Terahertz spoof plasmonic neural network for diffractive information recognition and processing.

All-optical diffractive neural networks, as analog artificial intelligence accelerators, leverage parallelism and analog computation for complex data processing. However, their low space transmission efficiency or large spatial dimensions hinder miniaturization and broader application. Here, we propose a terahertz spoof plasmonic neural network on a planar diffractive platform for direct multi-target recognition. Our approach employs a spoof surface plasmon polariton coupler array to construct a diffractive network layer, resulting in a compact, efficient, and easily integrable architecture. We designed three schemes: basis vector classification, multi-user recognition, and MNIST handwritten digit classification. Experimental results reveal that the terahertz spoof plasmonic neural network successfully classifies basis vectors, recognizes multi-user orientation information, and directly processes handwritten digits using a designed input framework comprising a metal grating array, transmitters, and receivers. This work broadens the application of terahertz plasmonic metamaterials, paving the way for terahertz on-chip integration, intelligent communication, and advanced computing systems.

Microenvironment heterogeneity affected by anthropogenic wildfire-perturbed soil mediates bacterial community in Pinus tabulaeformis forests.

Introduction: In recent years, the frequency and intensity of anthropogenic wildfires have drastically increased, significantly altering terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. These fires not only devastate vegetative cover but also impact soil environments and microbial communities, affecting ecosystem structure and function. The extent to which fire severity, soil depth, and their interaction influence these effects remains unclear, particularly in Pinus tabulaeformis forests. Methods: This study investigated the impact of wildfire intensity and soil stratification on soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity within P. tabulaeformis forests in North China. Soil samples were collected from different fire severity zones (Control, Light, Moderate, High) and depths (topsoil: 0-10 cm; subsoil: 10-20 cm). Analyses included measurements of soil pH, organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and other nutrients. Microbial diversity was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Our findings revealed significant variations in soil pH, SOC, TN, and other nutrients with fire severity and soil depth, profoundly affecting microbial community composition and diversity. Soil pH emerged as a critical determinant, closely linked to microbial α-diversity and community structure. We found that fire severity significantly altered soil pH (p = 0.001), pointing to noteworthy changes in acidity linked to varying severity levels. Topsoil microbial communities primarily differentiated between burned and unburned conditions, whereas subsoil layers showed more pronounced effects of fire severity on microbial structures. Analysis of bacterial phyla across different fire severity levels and soil depths revealed significant shifts in microbial communities. Proteobacteria consistently dominated across all conditions, indicating strong resilience, while Acidobacteriota and Actinobacteriota showed increased abundances in high-severity and light/moderate-severity areas, respectively. Verrucomicrobiota were more prevalent in control samples and decreased significantly in fire-impacted soils. Chloroflexi and Bacteroidota displayed increased abundance in moderate and high-severity areas, respectively. Correlation analyses illustrated significant relationships between soil environmental factors and dominant bacterial phyla. Soil organic carbon (SOC) showed positive correlations with total nitrogen (TN) and alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen (AN). Soil pH exhibited a negative correlation with multiple soil environmental factors. Soil pH and available phosphorus (AP) significantly influenced the abundance of the phylum Myxococcota. Soil water content (WC) significantly affected the abundances of Acidobacteriota and Actinobacteriota. Additionally, ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N) jointly and significantly impacted the abundance of the phylum Chloroflexi. Discussion: This study highlights the significant long-term effects of anthropogenic wildfires on soil microenvironment heterogeneity and bacterial community structure in P. tabulaeformis forests in North China, 6 years post-fire. Our findings demonstrate that fire severity significantly influences soil pH, which in turn affects soil nutrient dynamics and enhances microbial diversity. We observed notable shifts in the abundance of dominant bacterial phyla, emphasizing the critical role of soil pH and nutrient availability in shaping microbial communities. The results underscore the importance of soil stratification, as different soil layers showed varying responses to fire severity, highlighting the need for tailored management strategies. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring to further elucidate the temporal dynamics of soil microbial recovery and nutrient cycling following wildfires. Studies investigating the roles of specific microbial taxa in ecosystem resilience and their functional contributions under varying fire regimes will provide deeper insights. Additionally, exploring soil amendments and management practices aimed at optimizing pH and nutrient availability could enhance post-fire recovery processes, supporting sustainable ecosystem recovery and resilience.

