Missense mutation of c.635 T > C in CAPN3 impairs muscle injury repair in a Limb-Girdel Muscular Dystropy Model.

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy recessive 1 (LGMDR1), previously known as LGMD2A, is a specific LGMD caused by a gene mutation encoding the calcium-dependent neutral cysteine protease calpain-3 (CAPN3). In our study, the compound heterozygosity with two missense variants c.635 T > C (p.Leu212Pro) and c.2120A > G (p.Asp707Gly) was identified in patients with LGMDR1. However, the pathogenicity of c.635 T > C has not been investigated. To evaluate the effects of this novel likely pathogenic variant to the motor system, the mouse model with c.635 T > C variant was prepared by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technique. The pathological results revealed that a limited number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the endomyocytes of certain c.635 T > C homozygous mice at 10 months of age. Compared with wild-type mice, motor function was not significantly impaired in Capn3 c. 635 T > C homozygous mice. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays further indicated that the expression levels of the Capn3 protein in muscle tissues of homozygous mice were similar to those of wild-type mice. However, the arrangement and ultrastructural alterations of the mitochondria in the muscular tissues of homozygous mice were confirmed by electron microscopy. Subsequently, muscle regeneration of LGMDR1 was simulated using cardiotoxin (CTX) to induce muscle necrosis and regeneration to trigger the injury modification process. The repair of the homozygous mice was significantly worse than that of the control mice at day 15 and day 21 following treatment, the c.635 T > C variant of Capn3 exhibited a significant effect on muscle regeneration of homozygous mice and induced mitochondrial damage. RNA-sequencing results demonstrated that the expression levels of the mitochondrial-related functional genes were significantly downregulated in the mutant mice. Taken together, the results of the present study strongly suggested that the LGMDR1 mouse model with a novel c.635 T > C variant in the Capn3 gene was significantly dysfunctional in muscle injury repair via impairment of the mitochondrial function.

Genome-wide hypermethylation is closely associated with abnormal expression of genes involved in neural development in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a Down syndrome mouse model.

Mental retardation is the main clinical manifestation of Down syndrome (DS), and neural abnormalities occur during the early embryonic period and continue throughout life. Tc1, a model mouse for DS, carries the majority part of the human chromosome 21 and has multiple neuropathy phenotypes similar to patients with DS. To explore the mechanism of early neural abnormalities of Tc1 mouse, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from Tc1 mice were obtained, and genome-wide gene expression and methylation analysis were performed for Tc1 and wild-type iPS cells. Our results showed hypermethylation profiles for Tc1 iPS cells, and the abnormal genes were shown to be related to neurodevelopment and distributed on multiple chromosomes. In addition, important genes involved in neurogenesis and neurodevelopment were shown to be downregulated in Tc1 iPS cells. In short, our study indicated that genome-wide hypermethylation leads to the disordered expression of genes associated with neurodevelopment in Tc1 mice during early development. Overall, our work provided a useful reference for the study of the molecular mechanism of nervous system abnormalities in DS.

Effect of evodiamine and berberine on the interaction between DNMTs and target microRNAs during malignant transformation of the colon by TGF-ß1.

The tissue microenvironment functions as a crucial player in carcinogenesis, and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) within the microenvironment stimulates the formation of neoplasms. Using an in vitro model of malignancy induced by TGF-ß1, we assessed the effect of evodiamine and berberine on the interaction between DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and target microRNAs (miRNAs) in the model. Colon tissues from neonatal rats 7 days of age were cultured and malignancy was induced by TGF-ß1 in vitro for 48 h, and then the tissues were respectively treated with evodiamine and berberine for 24 h. Morphological alteration of tissues was observed by an inverted microscope, histological structures were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the expression levels of DNMTs and targeted miRNAs screened by bioinformatics software combined with Gene chip analysis in our previous study were detected by immunohistochemistry and quantified by real-time PCR. Twenty-four hours after treatment with TGF-ß1, expression levels of DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and miR-152 (target DNMT1), miR-429 (target DNMT3A) and miR-29a (target DNMT3A/3B) were markedly decreased; however, after 48 h, the expression levels of DNMT1 and DNMT3A were significantly increased, but their target miRNAs were still decreased. After treatment with a DNMT inhibitor (5-Aza-dC), expression levels of the miRNAs were increased to a larger extent, but did not reach normal levels. After treatment with berberine and evodiamine for 24 h, respectively, increased expression of DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B and miR-152, miR-429, miR-29a was noted. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that miRNAs can also be post-transcriptionally regulated by their corresponding DNMTs and that berberine and evodiamine regulate the expression of these genes, which provides early epigenetic evidence for the prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer.

Expression of DNA methyltransferases and target microRNAs in human tissue samples related to sporadic colorectal cancer.

