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1.
Obes Rev ; 15 Suppl 3: 14-26, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25047375

RESUMO

Although sufficient physical activity is beneficial for preschoolers' health, activity levels in most preschoolers are low. As preschoolers spend a considerable amount of time at home and at kindergarten, interventions should target both environments to increase their activity levels. The aim of the current paper was to describe the six different steps of the Intervention Mapping protocol towards the systematic development and implementation of the physical activity component of the ToyBox-intervention. This intervention is a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention implemented across six European countries. Based on the results of literature reviews and focus groups with parents/caregivers and kindergarten teachers, matrices of change objectives were created. Then, theory-based methods and practical strategies were selected to develop intervention materials at three different levels: (i) individual level (preschoolers); (ii) interpersonal level (parents/caregivers) and (iii) organizational level (teachers). This resulted in a standardized intervention with room for local and cultural adaptations in each participating country. Although the Intervention Mapping protocol is a time-consuming process, using this systematic approach may lead to an increase in intervention effectiveness. The presented matrices of change objectives are useful for future programme planners to develop and implement an intervention based on the Intervention Mapping protocol to increase physical activity levels in preschoolers.


Assuntos
Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Atividade Motora , Pais/educação , Obesidade Infantil/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Pré-Escolar , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Prática Clínica Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Avaliação das Necessidades , Pais/psicologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Jogos e Brinquedos , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Comportamento Sedentário , Meio Social
2.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 67(7): 765-72, 2013 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23695206

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adolescents are at risk of iron deficiency because of their high iron requirements. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess iron intake, its determinants and its most important food sources and; (2) to evaluate the relation of iron intake and status in European adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Two non-consecutive 24-h recalls were completed by a computerised tool. The socio-demographic and socio-economic data were collected by a self-reported questionnaire. Weight and height were measured. A distinction was made between haem and non-haem iron. RESULTS: The total iron intake was significantly higher among boys (13.8 mg/day; n=1077) than girls (11.0 mg/day; n=1253). About 97.3% of the boys and 87.8% of the girls met the estimated average requirement, and 72.4% of the boys and 13.7% of the girls met the recommendation for bio-available iron intake. The ratio of haem/non-haem iron intake was lower for girls than boys. Meat (19.2; 76%) and bread and rolls (12.6;3.9%) contributed most to total and haem iron intake. Bread and rolls (13.8%) and meat (10.8%) contributed most to non-haem iron intake. Age, sex and body mass index were associated with iron intake. Only red blood cell concentration was significantly negatively associated with total, haem and non-haem iron intake. CONCLUSION: Girls had lower iron intakes and ratio of haem/non-haem iron intake than boys. The main total iron and haem iron source was meat, while the main non-haem iron source was bread and rolls. Adolescent girls may be a group at risk for iron deficiency. Consequently, special attention and strategies are needed in order to improve iron intakes during adolescence.


Assuntos
Dieta , Heme/química , Ferro da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ferro da Dieta/sangue , Estilo de Vida , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Pão , Criança , Análise por Conglomerados , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Carne , Atividade Motora , Avaliação Nutricional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários
3.
Br J Nutr ; 109(4): 736-47, 2013 Feb 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22617187

