RESUMO
Muscular fitness plays a major role in bone health and body composition in overweight and obese children. It is key that the development of this muscle fitness is affected by absolute isometric strength and dynamic strength. PURPOSE: To compare bone health and body composition between overweight/obese children considering muscular fitness (MF) levels, and to investigate whether weight-bearing dynamic or absolute isometric strength, both involved in the development of this muscular fitness, are more related with bone health. METHODS: MF of 59 overweight or obese children (10.1 ± 0.9 years, 27 females) was measured by a countermovement jump (CMJ), handgrip, and maximal isometric strength of knee extension. Participants were divided into four groups depending on their MF level performing a cluster analysis: 16 children with high MF (HMF) in all tests, 18 with high performance in isometric strength (HIS), 15 with high performance in CMJ (HCMJ) and 10 low isometric and low dynamic force values (LMF). Body composition values were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone strength values were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Motor skills were evaluated using TGMD-3. Multivariate analysis of covariance test was applied to analyse bone strength differences between children in the different MF groups, using maturity offset, height and weight as covariates, and correlations were investigated. RESULTS: HMF excelled in bone health. HIS had higher cortical bone area, periosteal circumference, bone mass, polar strength strain index and fracture load than LMF, while HCMJ only showed better results in trabecular bone area than LMF. HMF had significantly better values of fracture load and periosteal and endosteal circumferences than HCMJ, but not than HIS. CONCLUSIONS: High MF level shows positive effects on bone health in overweight/obese children. Those with highest isometric strength had better bone health compared to those with higher dynamic strength. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The research project was registered in a public database Clinicaltrials.gov in June 2020 with the identification number NCT04418713.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Força Muscular , Obesidade Infantil , Humanos , Masculino , Criança , Feminino , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Obesidade Infantil/fisiopatologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Sobrepeso/fisiopatologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Força da Mão/fisiologiaRESUMO
This paper aims to elaborate a decision tree for the early detection of adolescent swimmers at risk of presenting low bone mineral density (BMD), based on easily measurable fitness and performance variables. The BMD of 78 adolescent swimmers was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans at the hip and subtotal body. The participants also underwent physical fitness (muscular strength, speed, and cardiovascular endurance) and swimming performance assessments. A gradient-boosting machine regression tree was built to predict the BMD of the swimmers and to further develop a simpler individual decision tree. The predicted BMD was strongly correlated with the actual BMD values obtained from the DXA (r = 0.960, p < 0.001; root mean squared error = 0.034 g/cm2). According to a simple decision tree (74% classification accuracy), swimmers with a body mass index (BMI) lower than 17 kg/m2 or a handgrip strength inferior to 43 kg with the sum of both arms could be at a higher risk of having a low BMD. Easily measurable fitness variables (BMI and handgrip strength) could be used for the early detection of adolescent swimmers who are at risk of suffering from low BMD.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas , Humanos , Adolescente , Força da Mão , Composição Corporal , Absorciometria de Fóton , Natação , Simulação por Computador , Vértebras LombaresRESUMO
Some studies suggest that being an apolipoprotein e4 (APOE e4) carrier increases the risk of atherosclerosis, and others suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) could play a key role in atherosclerotic prevention. Our aim was to analyze the association of APOE e4 with carotid atherosclerosis and the association of CRF with atherosclerosis in APOE e4 carriers. A cross-sectional analysis based on a subsample of 90 participants in the Aragon Workers' Health Study was carried out. Ultrasonography was used to assess the presence of plaques in carotid territory; the submaximal Chester Step Test was used to assess CRF; and behavioral, demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were obtained by trained personnel during annual medical examinations. APOE e4e4 participants were categorized into Low-CRF (VO2max < 35 mL/kg/min) and High-CRF (VO2max ≥ 35 mL/kg/min) groups. After adjusting for several confounders, compared with APOE e3e3, those participants genotyped as APOE e3e4 and APOE e4e4 showed an OR = 1.60 (95% CI 0.45, 5.71) and OR = 4.29 (95% CI 1.16, 15.91), respectively, for carotid atherosclerosis. Compared to Low-CRF APOE e4e4 carriers, the odds of carotid plaque detection were 0.09 (95% CI 0.008, 0.98) times lower among High-CRF APOE e4e4 carriers. The APOE e4e4 genotype was associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis. However, CRF is a modifiable factor that may be targeted by APOE e4e4 to decrease the elevation of atherosclerotic risk due to this genetic condition.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas , Placa Aterosclerótica , Humanos , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Homozigoto , Estudos Transversais , Polimorfismo Genético , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/genética , Placa Aterosclerótica/diagnóstico por imagem , Genótipo , Apolipoproteínas E/genéticaRESUMO
