Weaning Humidified High Flow Oxygen Therapy among Paediatric Patients: An Integrative Review of Literature.

PROBLEM: The paucity of up-to-date recommendations and evidence-based models, whether it is physician-initiated or initiated by other healthcare professionals, for humidified high flow oxygen therapy among children. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: The inclusion criteria included the following: 1) use of high flow oxygen therapy (≥15 L/min); 2) published studies from the year 2000 and onwards; 3) research article in a peer-reviewed journal; 4) studies conducted in a hospital setting involving paediatric patients <18 years old; 5) availability of full article online. SAMPLE: From March to April 2018, electronic databases such as PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Excerpta Medica Database, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute Library of Systematic Reviews, SCOPUS, Ovid, Informit, and Google Scholar were accessed. The systematic search initially yielded 41 studies. RESULTS: Eventually, three eligible studies were reviewed and appraised. Overarching themes were identified: 1) the lack of weaning standards; 2) the limited focus on young population in intensive care settings; and 3) the paucity of weaning models. CONCLUSION: The lack of studies suggested that this is a fertile area for research. In this light, this paper challenged researchers, clinicians, and experts to develop evidence-based standards and models of weaning towards efficient and better quality of care. IMPLICATION: This review may lead to the development of nurse-led or nurse-initiated weaning protocols to enable timely weaning intervention for children and thus reduce the need for prolonged oxygen use. Furthermore, this may also instigate an economic evaluation of a nurse-lead weaning against current models of medically lead weaning.

Nurse-initiated and criteria-led discharge from hospital for children and young people.

The readiness of a child or young person for discharge includes patient safety, the family's ability to care for the child at home and the ongoing treatment they will need, which has a direct influence on their health outcomes and future readmissions to hospital. There are no standard criteria for discharge practice and registered nurses have reported concerns about their ability to provide education and discharge planning to meet the needs of the patient and their family. A literature review was carried out to ascertain the current discharge principles adhered to in practice and the implemented tools used. The problems faced by registered nurses include ineffective communication, poorly defined role in discharge planning and lack of agreement with the multidisciplinary team. The standardisation of discharge procedures may reduce the risk of readmission and health deterioration of the patient and ensure positive health outcomes, improve family health literacy and continuity of care.

How a short stay unit can reduce children's waiting times.

Admitting children to emergency departments (EDs) often places them in an environment better suited to the treatment of adult patients. These children are often triaged and treated as adults, resulting in children being given the wrong triage categories and having their treatment delayed. EDs have problems giving drugs to children, staff are unfamiliar with children's emergency care, and children find EDs frightening. A paediatric emergency short stay unit (PESSU) was opened at Caboolture Hospital, Queensland, Australia, in January 2014. Admission to the PESSU has significantly reduced waiting times for children arriving at the ED and enabled specialist nursing and medical care to be provided quickly. This has been supported by the development of the paediatric flow nurse role ( Gray et al 2016 ).

Advanced practice in emergency care: the paediatric flow nurse.

Children admitted to emergency departments (EDs) in Australia are often placed in an environment better suited to the treatment of adult patients. This can lead to problems because ED staff are unfamiliar with specialist paediatric care and children often find adult EDs frightening. The development of the paediatric flow nurse (PFN) role at Caboolture Hospital has meant children are treated and supported by a trained paediatric nurse and triaged and treated quickly and effectively. The PFN team collaborates with ED nursing and medical staff to start treating patients and to help move children from the ED to the paediatric emergency short stay unit or inpatient paediatric beds. Each week, the PFN team sees about 30-50 children, many of whom are cared for and discharged directly from the ED.