Overweight BMI (25-29) in Active Duty Military: Excess Fat or More Lean Mass? A Look at the Evidence.

Many active duty service members and their health care providers feel that the current body mass index (BMI) standard for diagnosing obesity, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, may unfairly overclassify as obese those with higher muscle mass. Unfortunately, a closer look at the data available for service members repeatedly demonstrates the exact opposite: we are actually underestimating the rates of obesity in service members using current BMI cutoffs when compared with body fat mass as measured by either dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance analysis as the gold standard. Using a lower BMI threshold and refining positive results via history, exam, labs, and/or more specific measurements of body composition would more accurately estimate body fat percentage in active duty service members while remaining convenient and scalable. Given the current obesity epidemic in our nation, this suggests the critical need for new approaches to screening, as well as treatment, of overweight and obesity in our military to improve service readiness.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome Presenting as an Acute Back Pain.

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), characterized by the autoimmune destruction of Schwann cells with resultant myelin degradation, is the most common subtype of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). GBS encompasses a myriad of autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathies, typically following an antecedent infectious process. Symptom onset is typically 1-3 weeks following an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal illness and consists of rapidly progressive ascending areflexic motor paralysis. Lower cranial nerves are often involved, leading to bulbar weakness and respiratory compromise. Autonomic dysregulation is common and must be managed carefully to avoid potentially fatal autonomic dysregulation. Contrary to the potential severity of the condition, 66% of GBS cases present with the initial complaint of lower back pain. Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) and/or plasmapheresis coupled with supportive management is the mainstay of GBS treatment. The majority of patients make a full recovery in up to one year. The rapid and serious nature of the disease coupled with the often benign presentation can make the diagnosis a difficult but vital challenge.

Synopsis of the 2020 U.S. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Adult Overweight and Obesity.

INTRODUCTION: In May of 2020, the U.S. Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Department of Defense (DoD) approved a new joint clinical practice guideline for assessing and managing patients who have overweight and obesity. This guideline is intended to give healthcare teams a framework by which to screen, evaluate, treat, and manage the individual needs and preferences of VA and DoD patients who may have either of these conditions. It can be accessed at https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/CD/obesity/. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In January of 2019, the VA/DoD Evidence-Based Practice Work Group convened a joint VA/DoD guideline development effort that included clinical stakeholders and conformed to the Institute of Medicine's tenets for trustworthy clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: The guideline panel developed 12 key questions, systematically searched and evaluated the literature, created a 1-page algorithm, and advanced 18 recommendations using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. CONCLUSIONS: This synopsis summarizes the key recommendations of the guideline regarding management of overweight and obesity, including referral to comprehensive lifestyle interventions that combine behavioral, dietary, and physical activity change, and additional tools of pharmacologic and procedural interventions. Additionally, recommendations based on evidence found in the literature for short-term weight loss are included. A clinical practice algorithm that is part of the guideline is also included. Additional materials, such as provider and patient summaries and a provider pocket card, are also available for public use, accessible at the U.S. Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) website listed above.

Glycemic benefits with adherence to testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: While previous studies have demonstrated testosterone's beneficial effects on glycemic control in men with hypogonadism and Type 2 Diabetes, the extent to which these improvements are observed based on the degree of treatment adherence has been unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of long-term testosterone therapy in A1C levels in men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and hypogonadism, controlling for BMI, pre-treatment A1C, and age among different testosterone therapy adherence groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 1737 men with diabetes and hypogonadism on testosterone therapy for 5 years of data from 2008-2018, isolating A1C, lipid panels, and BMI results for analysis. Subjects were categorized into adherence groups based on quartiles of the proportion of days covered (> 75% of days, 51-75% of days, 26-50% of days and 0-25% of days), with >75% of days covered considered adherent to therapy. RESULTS: Pre-treatment median A1C was 6.8%. Post-treatment median A1C was 7.1%. The adherent group, >75%, was the only group notable for a decrease in A1C, with a median decrease of -0.2 (p = 0.0022). BMI improvement was associated with improved post-treatment A1C (p = 0.007). When controlling for BMI, age, and pre-treatment A1C, the >75% adherence group was associated with improved post-treatment A1C (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: When controlling for all studied variables, testosterone adherence was associated with improved post-treatment A1C. The higher the initial A1C at the initiation of therapy, the higher the potential for lowering the patient's A1C with >75% adherence. Further, all groups showed some reduction in BMI, which may indicate that testosterone therapy may affect A1C independent of weight loss. CONCLUSION: Even when controlling for improved BMI, pre-treatment A1C, and age, testosterone positively impacted glycemic control in diabetes patients with hypogonadism, with the most benefit noted in those most adherent to therapy (>75%).