RESUMO

Accurate food and nutrient intake assessment is essential for investigating diet-disease relationships. In the present study, food and nutrient intake assessment among European adolescents using 24 h recalls (mean of two recalls) and a FFQ (separately and the combination of both) were evaluated using concentration biomarkers. Biomarkers included were vitamin C, ß-carotene, DHA+EPA, vitamin B12 (cobalamin and holo-transcobalamin) and folate (erythrocyte folate and plasma folate). For the evaluation of the food intake assessment 390 adolescents were included, while 697 were included for the nutrient intake assessment evaluation. Spearman rank and Pearson correlations, and validity coefficients, which are correlations between intake estimated and habitual true intake, were calculated. Correlations were higher between frequency of food consumption (from the FFQ) and concentration biomarkers than between mean food intake (from the recalls) and concentration biomarkers, especially for DHA+EPA (r 0·35 v. r 0·27). Most correlations were higher among girls than boys. For boys, the highest validity coefficients were found for frequency of fruit consumption (0·88) and for DHA+EPA biomarker (0·71). In girls, the highest validity coefficients were found for fruit consumption frequency (0·76), vegetable consumption frequency (0·74), mean fruit intake (0·90) and DHA+EPA biomarker (0·69). After exclusion of underreporters, correlations slightly improved. Correlations between usual food intakes, adjusted for food consumption frequency, and concentration biomarkers were higher than correlations between mean food intakes and concentration biomarkers. In conclusion, two non-consecutive 24 h recalls in combination with a FFQ seem to be appropriate to rank subjects according to their usual food intake.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Estilo de Vida , Avaliação Nutricional , Adolescente , Animais , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Europa (Continente) , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Peixes , Ácido Fólico/química , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Software , Inquéritos e Questionários , beta Caroteno/metabolismo
4.
Pediatr Obes ; 7(3): 187-95, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22505226

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Early identification of cardiovascular risk factors consists an essential target for public health. The current study aims to examine the association between neck circumference and several cardiovascular risk factors and to compare it with well-established anthropometric indices. METHODS: Demographic, anthropometric (body weight and height, waist, hip and neck circumference [WC, HC and NC, respectively]), biochemical (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, triglycerides [TG], fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin), clinical (pubertal stage, systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP and DBP, respectively]) and lifestyle (dietary intake, physical activity level) data were collected from 324 children (51.5% boys; 48.5% girls) aged 9-13 in Greece. Body mass index z-score (BMI z-score), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) and fasting glucose to insulin ratio (FGIR) were calculated. RESULTS: All indices (BMI z-score, NC, WC, HC, WHR and WHtR) were correlated with SBP, HDL and insulin-related indices (insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI and FGIR) and all indices except WHR with TG. LDL was correlated with BMI z-score, WC, WHR and WHtR, whereas DBP was correlated with BMI z-score, WC, HC and WHtR. In multivariate analysis, HDL, TG, SBP, insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI and FGIR were associated with all anthropometric indices; DBP with WC, HC, NC and WHtR; LDL with BMI z-score, WC, HC and WHtR. CONCLUSIONS: NC is associated with most cardiovascular disease risk factors. These associations are comparable with those observed for BMI z-score, WC, HC, WHR and WHtR. NC could be a simple, alternative screening tool of cardiovascular risk in children.


Assuntos
Adiposidade , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Pescoço/patologia , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Biomarcadores/sangue , Glicemia/análise , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Diagnóstico Precoce , Feminino , Grécia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Modelos Lineares , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/patologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Circunferência da Cintura , Relação Cintura-Quadril
5.
Obes Rev ; 13 Suppl 1: 3-12, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22309061

RESUMO

The increasing childhood obesity epidemic calls for appropriate measures and effective policies to be applied early in life. Large-scale socioecological frameworks providing a holistic multifactorial and cost-effective approach necessary to support obesity prevention initiatives in this age are however currently missing. To address this missing link, ToyBox-study aims to build and evaluate a cost-effective kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention scheme to prevent obesity in early childhood, which could potentially be expanded on a pan-European scale. A multidisciplinary team of researchers from 10 countries have joined forces and will work to realize this according to a systematic stepwise approach that combines the use of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and intervention mapping protocol. ToyBox-study will conduct systematic and narrative reviews, secondary data analyses, focus group research and societal assessment to design, implement and evaluate outcome, impact, process and cost effectiveness of the intervention. This is the first time that such a holistic approach has been used on a pan-European scale to promote healthy weight and healthy energy balance-related behaviours for the prevention of early childhood obesity. The results of ToyBox-study will be disseminated among key stakeholders including researchers, policy makers, practitioners and the general population.