Tissue microenvironment functions as a pivotal mediator in colorectal carcinogenesis, and its alteration can cause some important cellular responses including epigenetic events. The present study examined histologically altered tissue structure, DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and their corresponding expression of target microRNAs (miRNA). Tissues resected by surgery were from primary colorectal carcinoma. These samples were from three locations: and were ≥10, 5 and ≤2 cm away from the proximal lesion of colon cancer, and marked as no. 1, no. 2 and no. 3, respectively. Histological alteration was assessed by H&E staining, expression of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, microarray chip was used to screen distinguishable miRNAs and miRNAs targeting DNMTs whose validation assay was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our results revealed that normal crypt structure was shown in no. 1, while many aberrant crypt foci appeared in no. 3. Significant upregulation of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B expression was found in para-carcinoma tissues, compared with the histopathologically unchanged tissues (P<0.05), furthermore, distinguishable expression profiling was observed of target miRNAs in tissues with different distance. Our results provide additional insights for future research of colorectal carcinogenesis by introducing the tissue microenvironment.

Engraftment of genetically modified human amniotic fluid-derived progenitor cells to produce coagulation factor IX after in utero transplantation in mice.

Human amniotic fluid derived progenitor cells (hAFPCs) may be multipotent and can be considered a potential tool in the field of cell therapy for haemophilia B. Their capacity to express human coagulation factor IX (hFIX) after transduction and their fate after in utero transplantation is unknown. hAFPCs isolated from second trimester pregnancies were assessed for their phenotypic markers, multilineage capacity, and expression of hFIX after transduction. Their engraftment potential was analysed in a mouse model after in utero transplantation at embryonic day 12.5. Immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ, ELISA and PCR were used to assess post-transplant chimeras. hAFPCs expressed several pluripotent markers, including NANOG, SOX2, SSEA4 and TRA-1-60, and could differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes. In vitro, after transduction with hFIX and EGFP cDNAs, constitutive hFIX protein expression and clotting activity were found. Engraftment was achieved in various foetal tissues after in utero transplantation. Safe engraftment without oncogenesis was confirmed, with low donor cell levels, but persistent engraftment, into different organs (liver, heart and lung) through to 12 weeks of age. Transgenic expression of circulating hFIX was detected in recipient mice for up to 12 weeks. hAFPCs can be engrafted long-term in immunocompetent mice after in utero transplantation. Thus, cell transplantation approaches using genetically engineered hAFPCs may prove valuable for the prenatal treatment for haemophilia B.

The role of Dby mRNA in early development of male mouse zygotes.

Ejaculated mammalian spermatozoa contain a complex yet specific population of mRNA. However, the possible roles that mRNA has in early zygotic and embryonic development remain unclear. We found that Dby mRNA is selectively retained in capacitated mouse spermatozoa, and is transferred into the oocyte during fertilization by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction even though no DBY protein expression is detected. The cellular location of Dby mRNA is seen in the post-acrosome region, and it comprises nearly half of the mouse spermatozoa in in situ hybridization. In contrast, transcripts of the control gene, Smcy, are not detected in capacitated mouse spermatozoa, although the H-Y antigen encoded by Smcy is expressed on the surface of the spermatozoa. In our microinjection experiment, the zygotic development rate of the as-Dby male pronucleus injection group was significantly lower than that of the as-Smcy male pronucleus injection group (35.9% vs. 95%, P = 0.001) and the as-Dby female pronucleus injection group (35.9% vs. 93.8%, P = 0.001). The rate of male-developed zygotes was also lower than that of the as-Smcy male pronucleus injection group (17.4% vs. 57.9%, P = 0.002) and the as-Dby female pronucleus injection group (17.4% vs. 54.1%, P = 0.002). Thus, we conclude that Dby mRNA is selectively retained in capacitated mouse spermatozoa, and it has an important role in the early zygotic development of male mouse zygotes. This might imply that spermatozoa mRNA is involved in early zygotic and embryonic stages of reproduction.

Hematopoietic stem cell engraftment by early-stage in utero transplantation in a mouse model.

A novel intrauterine transplantation (IUT) approach was developed to improve the efficiency of engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene were transplanted in utero on days 12.5, 13.5 and 14.5 post coitum (p.c.). The degree of chimerism of donor cells in recipient newborn mice was examined using fluorescent microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of green fluorescent signal in the peripheral blood of the chimeric mice. The highest survival rate (47%) as well as the highest chimerism rate (73%) were achieved by our new approach in the newborn mice that were subjected to in utero transplantation (IUT) on day 12.5 p.c. (E12.5) compared to the conventional IUT method. FACS analysis indicated that 1.55+/-1.10% of peripheral blood cells from the newborn mice were GFP-positive donor cells. FISH showed that cells containing the donor-specific GFP sequence were present in the bone marrow (BM) of the chimeric mice. Thus, the efficiency of chimera production with this new method of IUT was significantly improved over the existing IUT techniques and instruments.

[Construction of the oocyte-specific expressing phiC31 integrase vector pZP3-INT and its expression in mouse oocytes].