Neutral effect of exenatide on serum testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: Endogenous testosterone increases with weight loss from diet, exercise, and bariatric surgery. However, little is known about testosterone levels after weight loss from medication. OBJECTIVES: Uncover the effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) therapy on serum testosterone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study of men starting GLP-1 RA therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: 51 men lost 2.27 kg (p = 0.00162) and their HbA1c values improved by 0.7% (p = 0.000503) after 6 months of GLP-1 RA therapy. There was no significant change in testosterone for the group as a whole. However, in subgroup analyses, there was a significant difference in total testosterone change between men starting with baseline total testosterone <320 ng/dL (238.5 ± 56.5 ng/dL to 272.2 ± 82.3 ng/dL) compared to higher values (438 ± 98.2 ng/dL to 412 ± 141.2 ng/dL) (p = 0.0172);free testosterone increased if the baseline total testosterone was <320 ng/dL (55.2 ± 12.8 pg/mL to 57.2 ± 17.6 pg/mL) and decreased if >320 ng/dL (74.7 ± 16.3 pg/mL to 64.2 ± 17.7 pg/mL) (p = 0.00807). Additionally, there were significant differences in testosterone change between men with HbA1c improvements ≥1% (351.6 ± 123.9 ng/dL to 394.4 ± 136.5 ng/dL) compared to men with HbA1c changes <1% (331.8 ± 128.6 ng/dL to 316.1 ± 126.2 ng/dL) (p = 0.0413). CONCLUSION: GLP-1 RA therapy improves weight and HbA1c without adverse effects on testosterone. Those starting with lower testosterone values or attaining greater improvement in HbA1c may see additional benefits.

Diabetes by Air, Land, and Sea: Effect of Deployments on HbA1c and BMI.

INTRODUCTION: Service members (SMs) in the United States (U.S.) Armed Forces have diabetes mellitus at a rate of 2-3%. Despite having a chronic medical condition, they have deployed to environments with limited medical support. Given the scarcity of data describing how they fare in these settings, we conducted a retrospective study analyzing the changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) before and after deployment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SMs from the U.S. Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps with diabetes who deployed overseas were identified through the Military Health System (MHS) Management Analysis and Reporting Tool and the Defense Manpower Data Center. Laboratory and pharmaceutical data were obtained from the MHS Composite Health Care System and the Pharmacy Data Transaction Service, respectively. Paired t-tests were conducted to calculate changes in HbA1c and BMI before and after deployment. RESULTS: SMs with diabetes completed 11,325 deployments of greater than 90 days from 2005 to 2017. Of these, 474 (4.2%) SMs had both HbA1c and BMI measurements within 90 days prior to departure and within 90 days of return. Most (84.2%) required diabetes medications: metformin in 67.3%, sulfonylureas in 19.0%, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in 13.9%, and insulin in 5.5%. Most SMs deployed with an HbA1c < 7.0% (67.1%), with a mean predeployment HbA1c of 6.8%. Twenty percent deployed with an HbA1c between 7.0 and 7.9%, 7.2% deployed with an HbA1c between 8.0 and 8.9%, and 5.7% deployed with an HbA1c of 9.0% or higher. In the overall population and within each military service, there was no significant change in HbA1c before and after deployment. However, those with predeployment HbA1c < 7.0% experienced a rise in HbA1c from 6.2 to 6.5% (P < 0.001), whereas those with predeployment HbA1c values ≥7.0% experienced a decline from 8.0 to 7.5% (P < 0.001). Those who deployed between 91 and 135 days had a decline in HbA1c from 7.1 to 6.7% (P = 0.010), but no significant changes were demonstrated in those with longer deployment durations. BMI declined from 29.6 to 29.3 kg/m2 (P < 0.001), with other significant changes seen among those in the Army, Navy, and deployment durations up to 315 days. CONCLUSIONS: Most SMs had an HbA1c < 7.0%, suggesting that military providers appropriately selected well-managed SMs for deployment. HbA1c did not seem to deteriorate during deployment, but they also did not improve despite a reduction in BMI. Concerning trends included the deployment of some SMs with much higher HbA1c, utilization of medications with adverse safety profiles, and the lack of HbA1c and BMI evaluation proximal to deployment departures and returns. However, for SMs meeting adequate glycemic targets, we demonstrated that HbA1c remained stable, supporting the notion that some SMs may safely deploy with diabetes. Improvement in BMI may compensate for factors promoting hyperglycemia in a deployed setting, such as changes in diet and medication availability. Future research should analyze in a prospective fashion, where a more complete array of diabetes and readiness-related measures to comprehensively evaluate the safety of deploying SMs with diabetes.

