Molecular Genotyping of Circulating Enterovirus in the Lazio Region from 2012 to 2023.

Enteroviruses (EVs) are ubiquitous viruses that circulate worldwide, causing sporadic or epidemic infections, typically during the summer and fall. They cause a broad spectrum of illnesses, ranging from an unspecified febrile clinical presentation to a severe illness. EVs are recognized to be the most frequent etiological agents of aseptic meningitis in children. However, as the infection is usually mild and self-limiting, it remains underestimated, and the epidemiology of EVs is poorly understood. To date, no vaccine or effective therapy for all types of enteroviruses is available, and EVs constitute a public health concern. Here, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of EV strains circulating in the Lazio region over a 10-year time span (2012-2023) by using a sequence-typing approach and phylogenetic analysis. The epidemiological trend of EV infection has undergone changes during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (2020-2021), which resulted in a modification in terms of the number of diagnosed cases and seasonality. From 2022, the circulation of EVs showed a behavior typical of the pre-pandemic period, although changes in predominantly circulating strains have been noted. Both epidemic and sporadic circulation events have been characterized in the Lazio region. Further analyses are needed to better characterize any strain with higher potential pathogenic power and to identify possible recombinant strains.

Molnupiravir increases SARS-CoV-2 genome diversity and complexity: A case-control cohort study.

Molnupiravir, an oral direct-acting antiviral effective in vitro against SARS-CoV-2, has been largely employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, since December 2021. After marketing and widespread usage, a progressive increase in SARS-CoV-2 lineages characterized by a higher transition/transversion ratio, a characteristic signature of molnupiravir action, appeared in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) and International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) databases. Here, we assessed the drug effects by SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequencing on 38 molnupiravir-treated persistently positive COVID-19 outpatients tested before and after treatment. Seventeen tixagevimab/cilgavimab-treated outpatients served as controls. Mutational analyses confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 exhibits an increased transition/transversion ratio seven days after initiation of molnupiravir. Moreover we observed an increased G->A ratio compared to controls, which was not related to apolipoprotein B mRNAediting enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) activity. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time an increased diversity and complexity of the viral quasispecies.

Tracking the Selective Pressure Profile and Gene Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Italy from April to October 2021 and Frequencies of Key Mutations from Three Representative Italian Regions.

The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern (VOC) was often associated with serious clinical course of the COVID-19 disease. Herein, we investigated the selective pressure, gene flow and evaluation on the frequencies of mutations causing amino acid substitutions in the Delta variant in three Italian regions. A total of 1500 SARS-CoV-2 Delta genomes, collected in Italy from April to October 2021 were investigated, including a subset of 596 from three Italian regions. The selective pressure and the frequency of amino acid substitutions and the prediction of their possible impact on the stability of the proteins were investigated. Delta variant dataset, in this study, identified 68 sites under positive selection: 16 in the spike (23.5%), 11 in nsp2 (16.2%) and 10 in nsp12 (14.7%) genes. Three of the positive sites in the spike were located in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In Delta genomes from the three regions, 6 changes were identified as very common (>83.7%), 4 as common (>64.0%), 21 at low frequency (2.1%-25.0%) and 29 rare (≤2.0%). The detection of positive selection on key mutations may represent a model to identify recurrent signature mutations of the virus.

Genomic and Epidemiologic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the Pandemic Period: Sequencing Network of the Lazio Region, Italy.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, large-scale genomic sequencing has immediately pointed out that SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly mutated during the course of the pandemic, resulting in the emergence of variants with a public health impact. In this context, strictly monitoring the circulating strains via NGS has proven to be crucial for the early identification of new emerging variants and the study of the genomic evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Following national and international guidelines, the Lazio region has created a sequencing laboratory network (WGSnet-Lazio) that works in synergy with the reference center for epidemiological surveillance (SERESMI) to monitor the circulation of SARS-CoV-2. Sequencing was carried out with the aims of characterizing outbreak transmission dynamics, performing the genomic analysis of viruses infecting specific categories of patients (i.e., immune-depressed, travelers, and people with severe symptoms) and randomly monitoring variant circulation. Here we report data emerging from sequencing activities carried out by WGSnet-Lazio (from February 2020 to October 2022) linked with epidemiological data to correlate the circulation of variants with the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients. The model of the sequencing network developed in the Lazio region proved to be a useful tool for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance and to support public health measures for epidemic containment.