Streptomyces phage phiC31 integrase is a site-specific recombinase, which can catalyze site-specific, unidirectional recombination between the attP site and attB site. To explore whether it can be used to mediate the recombination of specific gene in oocytes, GV-stage oocytes were collected from 3-week-old Kunming White mice by puncturing antral follocles with a sharp needle, and micro-injected with oocyte-specific expressing phiC31 integrase vector pZP3-INT and site -specific recombination detection vector pBCPB+. phiC31 integrase mRNA were detected by RT-PCR and the recombination of pBCPB+ was evaluated by PCR in mouse oocytes at 48 h after injection. Both can get corresponding bands. These results indicated that the expression of phiC31 integrase can be driven by ZP3 promoter efficiently and phiC31 integrase can mediate the site-specific recombination between attP site and attB site in mouse GV-stage oocytes. It could be a powerful tool for the study of recombination of specific gene in mouse oocytes and would provide an alternative way for the mouse oocyte genome manipulation.

Association of differential and site-dependent CpG methylation and diverse expression of DNA methyltransferases with the tissue-specific expression of human beta-globin gene in transgenic mice.

Expression of human locus control region (LCR) and beta-globin promoter has been recognized as an important factor in time- and tissue-specific expression event. DNA methylation can affect the transcriptional activity of specific genes. To investigate the methylation mechanism in the regulation of LCR and promote expression, this study used a transgenic mouse strain generated previously, in which the hematopoietic-specific expression of the EGFP was driven by human beta-globin promoter and under the control of LCR, to examine the CpG methylation pattern in various tissues. The results showed the inverse correlation between the methylated extent and the levels of gene expression in all tested tissues. We also found that the methylated extent of the 10 examined CpG sites was biased along their positions and is more efficient near the transcription start site. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) transcripts showed that Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b expressed with a very low level in the hematopoietic tissues that was coincident with the relative higher EGFP expression in these tissues, indicating that the differential expression of DNMTs contributed to the tissue-specific methylated patterns which caused the diverse gene expression in various tissues. These findings provide significant clues to elucidate the mechanism of the regulation on tissue-specific expression of genes.

[Chromosomal localization of foreign genes in transgenic mice using dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a highly sensitive and specific dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (D-FISH) method used for chromosomal localization of foreign genes in double transgenic mice. METHODS: Two strains of double transgenic mice were used in this experiment, one was integrated with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and the enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP), the other was with the short hairpin RNA interference(RNAi) and beta(654). Splenic cells cultured in vitro were arrested in metaphase by colchicine and hybridized with digoxigenin-labeled and biotinylated DNA probes, then detected by rhodamine-conjugated avidin and FITC-conjugated anti-digoxigenin. RESULTS: Dual-color fluorescence signals were detected on the same metaphase in both transgenic mice strains. In HSV-tk/eGFP double transgenic mice, strong green fluorescence for HSV-tk and red for eGFP were observed and localized at 2E5-G3 and 8A2-A4 respectively. In beta(654)/RNAi mice, beta(654) was detected as red fluorescence on chromosome 7D3-E2, and RNAi showed random integration on chromosomes. It was detected as green fluorescence on chromosome 12B1 in one mouse, while on 1E2.3-1F and 3A3 in the other. CONCLUSION: Highly sensitive and specific D-FISH method was established using the self-prepared DNA probes, and chromosomal localization of the foreign genes was also performed in combination with G-banding in double transgenic mice. This technology will facilitate the researches in transgenic animals and gene therapy models.

Restoration of the balanced alpha/beta-globin gene expression in beta654-thalassemia mice using combined RNAi and antisense RNA approach.

The beta-thalassemia is associated with abnormality in beta-globin gene, leading to imbalanced synthesis of alpha-/beta-globin chains. Consequently, the excessive free alpha-globin chains precipitate to the erythrocyte membrane, resulting in hemolytic anemia. We have explored post-transcriptional strategies aiming at alpha-globin reduction and beta-globin enrichment on beta(654) (Hbb(th-4)/Hbb(+)) mouse, carrying a human splicing-deficient beta-globin allele (Hbb(th-4)). Lentiviral vectors of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting alpha-globin and/or antisense RNA facilitating beta-globin correct splicing were microinjected into beta(654) single-cell embryos. Three transgenic strains were generated, as alpha(i)-Hbb(th-4)/Hbb(+)(shRNA), beta(a)-Hbb(th-4)/Hbb(+)(antisense) and alpha(i)beta(a)-Hbb(th-4)/Hbb(+)(both shRNA and antisense). Without notable abnormalities, all the founders and their offsprings showed sustained amelioration of hematologic parameters, ineffective erythropoiesis and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Augmented effects appeared in alpha(i)beta(a)-Hbb(th-4)/Hbb(+), which correlated with a better-balanced alpha-/beta-globin mRNA level. Among the transgenic mice integrated with shRNA and antisense RNA, one homozygous mouse (Hbb(th-4)/Hbb(th-4)) had been viable, and the 3-week survival rate for heterozygotes (Hbb(th-4)/Hbb(+)) was 97%, compared with 45.4% for untreated. Our data have demonstrated the feasibility of techniques for beta-thalassemia therapy by balancing the synthesis of alpha-/beta-globin chains.