RESUMO
An estimated 80,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears occur annually in the United States. The highest incidence is in individuals 15 to 25 years old who participate in pivoting sports. With an estimated cost for these injuries of almost a billion dollars per year, the ability to identify risk factors and develop prevention strategies has widespread health and fiscal importance. Seventy percent of ACL injuries occur in noncontact situations. The risk factors for non-contact ACL injuries fall into four distinct categories: environmental, anatomic, hormonal, and biomechanical. Early data on existing neuromuscular training programs suggest that enhancing body control may decrease ACL injuries in women. Further investigation is needed prior to instituting prevention programs related to the other risk factors.
Assuntos
Lesões do Ligamento Cruzado Anterior , Traumatismos do Joelho/epidemiologia , Traumatismos do Joelho/prevenção & controle , Educação Física e Treinamento/normas , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Adulto , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Feminino , Guias como Assunto , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
An understanding of the etiology and prevention of noncontact ACL injuries has lagged behind diagnosis and treatment. However, a growing research implicates hormonal, anatomic, environmental, and neuromuscular factors that may predispose athletes, particularly women, to these injuries. Specific factors may include estrogen levels, the shape of the intercondylar notch, playing style, and neuromuscular control of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Prevention programs that involve proprioception, plyometrics, strength training, and improved jumping, stopping, and turning techniques show promising results.
RESUMO
Foot and ankle problems are common in child and adolescent athletes. These problems may include congenital variants and the osteochondroses, acute and chronic bone and soft-tissue injuries, and infections. In this article, the diagnosis and treatment of these foot and ankle conditions are discussed.
Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/fisiopatologia , Deformidades Congênitas do Pé/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos do Pé , Adolescente , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/fisiopatologia , Bursite/fisiopatologia , Criança , Pé/diagnóstico por imagem , Deformidades Adquiridas do Pé/fisiopatologia , Fraturas de Estresse/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Unhas Encravadas/fisiopatologia , Osteocondrite/fisiopatologia , Radiografia , Lesões dos Tecidos Moles/fisiopatologia , Tinha dos Pés/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The physician caring for the female athlete must be aware of the anatomic and physiologic differences between the sexes. Not only do these differences impact on sport participation, but they can also affect the types of injuries seen in women athletes. However, just as in male athletes, adequate conditioning improves performance and reduces the risk of injury, and thus, is an essential component of sport participation.