Outbreaks of autochthonous Dengue in Lazio region, Italy, August to September 2023: preliminary investigation.

Between August and September 2023, three distinct autochthonous dengue virus transmission events occurred in Lazio, Italy, with the main event in Rome. The events involved three different dengue serotypes. No link with previous imported cases was identified. Here we describe the epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of the first autochthonous cases and the implemented control actions. The multiple transmission events call for a strengthening of the vector control strategies and future research to better characterise the risk in countries like Italy.

Treatment-Emergent Cilgavimab Resistance Was Uncommon in Vaccinated Omicron BA.4/5 Outpatients.

Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein can affect monoclonal antibody efficacy. Recent findings report the occurrence of resistant mutations in immunocompromised patients after tixagevimab/cilgavimab treatment. More recently, the Food and Drug Agency revoked the authorization for tixagevimab/cilgavimab, while this monoclonal antibody cocktail is currently recommended by the European Medical Agency. We retrospectively reviewed 22 immunocompetent patients at high risk for disease progression who received intramuscular tixagevimab/cilgavimab as early COVID-19 treatment and presented a prolonged high viral load. Complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences were obtained for a deep investigation of mutation frequencies in Spike protein before and during treatment. At seven days, only one patient showed evidence of treatment-emergent cilgavimab resistance. Quasispecies analysis revealed two different deletions on the Spike protein (S:del138-144 or S:del141-145) in combination with the resistance S:K444N mutation. The structural and dynamic impact of the two quasispecies was characterized by using molecular dynamics simulations, showing the conservation of the principal functional movements in the mutated systems and their capabilities to alter the structure and dynamics of the RBD, responsible for the interaction with the ACE2 human receptor. Our study underlines the importance of prompting an early virological investigation to prevent drug resistance or clinical failures in immunocompetent patients.

Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern over a period of Delta and Omicron cocirculation, among patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in an Italian reference hospital: Impact on clinical outcomes.

Despite the higher transmissibility of Omicron Variant of Concern (VOC), several reports have suggested lower risk for hospitalization and severe outcomes compared to previous variants of SARS-CoV-2. This study, enrolling all COVID-19 adults admitted to a reference hospital who underwent both the S-gene-target-failure test and VOC identification by Sanger sequencing, aimed to describe the evolving prevalence of Delta and Omicron variants and to compare the main in-hospital outcomes of severity, during a trimester (December 2021 to March 2022) of VOCs' cocirculation. Factors associated with clinical progression to noninvasive ventilation (NIV)/mechanical ventilation (MV)/death within 10 days and to MV/admission to intensive care unit (ICU)/death within 28 days, were investigated through multivariable logistic regressions. Overall, VOCs were: Delta n = 130/428, Omicron n = 298/428 (sublineages BA.1 n = 275 and BA.2 n = 23). Until mid-February, Delta predominance shifted to BA.1, which was gradually displaced by BA.2 until mid-March. Participants with Omicron VOC were more likely to be older, fully vaccinated, with multiple comorbidities and to have a shorter time from symptoms' onset, and less likely to have systemic symptoms and respiratory complications. Although the need of NIV within 10 days and MV within 28 days from hospitalization and the admission to ICU were less frequent for patients with Omicron compared to those with Delta infections, mortality was similar between the two VOCs. In the adjusted analysis, multiple comorbidities and a longer time from symptoms' onset predicted 10-day clinical progression, while complete vaccination halved the risk. Multimorbidity was the only risk factor associated with 28-day clinical progression. In our population, in the first trimester of 2022, Omicron rapidly displaced Delta in COVID-19 hospitalized adults. Clinical profile and presentation differed between the two VOCs and, although Omicron infections showed a less severe clinical picture, no substantial differences for clinical progression were found. This finding suggests that any hospitalization, especially in more vulnerable individuals, may be at risk for severe progression, which is more related to the underlying frailty of patients than to the intrinsic severity of the viral variant.