Clonidine suppression testing for pheochromocytoma in neurofibromatosis type 1.

Compared with the general population, rates of pheochromocytoma are higher in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients. However, pheochromocytoma testing is often plagued by false positive results. Here we present a patient with NF1, elevated urinary metanephrine levels, and an indeterminate adrenal nodule. Clonidine suppression testing aided diagnosis and led to definitive surgical treatment that confirmed a pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytoma screening and clonidine suppression testing can both aid in the evaluation for catecholamine-secreting tumours.

Getting New Test Results to Patients.

: New diagnostic results are constantly arriving to outpatient practices. It is imperative to effectively communicate these results and their implications to patients. METHODS: We surveyed 100 patients and our clinic personnel to assess opinions regarding methods of communication in common scenarios. RESULTS: Response rate was 79% from patients and 75% from clinic personnel. Most patients thought letters were an appropriate way to receive normal test results (83%). They also felt medical-technician calls were appropriate for normal results (88%), medication dose changes (75%), or need for additional studies (71%). Respondents considered nurse calls acceptable in most scenarios except for new diagnoses of cancer or need for surgery; the consensus was that physicians should directly communicate to patients in these situations. CONCLUSIONS: Providers should take the time to discuss results with patients that lead to significant interventions, but employ support staff to disseminate information about normal results, medication dose changes, and need for additional diagnostic testing.

Effect of Military Deployment on Diabetes Mellitus in Air Force Personnel.

Introduction: Military deployments relocate service members to austere locations with limited medical capabilities, raising uncertainties whether members with diabetes can participate safely. Military regulations require a medical clearance for service members with diabetes prior to deployment, but there is a dearth of data that can guide the provider in this decision. To alleviate the lack of evidence in this area, we analyzed the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index (BMI) before and after a deployment among active duty U.S. Air Force personnel who deployed with diabetes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using HbA1c and BMI values obtained within 3 mo before and within 3 mo after repatriation from a deployment of at least 90 d between January 1, 2004 through December 31, 2014. The study population consisted of 103 and 195 subjects who had an available pre- and post-deployment HbA1c and BMI values, respectively. Paired t-tests were conducted to determine significant differences in HbA1C and BMI values. Results: The majority (73.8%) of members had a HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) prior to deployment. For the overall population, HbA1c before and after deployment decreased from 6.7% (50 mmol/mol) to 6.5% (40 mmol/mol) (p = 0.03). Subgroup analysis demonstrated a significant decline in HbA1c among males, those aged 31-40 yr, and those with a pre-deployment HbA1c of >7%. BMI declined for the overall population (28.3 kg/m2 vs. 27.7 kg/m2, p < 0.0001) and for most of the subgroups. Conclusion: Air Force service members who deployed with diabetes, including those with a HbA1c > 7%, experienced a statistically significant improvement in HbA1c and BMI upon repatriation. A prospective study design in the future can better reconcile the effect of a military deployment on a more comprehensive array of diabetes parameters.