Assuntos
Planejamento em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Avaliação de Processos e Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/epidemiologia
6.
Obes Rev ; 13 Suppl 1: 29-41, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22309063

RESUMO

This study aimed to (i) gain insight in the prevalence of overweight indices in European preschoolers (4-7 years); (ii) identify energy balance-related behaviours associated with overweight/obesity; and (iii) identify children at risk for overweight/obesity. Secondary analyses of six European data sets were conducted according to standardized protocols. Based on objectively measured height and weight, prevalence of overweight and obesity across the countries ranged from 8% to 30% and 1% to 13%, respectively, with highest rates in Southern European countries (i.e. Spain and Greece). Positive associations between sedentary behaviours and overweight indices were found. Physical activity and dietary behaviours were not associated, possibly because of methodological limitations. Children of parents with high body mass index or low socioeconomic status were at increased risk of overweight/obesity. In conclusion, large differences in prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschoolers across Europe were observed. Future obesity prevention interventions in preschoolers should target screen time giving specific attention to children from overweight and/or low socioeconomic status parents. There is a need for high methodological quality studies, preferably with a long-term prospective design using sensitive, valid and reliable measures of behaviours, assessing whether and which physical activity and dietary behaviours are associated with overweight in preschoolers.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil/fisiologia , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Comparação Transcultural , Demografia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Televisão , Fatores de Tempo
7.
Obes Rev ; 13 Suppl 1: 75-84, 2012 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22309066

RESUMO

Preschoolers already spend significant proportions of their waking hours being sedentary. Screen time (i.e. television/DVD viewing and computer use) has been negatively associated with several health outcomes but interventions aiming to reduce preschoolers' sedentary behaviour are scarce. This study aimed to explore parents' perceptions of their preschool children's screen time. One hundred twenty-two parents of low and medium-high socioeconomic status from six European countries with children between 4 and 6 years old were involved in 24 focus groups. Following a qualitative content analysis, the available information and key findings were centrally analysed. Results showed that children tend to like watching television (TV) and most parents do not express worries about their children's TV viewing time. Education is considered to be the main benefit of watching TV and in general, parents only have informal rules about TV viewing. Computer and active games use are less frequent compared with TV viewing. No univocal results are found about the influence of siblings or friends on children's screen time. Weather conditions and parental habits at home are the most important factors influencing children's screen time. Alternatives for screen activities and information on how to set rules for screen time should be provided to parents to assist them in decreasing their preschool children's screen time.


Assuntos
Educação Infantil/psicologia , Pais/psicologia , Comportamento Sedentário , Classe Social , Adulto , Criança , Comportamento Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Comparação Transcultural , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Relações Pais-Filho , Percepção , Televisão , Jogos de Vídeo/efeitos adversos , Adulto Jovem
8.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 64(12): 1399-406, 2010 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20808332

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to develop an index that evaluates the degree of adherence to existing dietary and lifestyle guidelines for primary school-aged children (Healthy Lifestyle-Diet Index (HLD-Index)) and examine its relationship with selected nutrient intake and insulin resistance (IR). METHODS: Ten components were used to develop the HLD-Index. Scores from 0 to 4 were assigned to all components. The HLD-Index total score ranged between 0 and 40. A sample of 729 schoolchildren from Greece aged 10-12 years (The Healthy Growth Study) was used to evaluate the validation of the proposed index. RESULTS: The overall mean±standard deviation of the HLD-Index score was 20±4.4. Higher HLD-Index scores were associated with lower proportion of children having intakes lower than Estimated Average Requirements by Institute of Medicine. On the basis of the cutoff point of 3.16 for homeostasis model assessment of IR, 20.9% of participants were found to be insulin resistant. After adjusting for potential confounders, logistic regression showed that a 1 unit increase in the score is associated with almost 8% lower odds for being insulin resistant. The cutoff point analysis revealed that score equal to or lower than 21 best discriminates children with IR from those without IR. On the basis of this cutoff point, the sensitivity of the HLD-Index was 70% and the corresponding specificity was 47%. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed HLD-Index could be used by public health policy makers and other health-care professionals to identify subgroups in the population with poor diet-lifestyle habits who are at increased probability for IR.


