Military healthcare system mitigates racial disparities for severe maternal morbidity from preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, Black women die at 2.5 times the rate of White women and 3.5 times the rate of Hispanic women. These racial health care disparities have been largely attributed to access to health care and other social determinants of health. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesize that the Military healthcare system models universal health care access seen in other developed countries and should equalize these rates. STUDY DESIGN: Delivery data from 41 Military treatment facilities across the Department of Defense (Army, Air Force, and Navy) including over 36,000 deliveries from 2019 to 2020 were compiled in a convenience dataset through the National Perinatal Information Center. After aggregation, the parameters of percent of deliveries complicated by Severe Maternal Morbidity and percent of severe maternal morbidity secondary to pre-eclampsia with and without transfusion were calculated. Risk ratios were calculated by race for the resulting summary data. American Indian/Alaska Native were excluded because of limited total number deliveries preventing statistical analyses. RESULTS: Overall, the risk of severe maternal morbidity was increased among Black women compared to White women. The risk of severe maternal morbidity related to pre-eclampsia showed no significant difference among races with or without transfusion. When other races were set as reference group, there was a significant difference for White women, suggesting a protective effect. CONCLUSION: Although women of color still experience overall severe maternal morbidity at higher rates than their White counterparts, TRICARE may have equalized the risk of severe maternal morbidity for deliveries complicated by pre-eclampsia.

Increased maternal morbidity and mortality among Asian American and Pacific Islander women in the military health system.

BACKGROUND: Rates of maternal morbidity and mortality experienced by women in the United States have been shown to vary significantly by race, most commonly attributed to differences in access to healthcare and socioeconomic status. Recent data showed that Asian Pacific Islanders have the highest rate of maternal morbidity despite having a higher socioeconomic status. In the military, women of all races are granted equal access to healthcare, irrespective of socioeconomic class. We hypothesized that within the military, there would be no racial disparities in maternal outcomes because of universal healthcare. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate if universal access to healthcare, as seen in the military healthcare system, leads to similar rates of maternal morbidity regardless of racial or ethnic background. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of data from the National Perinatal Information Center reports obtained from participating military treatment facilities from April 2019 to March 2020 and included 34,025 deliveries. We compared racial differences in the incidence of each of the following 3 outcomes: postpartum hemorrhage, severe maternal morbidity among women with postpartum hemorrhage including transfusion, and severe maternal morbidity among women with postpartum hemorrhage excluding transfusion. RESULTS: A total of 41 military treatment facilities (a list of participating military treatment facilities are provided in the Appendix) provided data that were included. There was an increased rate of postpartum hemorrhage (relative risk, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.45-2.07), severe maternal morbidity including transfusion (relative risk, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.61), and severe maternal morbidity excluding transfusion (relative risk, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.8) among Asian Pacific Islander women when compared with Black or White women. CONCLUSION: Even with equal access to healthcare in the military, Asian Pacific Islander women experience statistically significant increased rates of postpartum hemorrhage and severe maternal morbidity excluding transfusion when compared with Black or White women. The increased rates of severe maternal morbidity including transfusion were not statistically significant.

Website Usability Analysis of U.S. Military Residency Programs.

INTRODUCTION: The Military Match is the residency matching system for medical students attending the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, and the students were funded by the Health Professions Scholarship Program through the U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy. To evaluate and compare military residency programs, students use residency program websites. Often, the residency program's website serves as a key source, or the only point of reference, when considering residency options, especially during times when face-to-face interactions are limited.This report aims to provide a systematic evaluation of military residency programs and their websites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing a previously published website usability scoring system, military residency programs were categorized to objectively and quantitatively analyze their websites. Usability was divided into four categories for quantifiable analysis: accessibility, marketing, content quality, and technology. The methodology for this analysis was replicated from published reports that have examined healthcare website usability. Each website was analyzed and scored in four categories: accessibility, content quality, marketing, and technology. A "General Usability" score was calculated for each website using a composite of the key factors within the four categories. An overall score was generated utilizing the weighted percentage across all four categories. To address deficiencies of the original methodology, a secondary analysis was performed on the listed websites utilizing an automated methodology for website usability. RESULTS: A comprehensive list of 125 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education U.S. Military residency program websites was compiled. Of these, 96 programs and 106 websites were evaluated. The primary analysis employing usability methodology identified technology as the highest ranked category with a score of 0.749 (SD ± 0.039) (SE 0.005) (P < .05). Marketing and content quality were the lowest scoring categories with mean scores of 0.414 (SD ± 0.054) (SE 0.006) and 0.428 (SD ± 0.229) (SE 0.027), respectively (P < .05). There was no significant difference in overall usability rankings or scores among the 96 residency program websites across the three branches (P < .05).Secondary analysis with the new usability methodology demonstrated military residency websites to exhibit more external backlinking compared to internal backlinking (P < 0.05) and no social media backlinking to any of the 106 analyzed websites. When comparing the three services, the Army had significantly lower external backlinking ranking 43.4 (P < .05) and overall backlinking ranking 56.4 (P < 0.05) when compared to the Navy (mean 48.8 and 71.7, and 43.4). There were no other differences in backlinking rankings across the three branches. CONCLUSIONS: Residency websites have become a primary way to communicate information to applicants. By assessing the overall usability of the various military residency websites, we determined the effectiveness of these websites to relay information to prospective students interested in applying for military residency. We predict that by improving website accessibility, residency programs increase their effectiveness at communicating information to potential applicants and increase interest in military residency programs.