Depression is estimated to be the second leading cause of disability in the United States and is associated with a 52% increased risk of death. Lifestyle components may have an important role in depression pathogenesis. The aims of this study were to analyze the association of meeting the physical activity (PA) recommendation guidelines and depression, and to analyze the all-cause mortality risk of the joint association of PA and depression. This cross-sectional study included 7201 participants from the 2007-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged ≥ 50 years and linked to National Death Index records through December 31, 2015. Depression was defined as a score ≥ 10 using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). PA was self-reported, and total PA was used to classify participants as more active (≥ 600 MET-min/week) or less active (< 600 MET-min/week). The odds ratios for depression were examined according to be more active or less active. The hazard ratios (HR) for the association of PA level and depression status with all-cause mortality were examined. Being more active was associated with reduced odds for depression. Compared with less active participants with depression, those who were more active and having depression had HR 0.45 (95% CI 0.22, 0.91, p = 0.026) for all-cause mortality. Being more active is associated with lower odds for depression and seems to be a protective factor against the increased all-cause mortality risk due to depression.
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Depressão/mortalidade , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Degenerative diseases are associated with lower healthy life expectancy and higher mortality. Physical activity (PA) has demonstrated a fundamental role in the prevention and control of several pathologies associated to the aging process. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of PA with the prevalence of sarcopenia, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in non-institutionalized American population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in participants aged ≥50 years from the 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Sarcopenia was defined using appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index (ALM:BMI; men <0.789 kg/m2, women <0.512 kg/m2). Osteoporosis was defined as bone mineral density T-score ≤-2.5 of femur neck. Osteoarthritis and PA were self-reported, and total PA was used to classify participants in groups. The Odds Ratios among the different PA levels for each disease were examined. RESULTS: Performing at least 150 MET-min/week of PA was associated with reduced odds for sarcopenia; performing >1800 MET-min/week was associated with reduced odds for osteoporosis; and performing 150-1800 MET-min/week of PA was associated with reduced odds for osteoarthritis after adjust the results by several confounders. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of PA in sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis prevention are evident among Americans aged ≥50 years.
Assuntos
Sarcopenia , Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Estudos Transversais , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Prevalência , Sarcopenia/complicações , Sarcopenia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Muniz-Pardos, B, Gomez-Bruton, A, Matute-Llorente, A, Gonzalez-Aguero, A, Gomez-Cabello, A, Gonzalo-Skok, O, Casajus, JA, and Vicente-Rodriguez, G. Nonspecific resistance training and swimming performance: Strength or power? A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1162-1170, 2022-The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the type of nonspecific resistance intervention that is more effective to enhance swimming performance and to determine the nonspecific strength- or power-related variable that better predicts swimming performance. A search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Plus, and SportDiscus up to June 2018. Studies were distributed into 4 categories: dry-land strength (DLS), dry-land power (DLP), combination of training methods, and strength and power in start performance. From 1,844 citations, 33 met the inclusion criteria. Cross-sectional DLS studies showed positive associations between swimming performance and DLS development (especially through upper-body isometric assessments), although the efficacy of DLS training interventions remains unclear. Dry-land power training (principally through plyometrics) was a proficient, nonspecific method to enhance swimming block start performance (SBS; the start phase off the block and during the first 5-15 m), and jump assessment was the best predictor of SBS. Some pioneering nonspecific practices such as the acute exposure to high altitude or the maintenance of a high core temperature during the transition phase before competition seem to improve performance, although more research is required to confirm their efficacy. Further high-quality intervention studies are required to clarify the effect of DLP training on sprint swimming performance.
Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético , Treinamento Resistido , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Força Muscular , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , NataçãoRESUMO
Physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of cognitive decline (CD) in the general population. However, little is known about whether the presence of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE e4) could modify this beneficial effect. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze and synthetize the scientific evidence related to PA levels and CD risk in cognitively healthy APOE e4 carriers. Four electronic databases were analyzed. Only original articles with longitudinal study design were selected to analyze the relationship between PA and CD in APOE e4 carriers. Five studies were included in the systematic review. All studies except one stated that PA is a protective factor against CD in APOE e4 carriers. Moreover, partial support was found for the hypothesis that a greater amount and intensity of PA are more beneficial in CD prevention. The results support the idea that PA is a protective factor against CD in APOE e4 carriers. Nevertheless, it would be necessary to carry out further studies that would allow these findings to be contrasted.