Temporal intra-host variability of mpox virus genomes in multiple body tissues.

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been widely used for the genomic characterization and the phylogenesis of mpox virus (MPXV) 2022 multi-country outbreak. To date, no evidence has been reported on intra-host evolution within samples collected over time from a single patient with long-term infection. Fifty-one samples were collected from five patients at different time points post-symptom onset. All samples were confirmed as MPXV DNA positive, amplified by a multiplexed PCR amplicon, and sequenced by WGS. Complete MPXV genomes were assembled by reference mapping and then aligned to perform phylogenetic and hierarchical clustering analysis. Large intra-host variability was observed among the MPXV genomes sequenced from samples of two immunocompromised with advanced HIV-1 infection patients with prolonged MPXV shedding. Overall, 20 nucleotide mutations were identified in the 32 genomes from HIV patients, differently distributed in samples collected from different tissues and at different time points. No sequence compartmentalization nor variation was observed in the three patients with rapid viral clearance. MPXV exhibits adaptation to changing environments within the infected host and consequently demonstrates tissue compartmentalization. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of this adaptation in forming a pool of genetic variability and contributing to viral persistence and its clinical implications.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants via Different Diagnostics Assays Based on Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by fast evolution with the appearance of several variants. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology is considered the gold standard for monitoring known and new SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, the complexity of this technology renders this approach impracticable in laboratories located in areas with limited resources. We analyzed the capability of the ThermoFisher TaqPath COVID-19 RT-PCR (TaqPath) and the Seegene Novaplex SARS-CoV-2 Variant assay (Novaplex) to detect Omicron variants; the Allplex VariantII (Allplex) was also evaluated for Delta variants. Sanger sequencing (SaS) was the reference method. The results obtained with n = 355 nasopharyngeal samples were: negative with TaqPath, although positive with other qualitative molecular assays (n = 35); undetermined (n = 40) with both the assays; negative for the ∆69/70 mutation and confirmed as the Delta variant via SaS (n = 100); positive for ∆69/70 and confirmed as Omicron BA.1 via SaS (n = 80); negative for ∆69/70 and typed as Omicron BA.2 via SaS (n = 80). Novaplex typed 27.5% of samples as undetermined with TaqPath, 11.4% of samples as negative with TaqPath, and confirmed 100% of samples were Omicron subtypes. In total, 99/100 samples were confirmed as the Delta variant with Allplex with a positive per cent agreement (PPA) of 98% compared to SaS. As undermined samples with Novaplex showed RdRp median Ct values (Ct = 35.4) statistically higher than those of typed samples (median Ct value = 22.0; p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney test), the inability to establish SARS-CoV-2 variants was probably linked to the low viral load. No amplification was obtained with SaS among all 35 negative TaqPath samples. Overall, 20% of samples which were typed as negative or undetermined with TaqPath, and among them, twelve were not typed even by SaS, but they were instead correctly identified with Novaplex. Although full-genome sequencing remains the elected method to characterize new strains, our data show the high ability of a SNP-based assay to identify VOCs, also resolving samples typed as undetermined with TaqPath.

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 positive passengers on flights from China to Italy, December 2022.

With numbers of COVID-19 cases having substantially increased at the end of 2022 in China, some countries have started or expanded testing and genomic surveillance of travellers. We report screening results in Italy in late December 2022 of 556 flight passengers in provenance from two Chinese provinces. Among these passengers, 126 (22.7%) tested SARS-CoV-2 positive. Whole genome sequencing of 61 passengers' positive samples revealed Omicron variants, notably sub-lineages BA.5.2.48, BF.7.14 and BQ.1.1, in line with data released from China.