Who's distressed? A comparison of diabetes-related distress by type of diabetes and medication.

OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that diabetes-related distress would vary by type of diabetes and medication regimen [Type 1 diabetes (T1DM), Type 2 diabetes with insulin use (T2DM-i), Type 2 diabetes without insulin use (T2DM)]. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify groups with elevated diabetes-related distress. METHODS: We administered the 17-item Diabetes-related Distress Scale (DDS-17) to 585 patients. We collected demographics, medications, and lab results from patient records. RESULTS: Patients were categorized by type of diabetes and medication: T1DM (n = 149); T2DM-i (n = 333); and T2DM (n = 103). ANOVA revealed significant differences in sample characteristics. ANCOVA were conducted on all four DDS-17 domains [Emotional Burden (EB); Physician-related Distress (PD); Regimen-related Distress (RD); and Interpersonal Distress (ID)]; covariates included in the models were sex, age, duration of diabetes, BMI, and HbA1c. EB was significantly lower in T1DM than T2DM-i, p < 0.05. In addition, RD was significantly lower in T1DM than either T2DM-i, p < 0.05 and T2DM, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: EB and RD are higher for those with type 2 diabetes. Thus, interventions to reduce EB and RD need to be considered for patients with type 2 diabetes. IMPLICATIONS: DDS-17 is useful in identifying diabetes-related distress in patients with diabetes. Efforts need to be made to reduce EB and RD.

Analysis of current thyroid function test ordering practices.

RATIONALE: Current guidelines recommend thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) alone as the best test to detect and monitor thyroid dysfunction, yet free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) are commonly ordered when not clinically indicated. Excessive testing can lead to added economic burden in an era of rising healthcare costs, while rarely contributing to the evaluation or management of thyroid disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate our institution's practice in ordering thyroid function tests (TFTs) and to identify strategies to reduce inappropriate FT4 and FT3 testing. METHODS: A record of all TFTs obtained in the San Antonio Military Health System during a 3-month period was extracted from the electronic medical record. The TFTs of interest were TSH, FT4, thyroid panel (TSH + FT4), FT3, total thyroxine (T4), and total triiodothyronine (T3). These were categorized based on the presence or absence of hypothyroidism. RESULTS: Between August 1 and October 31, 2016, there were 38 214 individual TFTs ordered via 28 597 total laboratory requests; 11 486 of these requests were in patients with a history of hypothyroidism. The number (percent) of laboratory requests fell into these patterns: TSH alone 14 919 (52.14%), TSH + FT4 7641 (26.72%), FT3 alone 3039 (10.63%), FT4 alone 1219 (4.26%), TSH + FT4 + FT3 783 (2.74%), and others 996 (3.48%); 36.0% of TFTs ordered were free thyroid hormones. Projected out to a year, using Department of Defense laboratory costs, $317 429 worth of TFTs would be ordered, with free thyroid hormone testing accounting for $107 720. CONCLUSION: Inappropriate ordering of free thyroid hormone tests is common. In an era of rising healthcare costs, inappropriate thyroid function testing is an ideal target for efforts to reduce laboratory overutilization, which in our system, could save up to $120 000 per year. Further evaluation is needed to determine strategies that can reduce excessive thyroid hormone testing.

Leadership Training in Endocrinology Fellowship? A Survey of Program Directors and Recent Graduates.

