RESUMO
Little is known about the role of WhatsApp in spreading misinformation during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. The aim of this study is to analyze the message content, format, authorship, time trends and social media distribution channels of misinformation in WhatsApp messages in Mexico. From March 18 to June 30, 2020 the authors collected all WhatsApp messages received via their personal contacts and their social networks that contained information about COVID-19. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the scientifically inaccurate messages and the relationship between variables, respectively. Google image and video searches were carried out to identify sharing on other social media. Out of a total of 106 messages, the most frequently mentioned COVID-19 related message topics were prevention (20.0%), conspiracy (18.5%), therapy (15.4%) and origin of the virus (10.3%), changing throughout the pandemic according to users' concerns. Half of all WhatsApp messages were either images or videos. WhatsApp images were also shared on Facebook (80%) and YouTube (~50%). Our findings indicate that the design of information and health promotion campaigns requires to be proactive in adapting to the changes in message content and format of misinformation shared through encrypted social media.
As an encrypted social media platform with hardly accessible content, little is known about the role of WhatsApp in spreading misinformation messages (either false or misleading information) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. In this study, researchers studied the content, format, time and channel of distribution of WhatsApp messages containing information about COVID-19 collected via their personal contacts and their social networks from March 18 to June 30, 2020. Half of all messages were visually-appealing and the content changed according to the population´s concerns. WhatsApp messages were also distributed in several other social media platforms. Understanding the format and content of misinformation may help to design dynamic health information and promotion campaigns against it. Regulations of public social media such as Youtube can have a positive impact on WhatsApp.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Mídias Sociais , Humanos , Pandemias , México , Comunicação , Rede SocialRESUMO
Recientemente en México se ha incrementado la proporción de adultos mayores (AM) y de Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil (OSC) que ayudan a los pobres. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la capacidad que tienen las OSC de implementar acciones para mejorar la calidad de vida de los AM pobres de zonas urbanas. En 2005 se realizaron 14 entrevistas al personal de diez OSC que trabajaban en colonias pobres de cuatro ciudades de México. La guía de entrevista y el análisis se basaron en la estructura interna y el contexto externo que afecta la capacidad de las OSC. Entre los principales logros se destacan una mayor participación y autogestión de la gente y el número de acciones realizadas para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas. Los principales obstáculos identificados son una demanda poblacional que supera la capacidad de respuesta de las OSC, una población objetivo que generalmente no son los AM y un financiamiento insuficiente. La atención proporcionada por las OSC a los AM, aunque trascendental, es escasa, por tanto es necesario promover una cultura de prevención e interés en los AM y de apoyo a las OSC.
Recently, the proportion of elderly people (EP) has increased considerably in Mexico, as well as the number of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) dedicated to helping poor people. Our objective was to analyze the capacity of the CSOs to implement actions in order to improve the quality of life of the poor EP in urban areas. In 2005, fourteen interviews were conducted with personnel of ten CSOs who worked in poor zones of four Mexican cities. The interview guide and the analysis were based on the internal structure and the external context that affect CSO's capacity. Within the main achievements, we identified an the increase in the participation and self-management of people and in the number of actions carried out in order to improve quality of people's life. The main obstacles identified were: the CSOs responsiveness, which is always lower than the population demands; their target population is not only EP; and insufficient financing. The attention provided by CSOs to EP is scarce, but essential. It is necessary to promote a culture of prevention and interest in the EP, and support to CSOs.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the social factors associated with the health status of elderly men, 60 years and older, who live in poverty in the rural areas of Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted between February and October 2002, in a convenience sample of 392 elderly men residing in rural areas of the states of Guerrero, Morelos and Jalisco states. A validated questionnaire was applied to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, general wellbeing, health problems, food consumption, and some indicators of mental health, personal strength and social support. Data analysis was performed with the SPSS v. 11. software, to obtain chi-squared tests; food intake measures were analized with one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Study subjects were married or were widowers and had six children on average. A higher proportion of the elderly men of Morelos state reported to have suffered more illnesses and a higher consumption of alcohol when compared to the other two state groups. Sixty percent of the men in the study used both home remedies and medication for their health problems. More than one half of them did not receive adequate social support from their families. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the process of ageing among rural elderly men is perceived as a burden, mainly because of the context of poverty in which they live. The lack of appropriate income and access to health services through adequate pension and retirement plans for the elderly poor is a problem that requires immediate attention.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Nível de Saúde , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estudos Transversais , Família , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pobreza , População Rural , Apoio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores sociales asociados al estado de salud de hombres mayores de 60 años que viven en contextos de pobreza en áreas rurales de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: De febrero a octubre de 2002 se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo, con una muestra intencional de 392 adultos mayores residentes de zonas rurales de los estados de Guerrero, Morelos y Jalisco, utilizando un cuestionario especialmente diseñado y piloteado con anterioridad. Las variables de estudio incluyeron características sociodemográficas, bienestar generalizado, problemas de salud, consumo de algunos alimentos y algunos indicadores de salud mental, fuerza personal y apoyo social. Utilizando el paquete estadístico SPSS v. II.I se llevaron a cabo pruebas de Ji cuadrada de Pearson para variables categóricas; para analizar el consumo diferencial de alimentos se hicieron pruebas de ANOVA de una vía. RESULTADOS: Los ancianos de este estudio eran casados o viudos y tenían un promedio de seis hijos. Los ancianos de Morelos informaron haber padecido un mayor número de enfermedades y haber tenido un consumo más alto de bebidas alcohólicas, en comparación con los ancianos de los otros dos estados. De la muestra total, 60 por ciento notificaron el uso tanto de remedios caseros como de medicamentos para aliviar sus malestares de salud. Más de la mitad no recibía apoyo familiar adecuado. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el proceso de envejecimiento entre los hombres participantes es percibido como una carga, fundamentalmente debido al contexto de pobreza en que viven. La falta de ingresos suficientes y acceso a servicios de salud a través de planes de pensión y jubilación adecuados para los ancianos que viven en pobreza, es un problema que requiere de atención inmediata.