/BEVAR at a single center were included in this study and retrospectively analyzed. The cohort was divided according to the aneurysm extent, comparing group 1 (types I-III thoracoabdominal aneurysms [TAAAs]), group 2 (type IV TAAAs), and group 3 (juxtarenal [JRAAs], pararenal [PRAAs], or paravisceral [PVAAs] aortic aneurysms). The primary endpoints were 30-day and 5-year survival. The secondary endpoints were technical success, occurrence of spinal cord ischemia, primary patency of the visceral arteries, freedom from target vessel instability, and secondary interventions. RESULTS: Of 436 patients who underwent F/BEVAR between July 2012 and May 2023, 131 presented with types I to III TAAAs, 69 with type IV TAAAs, and 236 with JRAAs, PRAAs, or PVAAs. All cases were treated under a physician-sponsored investigational device exemption protocol with a patient-specific company-manufactured or off-the-shelf device. Group 1 had significantly younger patients than group 2 or 3 respectively (69.6 ± 8.7 vs 72.4 ± 7.1 vs 73.2 ± 7.3 years; P < .001) and had a higher percentage of females (50.4% vs 21.7% vs 17.8%; P < .001). Prior history of aortic dissection was significantly more common among patients in group 1 (26% vs 1.4% vs 0.9%; P < .001), and mean aneurysm diameter was larger in group 1 (64.5 vs 60.7 vs 63.2 mm; P = .033). Comorbidities were similar between groups, except for coronary artery disease (P < .001) and tobacco use (P = .003), which were less prevalent in group 1. Technical success was similar in the three groups (98.5% vs 98.6% vs 98.7%; P > .99). The 30-day mortality was 4.5%, 1.4%, and 0.4%, in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and was significantly higher in group 1 when compared with group 3 (P = .01). The incidence of spinal cord ischemia was significantly higher in group 1 compared with group 3 (5.3% vs 4.3% vs 0.4%; P = .004). The 5-year survival was significantly higher in group 3 when compared with group 1 (P = .01). Freedom from secondary intervention was significantly higher in group 3 when compared with group 1 (P = .003). At 5 years, there was no significant difference in freedom from target vessel instability between groups or primary patency in the 1652 target vessels examined. CONCLUSIONS: Larger aneurysm extent was associated with lower 5-year survival, higher 30-day mortality, incidence of secondary interventions, and spinal cord ischemia. The prevalence of secondary interventions in all groups makes meticulous follow-up paramount in patients with complex aortic aneurysm treated with F/BEVAR.

Case Series on Double-Barrel Stenting for the Renal Arteries Associated With Fenestrated Repair (FEVAR) of Complex Anatomy Aortic Aneurysms.

The double-barrel stenting (DBS) is a technique in which 2 parallel stents are simultaneously deployed through the same reinforced fenestration, into 2 adjacent target vessels. Prior reports describe the application of this technique for the treatment of superior mesenteric artery dissection with aneurysmal degeneration, coronary artery bifurcations, aortic arch branches, and intracranial aneurysms. The DBS technique is particularly useful in the context of fenestrated repair (FEVAR) of complex anatomy aortic aneurysms when the origin of visceral arteries branch off the aorta very close to each other or present early branches. We herein describe a case series including 7 patients who underwent a FEVAR procedure for thoracoabdominal and juxtarenal aortic aneurysms in which the presence of accessory renal arteries (ARA) or early renal branches was the reason for the application of this technique. Technical success was 100% and all stents were patent in the last follow-up CT scan (follow-up range: 1.8-62.8 months). There was only 1 small endoleak from indetermined source potentially related to the DBS, but the aneurysm sac decreased in size during follow-up and no secondary intervention was needed. Therefore, the DBS technique is a viable option for the incorporation of ARA or early renal branches to a fenestrated repair of aortic aneurysms with complex anatomy.