Assuntos
Apolipoproteína E4 , Disfunção Cognitiva , Alelos , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Disfunção Cognitiva/genética , Disfunção Cognitiva/prevenção & controle , Exercício Físico , Genótipo , Humanos , Estudos LongitudinaisRESUMO
Childhood obesity has become a major global health problem. Vitamin D deficiency and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are highly prevalent in children with overweight or obesity, but little is known about their relationships. In this study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters in prepubertal obese and overweight children. A cross-sectional design with a sample of 57 prepubertal children, aged 9-11 years, with overweight or obesity was used. The fasting concentration of 25(OH)D was analyzed with a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Fat and lean body masses were determined by using DXA. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured with the maximal treadmill test. A total of 68.4% of the sample had sufficient levels of 25(OH)D. As expected, their cardiorespiratory fitness was poor compared with that of normal-weight children, but 60% of the group exceeded the median obesity-specific reference values. No differences were found between the sexes for relative VO2max or 25(OH)D levels. Moreover, no correlations were found between 25(OH)D and body composition or cardiorespiratory parameters for sex or vitamin D groups. Vitamin D status seems not to be directly related to body composition or cardiorespiratory fitness in prepubertal overweight or obese children.
Assuntos
Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória , Sobrepeso , Obesidade Infantil , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangue , Composição Corporal , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Aptidão Física , Deficiência de Vitamina DRESUMO
Sedentarism is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but currently it is not clear how a sedentary behavior such as long sitting time can affect atherosclerosis development. This study examined the relationship between sitting time and the prevalence of carotid and femoral subclinical atherosclerosis. A cross-sectional analysis based on a subsample of 2082 participants belonging to the Aragon Workers' Health Study was carried out. Ultrasonography was used to assess the presence of plaques in carotid and femoral territories; the validated Spanish version of the questionnaire on the frequency of engaging in physical activity used in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals' was used to assess physical activity and sitting time; and demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were obtained by trained personnel during the annual medical examination. Participants were categorized into <9 h/day and ≥9 h/day sitting time groups. After adjusting for several confounders, compared with participants that remain seated <9 h/day, those participants who remain seated ≥9 h/day had, respectively, OR = 1.25 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.55, p < 0.05) and OR = 1.38 (95%CI: 1.09, 1.74, p < 0.05) for carotid and any-territory plaque presence. Remaining seated ≥9 h/day is associated with higher odds for carotid and any-territory plaque presence independently of physical activity levels and other cardiovascular risk factors.
RESUMO
(1) Background: Childhood obesity has become a main global health problem and active video games (AVG) could be used to increase energy expenditure. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy expenditure during an AVG intervention combined with exercise, differentiating by gender. (2) Methods: A total of 45 children with overweight or obesity (19 girls) performed an AVG intervention combined with exercise. The AVG used were the Xbox Kinect, Nintendo Wii, dance mats, BKOOL cycling simulator, and Nintendo Switch. The energy expenditure was estimated from the heart rate recorded during the sessions and the data from the individual maximal tests. (3) Results: The mean energy expenditure was 315.1 kilocalories in a one-hour session. Participants spent the most energy on BKOOL, followed by Ring Fit Adventures, Dance Mats, Xbox Kinect, and the Nintendo Wii, with significant differences between BKOOL and the Nintendo Wii. Significant differences between boys and girls were found, but were partially due to the difference in weight, VO2max, and fat-free mass. (4) Conclusions: The energy expenditure with AVG combined with multi-component exercise was 5.68 kcal/min in boys and 4.66 kcal/min in girls with overweight and obesity. AVG could be an effective strategy to increase energy expenditure in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético , Obesidade , Sobrepeso , Jogos de Vídeo , Peso Corporal , Criança , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Background Whole-body vibration training has recently been proposed as a complementary training modality to improve the bone health of adolescent swimmers. However, there is no longitudinal study regarding the effects of this training combination on bone metabolism. Therefore, the main goal was to analyze the effects of swimming and vibration training on bone turnover markers during adolescence. Methods The present study included 68 adolescent swimmers and 41 normoactive controls (CON). Swimmers were randomly selected to either continue with their regular swimming training (SWI) or participate in an additional vibration protocol (VIB). Anthropometric measurements and serum level determinations of osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptide crosslaps (CTX) were performed before and after the 6-month intervention. Results Statistically significant group by time interactions were found for both bone formation markers. VIB showed a decrease over time in OC (baseline: 101.4 µg/mL, follow-up: 82.8 µg/mL, p < 0.05) and P1NP (baseline: 528.4 µg/mL, follow-up: 389.0 µg/mL, p < 0.05) and SWI had analogous reductions in P1NP (baseline: 685.8 µg/mL, follow-up: 542.0 µg/mL, p < 0.05), whereas CON experienced an increase in OC levels (baseline: 94.4 µg/mL, follow-up: 103.4 µg/mL, p < 0.05). After stratifying the sample according to the pubertal status, similar interactions were observed. Conclusions The combination of swimming training and this particular vibration protocol led to a decrease in bone formation markers, especially during early puberty. Whole-body vibration might not induce an osteogenic stimulus in adolescent swimmers.