Assuntos
Dieta/normas , Ingestão de Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar , Resistência à Insulina , Estilo de Vida , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Grécia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Política Nutricional , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estudos de Validação como Assunto
9.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 64(12): 1407-14, 2010 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20808335

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this work was to identify dietary patterns based on reduced rank regression (RRR) and principal component analysis (PCA) and to evaluate the association of these patterns with the prevalence of childhood obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A sample of 2317 toddlers and preschoolers from Greece (Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers) was used. In total, 12 food groups were used as predictors of RRR and PCA. Nutrients such as total fat, simple carbohydrate and fiber intake were used as response variables to apply RRR. RESULTS: One factor/pattern was retained from RRR and PCA in order to ensure the comparability of the methods. The pattern derived from PCA was mainly characterized by consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish and seafood, grains and oils. This pattern explained 12.5% of the total variation in food groups. On the other hand, the pattern extracted from RRR was mainly characterized by reduced consumption of fruits, vegetables and legumes, and by increased consumption of sweets and red meat. The pattern derived from RRR explained 8.2% of the total variation in food groups. Simple and multiple logistic regression revealed that the pattern extracted from RRR is significantly associated with the prevalence of childhood obesity (OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.00-1.28 for each unit increase of dietary pattern) as opposed to the pattern derived from PCA. CONCLUSIONS: The preferable technique to derive dietary patterns related to childhood obesity seems to be RRR compared with PCA.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Análise de Componente Principal/métodos , Pré-Escolar , Grão Comestível , Frutas , Grécia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Logísticos , Carne , Alimentos Marinhos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Verduras
10.
Public Health ; 123(11): 738-42, 2009 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19958913

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To quantify maternal perceptions regarding the quality of their child's diet, and to identify factors associated with misperceptions. STUDY DESIGN: A representative sample of 2287 children aged 2-5 years from a cross-sectional study (GENESIS study) was used. METHODS: Maternal perceptions of the quality of their child's diet, child's and mother's anthropometric characteristics, and other characteristics (i.e. socio-demographic and lifestyle) were recorded. The actual quality of each child's diet was estimated using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. RESULTS: Based on the HEI score, 18.3% of participants had a 'poor' diet, 81.5% had a diet which 'needs improvement' and only 0.2% had a 'good' diet. Almost 83% of mothers overestimated the quality of their child's diet. The overestimation rate was 86% among mothers who declared that they choose their child's food based on what they consider to be healthy, and 72% among those who reported that other factors play the predominant role in food choices for their child (P<0.001). Moreover, total energy intake as well as the intake of fruits, grains, vegetables, meat and milk was significantly higher among children whose mothers overestimated the quality of their diet. CONCLUSION: The vast majority of mothers overestimate the quality of their child's diet. Given that maternal perceptions regarding the quality of their child's diet are likely to be one of the predominant factors determining the child's food intake, health professionals should make mothers aware of the existence of particular dietary recommendations that their children should meet in order to eat a healthy diet.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Dieta/normas , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Mães/psicologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Relações Mãe-Filho , Avaliação Nutricional , Fatores Socioeconômicos
11.
Eur J Public Health ; 19(3): 319-25, 2009 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19208697

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Identification of the behavioural, normative and control beliefs influencing children's behaviour is an important prerequisite in designing effective interventions. The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program, based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), on obesity indices and blood pressure (BP) in Ioannina, Greece. METHODS: Participants were 646 fifth grade pupils (360 girls and 286 boys). The intervention group (IG) consisted of 321 children in 13 randomly selected schools while the rest (n = 325 children) served as the control group (CG). Based on the outcome of the TPB questionnaire, the intervention focused on overcoming the barriers in accessing physical activity areas, increasing the availability of fruits and vegetables and increasing parental support. General linear mixed model and mediating variable analysis were used to evaluate the differences between the two groups and to test whether changes in certain dietary, physical activity and anthropometrical indices mediated the effect of the intervention on BP. RESULTS: IG had higher consumption of fruits and lower consumption of fats/oils and sweets/beverages compared with the CG. Intervention's effect on BMI could be explained by the changes in fruit and fats/oils intake whereas the reduction of systolic and diastolic BP could be explained by the reduction of BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate favourable changes in BP and obesity indices after the implementation of a 1-year school-based intervention program based on the TPB. These results highlight the importance of developing a social and physical environment that promotes balanced eating behaviours and extra-curricular access to physical activity venues.


Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Educação Física e Treinamento , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Criança , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Atividade Motora , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Pais/educação , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários
12.
Int J Obes (Lond) ; 32 Suppl 5: S35-41, 2008 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19011651

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of methods used to assess food and nutrient intake, nutritional knowledge and diet-related attitudes in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study (HELENA-CSS), with selected results from the feasibility study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To assess food intake in 13- to 16-year-old adolescents, a previously developed computer-assisted and self-administered 24-h recall was adapted for international use. Food consumption data were linked to national food composition databases to calculate energy and nutrient intakes. To assess nutritional knowledge in pupils not having any special (trained) education concerning 'nutrition', a 23-item validated multiple choice questionnaire was adapted. To assess eating attitudes, behaviour and/or putative problems with body weight in adolescents, a validated inventory covering 60 questions or statements was adapted for the study. In a feasibility study, instruments, data collection and processing were tested in one school class in each of the 10 participating European cities. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility study provided plausible results, quite consistent between countries. Against this background and for the first time, standardized and uniform methodology was made available for the main study to assess and characterize dietary intake, nutritional knowledge and eating attitudes.


Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Comportamento Alimentar , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Adolescente , Estudos Transversais , Registros de Dieta , Europa (Continente) , Estudos de Viabilidade , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários
13.
Diabet Med ; 25(1): 65-72, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18028438

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that insulin resistance (IR) is associated with the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of IR in Greek schoolchildren and to investigate factors associated with IR. METHODS: Between October 2005 and March 2006, 522 children were recruited from Crete. Physical activity and dietary habits, anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, as well as medical history of pupils' parents were recorded. IR was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio (FGIR) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Multiple linear regression was used to determine independent predictors for IR. RESULTS: Fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR scores were higher in obese children and girls compared with their normal-weight peers (P < 0.001). Moreover, the former had lower values in FGIR and QUICKI indices compared with the latter, indicating that obese children and girls are more insulin resistant compared with their counterparts (P < 0.001). The prevalence of IR was 9.2% (2.9% in normal-weight, 10.5% in overweight and 31.0% in obese children), using as a threshold HOMA-IR > 2.10 97.5th percentile of normal-weight participants). Multiple linear regression revealed that central adiposity, female gender and intake of simple carbohydrates is associated positively with HOMA-IR values, even after controlling for many other factors. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that girls and obese children, particularly those with central adiposity, are at high risk of developing IR. Therefore, these groups should be targets of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease preventive interventions.


Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Antropometria/métodos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Escolaridade , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose/estatística & dados numéricos , Grécia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/metabolismo , Linhagem , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência
14.
Int J Obes (Lond) ; 32(1): 39-47, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18059407