Rare Case of Abdominal Aortic and Multiple Visceral Aneurysms in a Pediatric Patient With PIK3CA Mutation and Vasculitis.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are most commonly observed in elderly male patients and are particularly rare in children. Among the pediatric population, they are usually diagnosed in the context of connective tissue disorders, genetic mutations, or vasculitis. The same is true of visceral arteries aneurysms. This case report describes the staged management of an 11-year-old patient presenting PIK3CA mutation and a 5.8 cm infrarenal AAA associated with bilateral common iliac arteries and multiple visceral aneurysms, the largest observed in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA = 3.2 cm). After careful evaluation, decision was made to first approach the most life-threatening lesion (the infrarenal AAA due to the large diameter) and the remaining aneurysms in secondary procedures, with special attention to the SMA aneurysm. The patient underwent a staged repair, with the first phase consisting of an aortobi-iliac graft with the distal anastomosis made at the left common iliac artery and right external iliac artery. The right hypogastric artery was ligated. The second procedure consisted of SMA aneurysm repair with a plication technique, as 7 branches were visualized coming off the aneurysm sac. Postoperative pathology analysis of the aortic and SMA aneurysms sac revealed vasculitis with a mixed inflammatory pattern and a COL3A1 gene heterozygote variant. He is currently in his 18th month after the last surgical intervention, receiving immunomodulatory therapy, with a planned follow-up by the interdisciplinary team to monitor the medications' side effects and the diameter of the remaining visceral aneurysms.

Prevalence of trachoma in the non-indigenous Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region, Ceará State, Northeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to estimate the population prevalence of trachoma in non-indigenous populations in the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region, in the state of Ceará, northeast region of Brazil, 2021-2022. METHODS: A population-based prevalence survey focusing on detecting cases of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 y and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) 'unknown to the health system' in people aged ≥15 y, was conducted in rural areas of the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region in the state of Ceará. Indigenous populations will be further researched. RESULTS: There was no detection of cases of TF and TT. In 900 households, 2234 people were examined. In the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region, females (54.6%; 1219/2234) and the mixed/Pardo-Brazilian ethnicity (68.1%; 1521/2234) predominated. The most commonly reported educational level was elementary and middle school (41.8%; 702/1679). In 56.2% (506/900) of households, there was a source of water within the household. The monthly income range of 50%-100% of the minimum wage predominated in the families of the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region (43.1%; 388/900). CONCLUSIONS: Although no cases of TF and TT were detected in the Baixo Jaguaribe micro-region in the state of Ceará during the study period, considering the historical endemicity, we emphasise the need for monitoring and sustainability of surveillance actions in areas at risk for trachoma, common contexts for neglected populations.

Outcomes of Elective and Non-elective Fenestrated-branched Endovascular Aortic Repair for Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: To describe outcomes after elective and non-elective fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair (FB-EVAR) for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs). BACKGROUND: FB-EVAR has been increasingly utilized to treat TAAAs; however, outcomes after non-elective versus elective repair are not well described. METHODS: Clinical data of consecutive patients undergoing FB-EVAR for TAAAs at 24 centers (2006-2021) were reviewed. Endpoints including early mortality and major adverse events (MAEs), all-cause mortality, and aortic-related mortality (ARM), were analyzed and compared in patients who had non-elective versus elective repair. RESULTS: A total of 2603 patients (69% males; mean age 72±10 year old) underwent FB-EVAR for TAAAs. Elective repair was performed in 2187 patients (84%) and non-elective repair in 416 patients [16%; 268 (64%) symptomatic, 148 (36%) ruptured]. Non-elective FB-EVAR was associated with higher early mortality (17% vs 5%, P <0.001) and rates of MAEs (34% vs 20%, P <0.001). Median follow-up was 15 months (interquartile range, 7-37 months). Survival and cumulative incidence of ARM at 3 years were both lower for non-elective versus elective patients (50±4% vs 70±1% and 21±3% vs 7±1%, P <0.001). On multivariable analysis, non-elective repair was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.92; 95% CI] 1.50-2.44; P <0.001) and ARM (hazard ratio, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.63-3.62; P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-elective FB-EVAR of symptomatic or ruptured TAAAs is feasible, but carries higher incidence of early MAEs and increased all-cause mortality and ARM than elective repair. Long-term follow-up is warranted to justify the treatment.