Intact provirus and integration sites analysis in acute HIV-1 infection and changes after one year of early antiviral therapy.

Background and objectives: HIV-1 provirus integration in host genomes provides a lifelong reservoir of virally infected cells. Although not able to generate viral progeny, the expression of defective proviruses has been associated with activation. Provirus integration may influence host gene transcription and shifts may occur during disease progression or antiretroviral therapy (ART). The study aimed to analyze intact/defective provirus and sites of provirus integration in acute infections: changes after 48 weeks of early therapy were also evaluated. Methods: DNA from peripheral blood lymphomonocytes of 8 acute HIV-1 infections at serodiagnosis (T0) and after 48 weeks of therapy (T1) was used to quantify intact and defective provirus by digital-droplet PCR and to analyze provirus integration sites, by next-generation sequencing of libraries derived from ligation-mediated PCR. Results: A high variability in the amount of intact proviral DNA was observed at both T0 and T1, in the different subjects. Although the ratio of intact/total proviral HIV-1 DNA did not dramatically change between T0 (8.05%) and T1 (9.34%), after early therapy both intact and total HIV-1 DNA declined significantly, p = 0.047 and p = 0.008, respectively. The median number of different (IQR) integration sites in human chromosomes/subject was 5 (2.25-13.00) at T0 and 4 (3.00-6.75) at T1. Of all the integration sites observed at T1, 64% were already present at T0. Provirus integration was observed in introns of transcriptionally active genes. Some sites of integration, among which the most represented was in the neuregulin 2 gene, were shared by different patients, together with the orientation of the insertion. Provirus integration was also observed in intergenic regions, with median (IQR) % of 15.13 (6.81-21.40) at T0 and 18.46 (8.98-22.18) at T1 of all read matches. Conclusions: In acute HIV-1 infection, the amount of intact proviral DNA in peripheral lymphomonocytes did not exceed 10% of total HIV-1 DNA, a percentage that was not substantially changed by early administrated ART. Provirus displayed a relatively small number of recurrent integration sites in introns of transcriptionally active genes, mainly related to cell-cycle control. Consideration should be given to therapeutic strategies able to target the cells harboring defective proviruses, that are not reached by conventional antiviral drugs, these potentially also impacting on replicative competent integrated provirus.

The Spike Mutants Website: A Worldwide Used Resource against SARS-CoV-2.

A large number of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in a short period of time has driven scientific research related to vaccines, new drugs, and antibodies to combat the new variants of the virus. Herein, we present a web portal containing the structural information, the tridimensional coordinates, and the molecular dynamics trajectories of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its main variants. The Spike Mutants website can serve as a rapid online tool for investigating the impact of novel mutations on virus fitness. Taking into account the high variability of SARS-CoV-2, this application can help the scientific community when prioritizing molecules for experimental assays, thus, accelerating the identification of promising drug candidates for COVID-19 treatment. Below we describe the main features of the platform and illustrate the possible applications for speeding up the drug discovery process and hypothesize new effective strategies to overcome the recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genome.

SARS-CoV-2 Variants Identification: Overview of Molecular Existing Methods.

Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic the Real Time sharing of genome sequences of circulating virus supported the diagnostics and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and its transmission dynamics. SARS-CoV-2 straightaway showed its tendency to mutate and adapt to the host, culminating in the emergence of variants; so it immediately became of crucial importance to be able to detect them quickly but also to be able to monitor in depth the changes on the whole genome to early identify the new possibly emerging variants. In this scenario, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the existing methods for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants (from rapid method based on identification of one or more specific mutations to Whole Genome sequencing approach-WGS), taking into account limitations, advantages and applications of them in the field of diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2.