Assuntos
Atletas , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Colágeno Tipo I/sangue , Osteocalcina/sangue , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Peptídeos/sangue , Pró-Colágeno/sangue , Natação , Vibração , Adolescente , Biomarcadores/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The purpose of this work was to describe changes in metabolic activity in the bones of young male competitive cyclists (CYC) as compared with age-matched controls (CON) over a one-year period of study. Eight adolescent male cyclists aged between fourteen and twenty, and eight age-matched controls participated in this longitudinal study. Serum osteocalcin (OC), amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), beta-isomerized C-telopeptides (ß-CTx) and plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], were investigated by an electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunoassay. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in formation and resorption markers between cyclists and controls. Within the groups, both CYC and CON showed decreased OC at -30% and -24%, respectively, and PINP where the figures were -28% and -30% respectively (all p < 0.05). However, only the CYC group showed a decrease in [25(OH)D], lower by 11% (p < 0.05). The similarity in the concentrations of markers in cyclists and controls seems to indicate that cycling does not modify the process of bone remodeling. The decrease in vitamin D in cyclists might be detrimental to their future bone health.
Assuntos
Ciclismo/fisiologia , Remodelação Óssea , Reabsorção Óssea , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese , Adolescente , Atletas , Biomarcadores/sangue , Densidade Óssea , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colágeno Tipo I/sangue , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Osteocalcina/sangue , Osteoporose/sangue , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Pró-Colágeno/sangue , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/sangueRESUMO
The aims of this study were (a) to determine which of the most used anthropometric equations was the most accurate to estimate percentage of body fat (%BF), (b) to develop a new specific anthropometric equation, and (c) to validate this football-specific equation. A total of 126 (13.3 ± 0.6 years) football players (86 males and 40 females) participated in the present study. Participants were divided into two groups: 98 players were included in the assessment of existing equations and in the development of the new prediction equation, and 28 players were used to validate it. %BF was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and also estimated with six different %BF anthropometric equations: Johnston, Slaughter, Carter, Faulkner, Deurenberg, and Santi-Maria. Paired t tests were used to analyze differences between methods. A football-specific equation was developed by a stepwise linear regression. The existing anthropometric equations showed significant bias for %BF when compared with DXA (p < .001; constant error ranged from -4.57% to 9.24%; standard error of estimate ranged from 2.46 to 4.20). On the other hand, the developed football-specific equation was %BF = 11.115 + 0.775 (triceps skinfold) + 0.193 (iliac crest skinfold) - 1.606 (sex). The developed equation demonstrated neither %BF differences (p = .121; constant error = 0.57%; standard error of estimate = 0.36) when compared with DXA, presenting a high cross-validation prediction power (R2 = .85). Published anthropometric equations were not accurate to estimate %BF in adolescent football players. Due to the fact that the developed football-specific equation showed neither differences nor heteroscedasticity when compared with DXA, this equation is recommended to assess %BF in adolescent football players.