Gore thoracoabdominal branched endoprosthesis: early results and impressions.

The remarkable advances in technology and devices in the last two decades have made possible the endovascular repair of complex abdominal (cAAA) and thoracoabdominal (TAAA) aortic aneurysms with challenging anatomy. To date, despite the creation of multiple fenestrated/branched endografts intended to treat these difficult cases, in the USA, many of them remain available only under physician sponsored investigational device exemption (PSIDE) protocols in few institutions. The Gore Thoracoabdominal Branched Endoprosthesis (TAMBE; W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ, USA) investigational device is a four-branched off-the-shelf (OTS) endograft that concluded an early feasibility study in 2016 and is currently finalizing a pivotal trial in pursuit of approval from the Food and Drug Administration. This article discusses the TAMBE early feasibility multicenter study results, the most relevant features of this device, its anatomical feasibility, and the impressions about this endograft as an OTS option for the treatment of CAAA and TAAA.

Outcome Analysis Comparing Asymptomatic Juxtarenal Aortic Aneurysms Treated with Custom-Manufactured Fenestrated-Branched Devices and the "Off-The-Shelf" Zenith p-Branch Device.

BACKGROUND: Numerous endovascular options have been used for the repair of juxtarenal aortic aneurysms (JRAAs) over the last 15 years. This study aims to compare the performance between the Zenith p-branch device and custom-manufactured fenestrated-branched devices (CMD) for the treatment of asymptomatic JRAA. METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. Patients with a diagnosis of JRAA submitted to endovascular repair between July 2012 and November 2021 were included in the study, being divided into 2 groups: CMD and Zenith p-branch. The following variables were analyzed: preoperative information: demographics, comorbidities, and maximum aneurysm diameter; procedural data: contrast volume, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, estimated blood loss, and technical success; and postoperative data: 30-day mortality, duration of intensive care unit and hospital stay, major adverse events, secondary interventions, target vessel instability, and long-term survival. RESULTS: From a total of 373 physician-sponsored investigational device exemption (Cook Medical devices) cases performed at our institution, 102 patients presented the diagnosis of JRAA. Of these, 14 patients were treated with the p-branch device (13.7%) and 88 (86.3%) with a CMD. Both groups presented similar demographic composition and maximum aneurysm diameter. All devices were successfully deployed, with no type I or III endoleaks observed at procedure completion. The contrast volume (P = 0.023) and radiation dose (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in the p-branch group. No significant difference was observed between the groups for the remaining intraoperative data. No paraplegia or ischemic colitis has been observed during the first 30 days after the surgical procedures. There was no 30-day mortality in either group. One major cardiac adverse event was registered in the CMD group. Early outcomes were similar in both groups. No significant difference was found between the groups with respect to the presence of type I or III endoleaks during the follow-up. From a total of 313 target vessels stented in the CMD group (mean of 3.55 per patient) and 56 in the p-branch group (mean of 4 per patient), 4.79% and 5.35% presented instability, respectively, with no difference observed between the groups (P = 0.743). Secondary interventions were required in 36.4% of the CMD cases and 50% of the p-branch group, but this was not statistically different (P = 0.382). In the p-branch cohort, 2 of 7 reinterventions (28.5%) were target vessel-related and in the CMD group, 10 of 32 secondary interventions (31.2%) were target vessel-related. CONCLUSIONS: Comparable perioperative outcomes were obtained when appropriately selected patients were treated with either the off-the-shelf p-branch or CMD for JRAA. The long-term target vessel instability does not appear impacted by the presence of pivot fenestrations in comparison to other target vessel configurations. Given these outcomes, delay in CMD production time should be considered when treating patients with large juxtarenal aneurysms.