CONTEXT: There is growing recognition that more physician leaders are needed to navigate the next era of medicine. OBJECTIVE: To determine current opinions about leadership training in endocrinology fellowship programs. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-seven-question survey addressing various aspects of leadership training to current nationwide fellowship program directors (PDs) and fellowship graduates since 2010. INTERVENTION: In partnership with the Endocrine Society, the electronic survey was advertised primarily via direct e-mail. It was open from March through July 2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The survey addressed leadership traits, importance of leadership training, preferred timing, and content of leadership training. RESULTS: Forty-six of 138 PDs (33.3%) and 147 of 1769 graduates (8.3%) completed the survey. Among PDs and graduates, there was strong agreement (>95%) about important leadership characteristics, including job knowledge, character traits, team-builder focus, and professional skills. PDs (64.5%) and graduates (60.8%) favored teaching leadership skills during fellowship, with PDs favoring mentoring/coaching (75.0%), direct observation of staff clinicians (72.5%), and seminars (72.5%). Graduates favored a variety of approaches. Regarding topics to include in a leadership curriculum, PDs responded that communication skills (97.5%), team building (95.0%), professional skills (90.0%), clinic management (87.5%), strategies to impact the delivery of endocrinology care (85.0%), and personality skills (82.5%) were most important. Graduates responded similarly, with >80% agreement for each topic. Finally, most PDs (89%) expressed a desire to incorporate more leadership training into their programs. CONCLUSIONS: Our survey suggests a need for leadership training in endocrinology fellowships. More work is needed to determine how best to meet this need.

Novel Neuroendocrine Tumor in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1.

This case highlights the appropriate use of genetic testing and supports expanding the clinical diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 to include neuroendocrine tumors of the extrahepatic bile duct.

EVALUATION OF TOTAL DAILY DOSE AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL FOR PATIENTS TAKING U-500 REGULAR INSULIN ADMITTED TO THE HOSPITAL.

OBJECTIVE: Patients using U-500 regular insulin are severely insulin resistant, requiring high doses of insulin. It has been observed that a patient's insulin requirements may dramatically decrease during hospitalization. This study sought to systematically investigate this phenomenon. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with U-500 insulin outpatient regimens who were admitted to the San Antonio Military Medical Center over a 5-year period. Each patient's outpatient total daily dose (TDD) of insulin was compared to the average inpatient TDD. The outpatient estimated average glucose (eAG) was calculated from the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and compared to the average inpatient glucose. RESULTS: There were 27 patients with a total of 62 separate admissions. The average age was 64.4 years, with a mean body mass index of 38.9 kg/m2 and eAG of 203 mg/dL (HbA1c, 8.7%, 71.6 mmol/mol). All patients were converted from U-500 to U-100 upon admission. The average inpatient TDD of insulin was 91 units, versus 337 units as outpatients (P<.001). Overall, 89% of patients received ≤50% of their outpatient TDD. The average inpatient glucose was slightly higher than the outpatient eAG, 234 mg/dL versus 203 mg/dL (P = .003). CONCLUSION: U-500 insulin is prone to errors in the hospital setting, so conversion to U-100 insulin is a preferred option. Despite a significant reduction in insulin TDD, these patients had clinically similar glucose levels. Therefore, patients taking U-500 insulin as an outpatient can be converted to a U-100 basal-bolus regimen with at least a 50% reduction of their outpatient TDD. ABBREVIATIONS: BG = blood glucose eAG = estimated average glucose HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin NPO = nil per os SPSS = Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TDD = total daily dose.

Effects of α-blocker therapy on active duty military and military retirees for benign prostatic hypertrophy on diabetic complications.

OBJECTIVES: Determine if men with type 2 diabetes who take α-blockers (ABs) for benign prostatic hypertrophy gain additional benefit with reduced diabetic complications. METHODS: Chart review of 1,100 men with type 2 diabetes and benign prostatic hypertrophy taking either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker. RESULTS: Of the 1,100 men, 330 took ABs and 770 did not take ABs. Despite no difference in blood pressure between men taking or not taking ABs, those taking them had more evidence of renal and cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of complications varied among the AB types with tamsulosin users having more coronary artery disease diagnoses and doxazosin users having more renal disease diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: ABs when prescribed for benign prostatic hypertrophy not only failed to give additional protection against developing diabetic complications but were associated with more cardiovascular and renal disease diagnoses. Prospective randomized controlled trials are necessary to determine if there is a causal relationship between ABs and adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and benign prostatic hypertrophy already on an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker.