Incarceration History and HIV Care Among Individuals Living with HIV in Florida, 2014-2018.

The present study examines the HIV continuum of care outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWH) who have either recent (< 12-months) or distal (> 12-months) incarceration history compared to those without an incarceration history. A self-administered survey (as part of the Florida Cohort Study (n = 932)) was used to collect data on demographic information, linkage to care, retention in care, HIV medication adherence, viral suppression, and incarceration history. Those with recent incarceration history were least likely to report HIV medication adherence greater than or equal to 95% of the time (χ2 = 8.79; p = 0.0124), always take their medications as directed (χ2 = 15.29; p = 0.0005), and to have durable viral suppression (χ2 = 16.65; p = 0.0002) compared to those distally or never incarcerated. In multivariable analyses, those never and distally incarcerated had greater odds of care linkage ([vs recently incarcerated] AOR = 2.58; CI: 1.31, 5.07; p = 0.0063, AOR = 2.09; CI: 1.11, 3.95; p = 0.0228, respectively). Those never incarcerated had greater odds of taking ART as directed ([vs recently incarcerated] AOR = 2.53; CI: 1.23 - 5.19; p = 0.0116). PLWH with an incarceration history may need more on-going monitoring and follow-up HIV care than those without previous incarceration regardless of when incarceration occurred.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio examina el cuidado continuo entre las personas que viven con VIH (PVVS) con antecedentes penales recientes (en los últimos 12 meses) o más (> 12 meses) en comparación con aquellos sin antecedentes penales. Se utilizaron datos del Estudio de Cohorte de la Florida (n = 932). Se utilizó una encuesta auto administrada para recopilar datos sobre variables demográficas, vínculo al cuidado, retención al cuidado, adherencia a medicamentos contra el VIH, supresión viral e historial de encarcelamiento. Aquellos con antecedentes penales recientes fueron menos probable de reportar adherencia a medicamentos contra el VIH, mayor o igual a, el 95% de las ocasiones (χ2 = 8.79; p = 0.0124), tomando siempre sus medicamentos según las instrucciones (χ2 = 15.29; p = 0.0005), y tener una supresión viral duradera (χ2 = 16.65; p = 0.0002) en comparación con los encarcelados en el pasado o nunca encarcelados. En los análisis multivariables, aquellos que nunca fueron encarcelados y aquellos que estuvieron encarcelados hace mucho tiempo atrás tuvieron mayor probabilidad de estar vinculados con el cuidado médico ([en contraste con aquellos recientemente encarcelados]AOR = 2.58; CI: 1.31, 5.07; p = 0.0063, AOR = 2.09; CI: 1.11, 3.95; p = 0.0228, respectivamente). Aquellos que nunca fueron encarcelados tuvieron mayor probabilidad de tomar la TAR según indicado ([en contraste con aquellos recientemente encarcelados] AOR = 2.53; CI: 1.23 ­ 5.19; p = 0.0116). PVVS con historial de encarcelamiento necesitan más monitoreo y cuidado de seguimiento continuo en comparación con aquellos sin encarcelaciones previas, independientemente de cuando ocurrió el encarcelamiento.

Latent developmental and evolutionary shapes embedded within the grapevine leaf.

Across plants, leaves exhibit profound diversity in shape. As a single leaf expands, its shape is in constant flux. Plants may also produce leaves with different shapes at successive nodes. In addition, leaf shape varies among individuals, populations and species as a result of evolutionary processes and environmental influences. Because leaf shape can vary in many different ways, theoretically, the effects of distinct developmental and evolutionary processes are separable, even within the shape of a single leaf. Here, we measured the shapes of > 3200 leaves representing > 270 vines from wild relatives of domesticated grape (Vitis spp.) to determine whether leaf shapes attributable to genetics and development are separable from each other. We isolated latent shapes (multivariate signatures that vary independently from each other) embedded within the overall shape of leaves. These latent shapes can predict developmental stages independent from species identity and vice versa. Shapes predictive of development were then used to stage leaves from 1200 varieties of domesticated grape (Vitis vinifera), revealing that changes in timing underlie leaf shape diversity. Our results indicate that distinct latent shapes combine to produce a composite morphology in leaves, and that developmental and evolutionary contributions to shape vary independently from each other.