Comparison of single- and multistage strategies during fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of single or multistage approach during fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair (FB-EVAR) of extensive thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs). METHODS: We reviewed the clinical data of consecutive patients treated by FB-EVAR for extent I to III TAAAs in 24 centers (2006-2021). All patients received a single brand manufactured patient-specific or off-the-shelf fenestrated-branched stent grafts. Staging strategies included proximal thoracic aortic repair, minimally invasive segmental artery coil embolization, temporary aneurysm sac perfusion and combinations of these techniques. Endpoints were analyzed for elective repair in patients who had a single- or multistage approach before and after propensity score adjustment for baseline differences, including the composite 30-day/in-hospital mortality and/or permanent paraplegia, major adverse event, patient survival, and freedom from aortic-related mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1947 patients (65% male; mean age, 71 ± 8 years) underwent FB-EVAR of 155 extent I (10%), 729 extent II (46%), and 713 extent III TAAAs (44%). A single-stage approach was used in 939 patients (48%) and a multistage approach in 1008 patients (52%). A multistage approach was more frequently used in patients undergoing elective compared with non-elective repair (55% vs 35%; P < .001). Staging strategies were proximal thoracic aortic repair in 743 patients (74%), temporary aneurysm sac perfusion in 128 (13%), minimally invasive segmental artery coil embolization in 10 (1%), and combinations in 127 (12%). Among patients undergoing elective repair (n = 1597), the composite endpoint of 30-day/in-hospital mortality and/or permanent paraplegia rate occurred in 14% of single-stage and 6% of multistage approach patients (P < .001). After adjustment with a propensity score, multistage approach was associated with lower rates of 30-day/in-hospital mortality and/or permanent paraplegia (odds ratio, 0.466; 95% confidence interval, 0.271-0.801; P = .006) and higher patient survival at 1 year (86.9±1.3% vs 79.6±1.7%) and 3 years (72.7±2.1% vs 64.2±2.3%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.714; 95% confidence interval, 0.528-0.966; P = .029), compared with a single stage approach. CONCLUSIONS: Staging elective FB-EVAR of extent I to III TAAAs was associated with decreased risk of mortality and/or permanent paraplegia at 30 days or within hospital stay, and with higher patient survival at 1 and 3 years.

Epidemiology and control of trachoma in the state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil, 2007-2021.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the epidemiology, surveillance, and control strategies for trachoma in the state of Ceará, northeast Brazil, from 2007 to 2021. METHODS: This ecological study was based on secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases of the Secretary of Health of the state of Ceará. Data from school and home surveys for trachoma detection obtained during the study period were analyzed, the percentage of positivity was estimated, and sociodemographic and clinico-epidemiological factors were investigated. RESULTS: The coverage of trachoma surveillance and control actions in Ceará municipalities increased from 12.5% in 2007 to 55.9% in 2019, but with an average restriction of 8.0% during the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimated trachoma positivity (mean overall positivity) was less than 5.0% (2.76%, 95% CI 1.2-5.2), with a higher proportion of cases in the 5-9-year age group (45.0%, 95% CI 44.6-45.4), in females (53.2%, 95% CI 52.8-53.6), and rural areas (52.6%, 95% CI 52.2-53.0). Positivity above 10.0% was observed in the Litoral Leste/Jaguaribe and Sertão Central regions, with a higher occurrence of the follicular inflammatory clinical form (98.1%, 95% CI 98.0-98.2). CONCLUSIONS: Trachoma remains in the state of Ceará and is likely underreported. Despite recent advances, the fragility of health surveillance activities compromises the recognition of the actual magnitude and distribution of trachoma in the state. Accurate information is fundamental for planning, monitoring, and evaluating surveillance and disease control.

Epidemiology and control of trachoma in the state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil, 2007-2021