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Adiposidade , Antropometria/métodos , Futebol , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Dobras CutâneasRESUMO
Whole-body vibration (WBV) intervention studies and reviews have been increasing lately. However, the results regarding its effects on bone tissue in different populations are still inconclusive. The goal of this overview was to summarize systematic reviews assessing the effects of WBV training on bone parameters. Three electronic databases were scanned for systematic reviews and meta-analyses evaluating the effects of WBV on bone tissue. The search had no time restrictions and was limited to articles written in English. Vibration protocols and the main bone parameters included in each review were extracted. Methodological quality was assessed and analyses were conducted stratifying by age. 17 reviews and meta-analyses fulfilled the inclusion criteria. No increase or small improvements in bone mineral density (BMD) after WBV interventions were observed in reviews regarding postmenopausal women. One intervention study regarding young adults was included and reported no bone-related benefits from WBV. Most reviews including children and adolescents with compromised bone mass showed an improvement of BMD at lower limbs, lumbar spine, and whole body. In conclusion, WBV interventions seem to help children and adolescents with compromised bone mass to increase their BMD, but these improvements are limited in postmenopausal women and there is insufficient evidence for young adults. Further research is also needed to identify the ideal parameters of WBV training focused on bone health.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/terapia , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Vibração/uso terapêutico , Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Extremidade Inferior/fisiopatologia , Vértebras Lombares/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Swimming has no effect on bone mass or structure. Therefore, adolescent swimmers present similar bone strength values when compared to normo-active controls, and lower values when compared to weight-bearing athletes. It thus seems necessary to try to improve bone structure and strength of adolescent swimmers through a weight-bearing intervention in order to reduce the risk of suffering osteoporosis later in life. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a 6-month whole body vibration (WBV) intervention on bone strength and structure of adolescent swimmers. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Research center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 51 swimmers (14.4 ± 2.0 years) participated in the study. METHODS: Swimmers were randomly allocated into 2 groups: 20 swimmers (9 females) who only performed their swimming training, and 31 swimmers (15 females) who performed their swimming training and received a WBV intervention (3.6-11.6 g) 3 times per week during 6 months (VIB). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was performed in the nondominant tibia of all swimmers at 4%, 38%, and 66% of the tibia length before and after the intervention. RESULTS: No differences between groups in any bone structure variable were found at pre- or postintervention. Both groups presented similar improvements in time, and no group by time interactions were found, suggesting that the WBV intervention was not intense enough to achieve positive changes in bone strength or structure. CONCLUSION: WBV, at the chosen intensities and durations, had no effect on adolescent swimmers' bone strength or structure. Future studies should test other weight-bearing interventions aiming to improve bone strength and structure of adolescent swimmers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
Assuntos
Atletas , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Natação/fisiologia , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Adolescente , Densidade Óssea , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Masculino , Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , VibraçãoRESUMO
This study aimed to describe bone metabolic activity in adolescent competitive cyclists compared to age-matched controls. The main result is that younger subjects present a higher bone turnover than the older ones. Moreover, cyclists under the age of 17 have higher scores on all markers than age-matched controls. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe bone metabolic activity in adolescent competitive cyclists compared to age-matched controls. METHODS: Twenty-two male adolescent cyclists between 14 and 20 years (y) and 20 age-matched controls participated in this study. Serum osteocalcin (OC), aminoterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP), and ß-isomerized C-telopeptides (ß-CTX) were analyzed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA); plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in bone metabolism markers and vitamin D between cyclists and controls. Cyclists over 17 y had a significantly lower concentration in bone formation and resorption biochemical markers compared to cyclists under 17 y (all P < 0.05). Moreover, controls over 17 y presented lower concentration for PINP (P < 0.05) compared to their peers under 17 y. Comparisons between cyclists and controls under 17 y revealed higher concentrations of OC and PINP (P < 0.05) in cyclists. Group interaction by age was found for OC, PINP, and ß-CTX (P < 0.01). Cyclists over 17 y had higher concentrations of [25(OH)D] (P < 0.05) than age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: The present results support the idea that cycling during adolescence may be associated to a decrease in bone turnover that may affect bone health later in life.
Assuntos
Ciclismo , Remodelação Óssea , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores , Osso e Ossos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colágeno Tipo I , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Osteocalcina , Vitamina D/sangue , Vitaminas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This meta-analysis aims to determine the effects of regular swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) in young adults (18-30 years). A systematic search was performed in Pubmed, SPORTDiscus and the Cochrane Library from the earliest possible year to March 2016. Swimmers were compared to non-athletic controls (CG) and to high-impact athletes (HIGH). Effect sizes with the Hedges g in random effects models were developed. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. Swimmers presented similar BMD values to CG in whole-body (g = -0.20; P = 0.251), femoral neck (g = -0.05; P = 0.818) and lumbar spine (g = 0.18; P = 0.492); and lower BMD in the whole-body (g = -1.21; P < 0.001), femoral neck (g = -1.51; P < 0.001) and lumbar spine (g = -0.84; P = 0.017) than the HIGH. For the whole-body differences, the higher the latitude the smaller the differences between swimmers and HIGH (B = 0.10; P = 0.001). For the femoral neck differences, age also seemed to reduce the differences between groups (B = 0.19; P = 0.020). Young adult swimmers present similar BMD values than CG and lower values than HIGH.
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Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Natação/fisiologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Colo do Fêmur/diagnóstico por imagem , Colo do Fêmur/fisiologia , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Lombares/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of soccer practice on bone in male and female children and adolescents. MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched for scientific articles published up to and including October 2016. Twenty-seven studies were included in this systematic review (13 in the meta-analysis). The meta-analysis was performed by using OpenMeta[Analyst] software. It is well documented that soccer practice during childhood provides positive effects on bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) compared to sedentary behaviors and other sports, such as tennis, weightlifting, or swimming. Furthermore, soccer players present higher BMC and BMD in most weight-bearing sites such as the whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and legs. Moreover, bone differences were minimized between groups during prepuberty. Therefore, the maturity status should be considered when evaluating bone. According to meta-analysis results, soccer practice was positively associated with whole-body BMD either in males (mean difference 0.061; 95%CI, 0.042-0.079) or in females (mean difference 0.063; 95%CI, 0.026-0.099). CONCLUSION: Soccer may be considered a sport that positively affects bone mass during growth. Pubertal soccer players presented increased bone mass compared to controls or other athletes; however, these bone differences are minimized during the prepubertal stage. What is known: ⢠It has been described that childhood and adolescence are important periods for bone mass and structure. ⢠Previous studies have demonstrated that soccer participation improves bone mass in male and female children and adolescents. What is new: ⢠The differences between soccer players and controls are more marked during puberty than prepuberty. ⢠Weight-bearing sites such as lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanteric region and both legs are particularly sensitive to soccer actions.
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Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Ósseo/fisiologia , Futebol/fisiologia , Adolescente , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is beneficial for the prevention of osteoporosis. Bone metabolism markers are the main indicators of metabolic balance and may indicate early risk in bone tissue. AIM: This systematic review aims to summarize and update present knowledge about bone metabolism markers in child and adolescent athletes. METHOD: Literature search was conducted up to March 2017 in PubMed and Sport Discus. A total of 19 studies (case-control, longitudinal and randomized control trials) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. RESULTS: In females, bone remodeling decreases with age independently of sport practiced. Athletes with amenorrhea had lower levels of both markers of bone turnover than control subjects. High-impact sports present higher biomarkers in females. A brief period of training have positive effects in bone formation markers in adolescent males. CONCLUSIONS: The age, sex type of exercise and sport, and performance level of the subjects can deeply affect bone metabolism markers during adolescence. More studies are needed to establish common criteria for metabolic response to physical exercise in these stages.
Assuntos
Atletas , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Adolescente , Criança , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry are four body composition methods that have been frequently used for the assessment of body fat percentage (%BF) in athletes. However, the agreement between these methods has not been studied yet in adolescent football players. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare %BF calculated by DXA, ADP, BIA and anthropometry in 92 participants. METHODS: Sixty-four males (13.4 ± 0.6 years of age) and 28 females (13.4 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study. %BF was measured with four methods: DXA, ADP, BIA, and anthropometry. ADP %BF was calculated by using Siri's equation. The equation proposed by Slaughter et al. was used to calculate %BF by anthropometry. Paired t-test was used to compare %BF means. The heteroscedasticity was calculated by Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both in males and females, DXA, ADP, BIA and Slaughter et al. equation demonstrated significant %BF differences when compared to each other (p < 0.05); 95% limits of agreements ranged from 5.13 to 15.09% points. Only BIA showed heteroscedasticity compared to the other methods in both genders (p < 0.05). Although DXA, ADP, BIA, and anthropometry have been used in the scientific literature in order to assess %BF in adolescent football players, these results demonstrate that these body composition methods are not interchangeable in this population.