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To identify those perinatal parameters and characteristics predisposing children to an increased risk of overweight during infancy and preschool years. DESIGN: The analyses were performed using data from the Growth, Exercise and Nutrition Epidemiological Study In preSchoolers. SUBJECTS: A representative sample of 2374 Greek preschoolers 1-5 years old. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric data, such as body weight, recumbent length and standing height, were obtained by using standard procedures and measuring equipment. Structured interviews were conducted with both parents to collect information on anthropometric, demographic, medical and behavioral data. Finally, children's anthropometric data at birth, 6 and 12 months of age were recorded from their birth certificates and medical records. RESULTS: Children born large for gestational age were 4.59 and 2.19 times more likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children born appropriate for gestational age. On the other hand, children that were exclusively breastfed were 0.49 and 0.54 times less likely for being overweight at 6 and 12 months of age, respectively, than children that were exclusively formula fed. Furthermore, 3- to 5-year-old children born to mothers who were both active and passive smokers during pregnancy were 1.79 times more likely of being overweight compared to children born to nonsmoking mothers. Finally, having an overweight father significantly increased the likelihood of childhood overweight at 12 months, 1-3 and 3-5 years of age. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that some of the perinatal parameters and characteristics examined in the current study predict overweight at infancy, while others at preschool years. Priority should be given to size at birth, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental overweight, when developing public health strategies to reduce the prevalence of childhood overweight and related chronic disease later in life.


Assuntos
Estatura , Peso Corporal , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Peso ao Nascer , Aleitamento Materno , Pré-Escolar , Escolaridade , Pai , Feminino , Previsões , Grécia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mães/educação , Sobrepeso/prevenção & controle , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversos
15.
Int J Obes (Lond) ; 31(7): 1052-60, 2007 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17406273

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme 1 (ACE) I/D polymorphism and adiposity-related phenotypes in a large cohort of toddlers and preschoolers. METHODS: Body composition measurements and DNA samples were obtained from 2102 Greek children aged 1-6 years, as part of a large-scale epidemiological study (GENESIS). All children were genotyped for the ACE I/D polymorphism and gender- and age-stratified statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: In girls aged 4-6 years, the D-allele was associated with higher measurements of body mass index (BMI) (P=0.018), waist (P=0.001) and upper arm (P=0.013) circumferences, genotype accounting for 2.5, 4 and 3% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. In boys, the D-allele showed strong associations with lower BMI (P=0.001) at the age of 1-2 years that explained 17% of the phenotypic variance and with larger suprailiac skinfold (P=0.008) at 3-4 years old that explained 2% of the variance. No other significant associations between the ACE I/D polymorphism and adiposity-related phenotypes were found. In girls, the age at which significant associations were revealed coincided with the age at which BMI was observed to increase after its developmental nadir, but this feature of the association was not observed in boys. CONCLUSIONS: The ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with developmental and physiological changes in adiposity-related traits during early childhood in a gender- and age-specific manner.


Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Genótipo , Grécia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Fenótipo
16.
J Hum Nutr Diet ; 20(2): 126-31, 2007 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17374025

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of a nutrition education programme on post-menopausal women using self-reported nutrient intake data as well as a qualitative data obtained by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-five women (55-65 years old) were randomized to a dietary intervention group (IG: n=39), attending regular nutrition education sessions for 5 months and to a control group (CG: n=36). The intervention scheme was based on a combined application of the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory, aiming to increase nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy of the subjects to adopt and maintain healthy dietary choices. Changes in self-reported macro- and micronutrients' intake as well as in the HEI total score and in its ten components were obtained. RESULTS: The IG subjects reported increasing their milk (P<0.001) and total fat (P=0.01) HEI scores, decreasing total fat intake (P=0.050) and increasing calcium and vitamin D intakes (P<0.001 respectively) to a higher extent compared with the changes reported by the CG. CONCLUSION: The current nutrition education programme appears to have induced favourable changes for the IG in micronutrients' intake primarily related to bone health and in total fat intake. These changes were reflected in the individual HEI indices but not in total HEI score.


Assuntos
Dieta/normas , Educação em Saúde , Ciências da Nutrição/educação , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/prevenção & controle , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Idoso , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/administração & dosagem , Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Comportamento de Escolha , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Micronutrientes/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós-Menopausa , Autoeficácia , Vitamina D/administração & dosagem
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