ABSTRACT Background: To analyze the epidemiology, surveillance, and control strategies for trachoma in the state of Ceará, northeast Brazil, from 2007 to 2021. Methods: This ecological study was based on secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases of the Secretary of Health of the state of Ceará. Data from school and home surveys for trachoma detection obtained during the study period were analyzed, the percentage of positivity was estimated, and sociodemographic and clinico-epidemiological factors were investigated. Results: The coverage of trachoma surveillance and control actions in Ceará municipalities increased from 12.5% in 2007 to 55.9% in 2019, but with an average restriction of 8.0% during the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimated trachoma positivity (mean overall positivity) was less than 5.0% (2.76%, 95% CI 1.2-5.2), with a higher proportion of cases in the 5-9-year age group (45.0%, 95% CI 44.6-45.4), in females (53.2%, 95% CI 52.8-53.6), and rural areas (52.6%, 95% CI 52.2-53.0). Positivity above 10.0% was observed in the Litoral Leste/Jaguaribe and Sertão Central regions, with a higher occurrence of the follicular inflammatory clinical form (98.1%, 95% CI 98.0-98.2). Conclusions: Trachoma remains in the state of Ceará and is likely underreported. Despite recent advances, the fragility of health surveillance activities compromises the recognition of the actual magnitude and distribution of trachoma in the state. Accurate information is fundamental for planning, monitoring, and evaluating surveillance and disease control.

Scientometric analysis of research on trachoma in Brazil, 2000-2020.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scientometric profile of research on trachoma in Brazil. METHODS: Bibliographic research of publications on trachoma in Brazil indexed by the Scopus database from 2000 to 2020, based on specific criteria. Data on authorship, country of origin, institutions, and keywords were collected and analyzed with analysis of time trends. Bibliographic networks were constructed via a scientometric visualization software-VOSviewer® 1.6.16. RESULTS: We analyzed 42 publications on trachoma in Brazil. The annual average was two articles, with an increase of about 50% during the period. The average number of authors was three per document and school surveys were the most common subject category. Most published articles came from Brazilian institutions (95.2%), mainly those based in Southeast and North Brazil. Of the most productive authors, 10 were mentioned as first author in 26.2% of publications (11/42) and the predominant institutions are based in the state of São Paulo. The term "trachoma" (n = 18) was the most recurrent keyword. CONCLUSION: This first scientometric analysis of research on trachoma in Brazil showed a limited number of studies on this disease. The scientific production slightly increased, although the origin of many studies is geographical areas with lower endemicity of this disease. Greater investments are needed for a better understanding and control of this neglected tropical disease. The analysis of bibliographic production on this topic is important to strengthen the development of research and strategic planning of programs for the control of trachoma and neglected tropical diseases in general.

Scientometric analysis of research on trachoma in Brazil, 2000-2020 / Análise cienciométrica da pesquisa sobre tracoma no Brasil, 2000-2020

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the scientometric profile of research on trachoma in Brazil. METHODS Bibliographic research of publications on trachoma in Brazil indexed by the Scopus database from 2000 to 2020, based on specific criteria. Data on authorship, country of origin, institutions, and keywords were collected and analyzed with analysis of time trends. Bibliographic networks were constructed via a scientometric visualization software—VOSviewer® 1.6.16. RESULTS We analyzed 42 publications on trachoma in Brazil. The annual average was two articles, with an increase of about 50% during the period. The average number of authors was three per document and school surveys were the most common subject category. Most published articles came from Brazilian institutions (95.2%), mainly those based in Southeast and North Brazil. Of the most productive authors, 10 were mentioned as first author in 26.2% of publications (11/42) and the predominant institutions are based in the state of São Paulo. The term "trachoma" (n = 18) was the most recurrent keyword. CONCLUSION This first scientometric analysis of research on trachoma in Brazil showed a limited number of studies on this disease. The scientific production slightly increased, although the origin of many studies is geographical areas with lower endemicity of this disease. Greater investments are needed for a better understanding and control of this neglected tropical disease. The analysis of bibliographic production on this topic is important to strengthen the development of research and strategic planning of programs for the control of trachoma and neglected tropical diseases in general.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o perfil cienciométrico das pesquisas sobre tracoma no Brasil. MÉTODOS Pesquisa bibliográfica de publicações sobre tracoma no Brasil indexadas pela base de dados da Scopus, a partir de critérios específicos no período de 2000 a 2020. Foram extraídos e analisados dados sobre autoria, país de origem, instituições e descritores, com análises de tendências temporais. As redes bibliográficas foram construídas via software de visualização cienciométrica VOSviewer® 1.6.16. RESULTADOS Do total de 42 publicações analisadas sobre tracoma no Brasil, observou-se média anual de dois artigos, com incremento de aproximadamente 50% no período. Verificou-se média de três autores por documento e os inquéritos escolares foram a categoria de assunto mais comum. Os artigos publicados provêm majoritariamente de instituições brasileiras (95,2%), principalmente das sediadas nas regiões Sudeste e Norte. Dez autores mais produtivos estão mencionados nas primeiras autorias em 26,2% (11/42) das publicações e as instituições predominantes estão afiliadas ao estado de São Paulo. O termo Trachoma (n = 18) apresenta maior recorrência como descritor. CONCLUSÃO Esta primeira análise cienciométrica sobre tracoma no Brasil evidencia limitado número de pesquisas sobre essa doença. Há discreto incremento da produção científica, apesar da concentração da origem em áreas geográficas com menor endemicidade da doença. Maiores investimentos são necessários para o melhor entendimento e controle dessa doença tropical negligenciada. A análise da produção bibliográfica tem papel relevante para fortalecimento do desenvolvimento de pesquisas e planejamento estratégico de programas para o controle de tracoma e doenças tropicais negligenciadas em geral.