Molecular Characterization of Whole-Genome SARS-CoV-2 from the First Suspected Cases of the XE Variant in the Lazio Region, Italy.

We report two cases of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant variant XE detected in nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) of hospitalized patients with no evident epidemiological link in Lazio, Central Italy. Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) performed on an Ion Torrent GSS5 platform according to Italian flash surveys showed genomes corresponding to the PANGOLIN unclassified lineage and the Nextclade XE clade. Further analyses were then carried out to investigate more deeply the genetic characteristics of these XE-like sequences. When phylogenetic trees, by using IQ-TREE, were built splitting the genome into two regions according to the putative XE recombination site, the upstream and downstream regions were seen to be clustered near BA.1 and BA.2 sequences, respectively. However, our XE-like sequences clustered separately, with a significant bootstrap, from the classified European and Italian XE strains, although the recombination site between BA.1 and BA.2 was identified at the nucleotide site 11556 by RDP4 software, consistent with the putative XE breakpoint. These findings show the risk of the introduction of novel recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the existence of XE-like strains, phylogenetically separated, that could make their exact taxonomy difficult. It follows the need for continued SARS-CoV-2 surveillance by WGS.

Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy, May 2022.

Since May 2022, an outbreak of monkeypox has been ongoing in non-endemic countries. We report four cases in Italy in young adult men reporting condomless sexual intercourse. The patients are in good clinical condition with no need for specific antiviral drugs. Biological samples from seminal fluid were positive for monkeypox viral DNA. For many other viruses found in semen there is no evidence of sexual transmission. The possibility of sexual transmission of monkeypox virus needs to be investigated.

Investigation of Nasal/Oropharyngeal Microbial Community of COVID-19 Patients by 16S rDNA Sequencing.

Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been still rapidly spreading, resulting in a pandemic, followed by an increasing number of cases in countries throughout the world. The severity of the disease depends on the patient's overall medical condition but no appropriate markers are available to establish the prognosis of the patients. We performed a 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing an altered composition of the nasal/oropharyngeal (NOP) microbiota in 21 patients affected by COVID-19, paucisymptomatic or in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), as compared to 10 controls negative for COVID-19 or eight affected by a different Human Coronavirus (HKU, NL63 and OC43). A significant decrease in Chao1 index was observed when patients affected by COVID-19 (in ICU) were compared to paucisymptomatic. Furthermore, patients who were in ICU, paucisymptomatic or affected by other Coronaviruses all displayed a decrease in the Chao1 index when compared to controls, while Shannon index significantly decreased only in patients under ICU as compared to controls and paucisymptomatic patients. At the phylum level, Deinococcus-Thermus was present only in controls as compared to SARS-CoV-2 patients admitted to ICU, paucisymptomatic or affected by other coronaviruses. Candidatus Saccharibacteria (formerly known as TM7) was strongly increased in negative controls and SARS-CoV-2 paucisymptomatic patients as compared to SARS-CoV-2 ICU patients. Other modifications were observed at a lower taxonomy level. Complete depletion of Bifidobacterium and Clostridium was exclusively observed in ICU SARS-CoV-2 patients, which was the only group characterized by the presence of Salmonella, Scardovia, Serratia and Pectobacteriaceae. In conclusion, our preliminary results showed that nasal/oropharyngeal microbiota profiles of patients affected with SARS-CoV-2 may provide valuable information in order to facilitate the stratification of patients and may open the way to new interventional strategies in order to ameliorate the outcome of the patients.

SARS-CoV-2 Early Screening at the Point of Entry: Travelers From Bangladesh to Italy-July 2020.

We report phylogenetic and mutational analysis by NGS of six SARS-CoV-2 strains from patients flying from Bangladesh to Italy (July 2020). Data suggest that no further circulation of such imported strains occurred in Italy, stating the efficacy of early screening at the point of entry and supporting the importance of molecular epidemiology in monitoring the efficacy of control measures.