The Association of Food Insecurity With Asthma Control in Adults During COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Food insecurity has been associated with poorer asthma control in children, but research lacks in adults. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of food insecurity and its association with asthma control in adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. METHODS: An online cross-sectional survey study was conducted in US adults with asthma. Survey questions included how worried or concerned participants were about food security since the pandemic. Asthma control was assessed using the Asthma Control Test, with uncontrolled asthma defined as Asthma Control Test score less than or equal to 19. Self-report of food insecurity since the pandemic was assessed. Food insecurity variables were dichotomized into high insecurity (≥3) or low insecurity (<3). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of the total participants (N = 866), 82.79% were female; mean age of participants was 44 ± 15.05 years, their mean Asthma Control Test score was 19.25 ± 4.54, and 18.48% had high food insecurity. Participants with high food insecurity were more likely to have uncontrolled asthma (74.38%) compared with those with lower food insecurity (34.99%; P < .01). The relationship between asthma control and food insecurity remained significant after adjusting for age, education, sex, race, anxiety, and living stability concerns due to the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity exists in adults with asthma and is associated with uncontrolled asthma. Providers should consider screening their patients for food insecurity when treating individuals with uncontrolled asthma.

Utilizing Real-time Technology to Assess the Impact of Home Environmental Exposures on Asthma Symptoms: Protocol for an Observational Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that over 60% of adults with asthma have uncontrolled symptoms, representing a substantial health and economic impact. The effects of the home environment and exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on adults with asthma remain unknown. In addition, methods currently used to assess the home environment do not capture real-time data on potentially modifiable environmental exposures or their effect on asthma symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are to (1) determine the feasibility and usability of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess self-report residential environmental exposures and asthma symptoms, home monitoring of objective environmental exposures (total VOCs and PM2.5), and lung function in terms of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%); (2) assess the frequency and level of residential environmental exposures (eg, disinfectants/cleaners, secondhand smoke) via self-reported data and home monitoring objective measures; (3) assess the level of asthma control as indicated by self-reported asthma symptoms and lung function; and (4) explore associations of self-reported and objective measures of residential environmental exposures with self-reported and objective measures of asthma control. METHODS: We will recruit 50 adults with asthma who have completed our online Global COVID-19 Asthma Study, indicated willingness to be contacted for future studies, reported high use of disinfectant/cleaning products, and have asthma that is not well controlled. Participants will receive an indoor air quality monitor and a home spirometer to measure VOCs, PM2.5, and FEV1%, respectively. EMA data will be collected using a personal smartphone and EMA software platform. Participants will be sent scheduled and random EMA notifications to assess asthma symptoms, environmental exposures, lung function, and mitigation strategies. After the 14-day data collection period, participants will respond to survey items related to acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. RESULTS: This study was funded in March 2021. We pilot tested our procedures and began recruitment in April 2022. The anticipated completion of the study is 2023. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this feasibility study will support a powered study to address the impact of home environmental exposures on asthma symptoms and develop tailored, home-based asthma interventions that are responsive to the changing home environment and home routines. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05224076; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05224076. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/39887.

The Role of Utility Value in Promoting Interest Development.

An individual's initial interest in a topic may quickly fade, or it may become deeper and more enduring. One factor that may support an emerging interest is to discover utility value (or usefulness) in the topic. Instructional materials that emphasize the utility value of a topic can enhance learning and motivation, but whether these materials can foster interest development among individuals who show initial interest in a topic is uncertain. Across two studies, we tested utility-value manipulations under conditions in which we expected the manipulations to promote the development of interest. In Study 1, we manipulated whether participants received utility-value information during a learning session and found that such information triggered a state of interest for participants who had reported higher levels of interest at the outset of the session. In Study 2, we provided all participants with the same utility-value information provided to some students in Study 1, and then manipulated whether they wrote one of three kinds of essays about the utility value of the task (or a control topic). For participants with higher interest, we found that subsequent reflection on the usefulness of the material for the distant future in a writing activity (rather than the present or near future) further promoted interest development. In addition, engaging in any type of utility-value writing improved performance on a test of the material - overall, and specifically for less confident participants - replicating previous research. Findings suggest that, under the right conditions, emphasizing utility value can catalyze the interest-development process.