Biomechanical Analysis of Cadaveric Thoracic Aorta Zones: The Isthmus is the Weakest Region.

BACKGROUND: The thoracic aorta is a site of multiple pathological processes, such as aneurysms and dissections. When considering the development of endovascular devices, this vessel has been extensively manipulated because of aortic diseases, as well as to serve as a route for procedures involving the head and neck vessels. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to obtain biomechanical experimental information about the strength and deformability of this vessel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one thoracic aorta specimens were harvested during the autopsy procedure. They were carefully dissected and transversally sectioned according to Criado's aortic arch map landing zones (0 to 4). The supra-aortic trunks were removed, and the aortic rings were opened in their convexity, which resulted in flat tissue segments. Four millimeter-wide strips were prepared from each zone after which they were attached to a clip system connected to the INSTRON SPEC 2200 device, which was responsible for pulling the fragment up to its rupture during the uniaxial tension test. The INSPEC software was used to coordinate the test, and data management was conducted via the SERIES IX software. The biomechanical variables that were measured included failure stress, failure tension, and failure strain. RESULTS: When comparing the five segments from all 31 aortas, three different strength levels were observed. Zones 0 and 1 exhibited the highest failure stress and failure tension values, followed by Zones 2 and 4. Zone 3 (aortic isthmus) was the weakest segment that was tested when compared to the stress and tension of Zones 0 and 1 (P < 0.001), the stress and tension of Zone 2 (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002, respectively) and the stress and tension of Zone 4 (P = 0.023 and P = 0.006, respectively). Among donors > 65 years-old, women presented significantly weaker descending aortas than men in regards to stress (P = 0.049) and tension (P = 0.014). Among male donors, the elderly donors presented significantly stiffer aortic walls and weaker ascending (P = 0.029 for stress) and descending (P = 0.004 for stress; P = 0.031 for tension) aortas than younger men. CONCLUSIONS: Uniaxial tensile strength tests revealed that the thoracic aorta is a very heterogeneous vessel. Isthmus frailty may add to the understanding of the pathophysiology of some aortic diseases that commonly compromise this region. The lower strength that was verifiedin some aortic segments from elderly donors may contribute to the genesis of some thoracic aorta diseases among that group of donors. These data can contribute to the development of new endovascular devices that are specifically designed for this vessel.

Biomechanical and histological data from abdominal aortas harvested in autopsy.

This data article describes biomechanical and histological information of abdominal aortas harvested in autopsy. Eight abdominal aorta aneurysms (AAA) and 30 normal diameter abdominal aortas were collected and submitted to an inflation test up to their rupture. This inflation procedure was part of the research entitled "Experimental study of rupture pressure and elasticity of abdominal aortic aneurysms found at autopsy", submitted to Annals of Vascular Surgery. The rupture borders and control samples (harvested from places other than the rupture site) were submitted to uniaxial destructive tensile test and to histological analysis. The following variables were evaluated in the biomechanical test: failure stress, failure tension and failure strain. The histological processing of the samples enabled a quantitative analysis of the percentage of coverage of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in the samples. The present data could be reutilized because they are experimental evidence that cadaveric abdominal aortas, even when previously stressed by inflation, conserve significant resistance against tearing comparable to no previously stressed aortas described in the literature. Considering real whole cadaveric AAAs are especially scarce, this information would be a useful reference source for further in-depth research in the aortic biomechanics field.

Biomechanical Properties of the Periaortic Abdominal Tissue: It is Not as Fragile as It Seems.

BACKGROUND: The perivascular adipose tissue has been studied as a critical element that could influence physiological and disease processes of the vessel covered by it. In terms of anatomy, during the abdominal aorta's dissection, it is possible to identify the periaortic adipose tissue and the periaortic parietal peritoneum lying over it, sealing the retroperitoneal space. They seem to be fragile layers, with apparently no biomechanical role in the abdomen. However, it is well known that most cases of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) that reach the emergency department still alive present retroperitoneal bleeding contained by the previously mentioned two-layer combination, eventually allowing time for surgical treatment. In previous studies about aortic wall stress, tension, and AAA rupture prediction, only information concerning the vessel wall itself is highlighted. Therefore, the present work aims to study the biomechanical and histological properties of the periaortic tissue, comparing them to the same variables measured in aortic wall samples described in the medical literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of periaortic tissue were harvested from 27 individuals during necropsy. Smoking status and the presence of AAAs were observed. Biomechanical uniaxial destructive tests were performed up to samples' rupture. Values of failure stress, tension, and strain were obtained. Samples were also harvested for histological analysis. RESULTS: Periaortic tissue presented less amount of collagen in smokers than in nonsmokers (P = 0.017). The periaortic tissue seems to be more elastic than aortic walls described in the literature (strain: 0.75 ± 0.37). Analyzing periaortic tissue failure stress (56.8 ± 101.26 N/cm2) and tension (7.65 ± 4.99 N/cm), it has at least 52% and 55%, respectively, of the stress and tension described in the medical literature for AAA walls. CONCLUSIONS: The periaortic tissue presents less collagen fibers in smokers than in nonsmokers. The periaortic tissue seemed very delicate during an autopsy, but the study of its biomechanical properties showed that it presents more than half of the resistance of an AAA wall. This information suggests this tissue might have a mechanical protective role against massive bleeding when it comes to an aortic rupture. Therefore this tissue's biomechanical information should be included in computational models on enlargement and rupture prediction of AAAs.

Experimental Study of Rupture Pressure and Elasticity of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Found at Autopsy.

BACKGROUND: Resistance and elasticity of normal and aneurysmal aorta walls are directly associated with this vessel's growth and rupture. This study aims to experimentally analyze the biomechanical behavior of aneurysmal specimens found at autopsy, comparing them with normal diameter aortas removed from age-matched donors. METHODS: Thirty-eight human aortas (30 normal aortas; 8 infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms) were harvested during autopsy. An apparatus was built with a digital gauge, plastic tray, connections, and hoses that conducted fluid (air) from a pump through the system. Specimens were dissected, and a flexible balloon was introduced in each of them to avoid leakage. The specimens were fastened on the test tray, and activation of the air pump enhanced system pressure up to their rupture. RESULTS: All 8 aneurysms and all 30 normal aortas specimens evolved to rupture under inflation pressures above 590 mm Hg (mean ± standard deviation = 1,035 ± 375 mm Hg) and 840 mm Hg (mean ± SD = 1,405 ± 342 mm Hg), respectively. In the aneurysm group, 25% of specimens did not rupture in their most dilated region. Percentage of increment in diameter was higher in normal aortas (mean ± SD = 0.2106 ± 0.144) than in aneurysms (mean ± SD = 0.093 ± 0.070). CONCLUSIONS: In the present experiment, unruptured infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms could support high pressures nearly as much as nonaneurysmal abdominal aortas. In some specimens, the most dilated part of the aneurysm was not the most vulnerable under pressure. Normal aortas presented higher elasticity than aneurysms.