Direct electromagnetic information processing with planar diffractive neural network.

Diffractive neural network in electromagnetic wave-driven system has attracted great attention due to its ultrahigh parallel computing capability and energy efficiency. However, recent neural networks based on the diffractive framework still face the bottlenecks of misalignment and relatively large size limiting their further applications. Here, we propose a planar diffractive neural network (pla-NN) with a highly integrated and conformal architecture to achieve direct signal processing in the microwave frequency. On the basis of printed circuit fabrication process, the misalignment could be effectively circumvented while enabling flexible extension for multiple conformal and stacking designs. We first conduct validation on the fashion-MNIST dataset and experimentally build up a system using the proposed network architecture for direct recognition of different geometry structures in the electromagnetic space. We envision that the presented architecture, once combined with the advanced dynamic maneuvering techniques and flexible topology, would exhibit unlimited potentials in the areas of high-performance computing, wireless sensing, and flexible wearable electronics.

Effect of peer support interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a peer support intervention on the quality of life (QOL), self-management, self-efficacy, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by searching 10 databases, namely PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, CINHAL, Web of Science, Sinomed, CNKI, WanFang Data, and VIP for articles published from January 1974 to April 2023. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were included. A narrative synthesis of the results showed that peer support significantly improved QOL, self-management, self-efficacy, and HbA1c control in patients with T2DM, but had no significant effect on depression. CONCLUSION: Peer support is an effective intervention for individuals with T2DM. Future research should focus on more rigorously designed and larger-sample studies. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Peer support proves to be effective for managing patients with T2DM. Current peer support interventions can provide valuable ideas that can guide the direction of future research.

High-performance MoS2phototransistors with Hf1-xAlxO back-gate dielectric layer grown by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition.

Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) as an emerging optoelectronic material, shows great potential for phototransistors owing to its atomic thickness, adjustable band gap, and low cost. However, the phototransistors based on MoS2have been shown to have some issues such as large gate leakage current, and interfacial scattering, resulting in suboptimal optoelectronic performance. Thus, Al-doped hafnium oxide (Hf1-xAlx) is proposed to be a dielectric layer of the MoS2-based phototransistor to solve this problem because of the relatively higher crystallization temperature and dielectric constant. Here, a high-performance MoS2phototransistor with Hf1-xAlxO gate dielectric layer grown by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition has been fabricated and studied. The results show that the phototransistor exhibits a high responsivity of 2.2 × 104A W-1, a large detectivity of 1.7 × 1017Jones, a great photo-to-dark current ratio of 2.2 × 106%, and a high external quantum efficiency of 4.4 × 106%. The energy band alignment and operating mechanism were further used to clarify the reason for the enhanced MoS2phototransistor. The suggested MoS2phototransistors could provide promising strategies in further optoelectronic applications.

Simultaneously Intelligent Sensing and Beamforming Based on an Adaptive Information Metasurface.

Due to its ability to adapt to a variety of electromagnetic (EM) environments, the sensing-enabled metasurface has garnered significant attention. However, large-scale EM-field sensing to obtain more information is still very challenging. Here, an adaptive information metasurface is proposed to enable intelligent sensing and wave manipulating simultaneously or more specifically, to realize intelligent target localization and beam tracking adaptively. The metasurface is composed of an array of meta-atoms, and each is loaded with two PIN diodes and a sensing-channel structure, for polarization-insensitive and programmable beamforming and sensing. By controlling the state of the PIN diode, the proposed meta-atom has 1-bit phase response in the designed frequency band, while the sensing loss keeps higher than -10 dB for both "ON" and "OFF" states. Hence there is nearly no interaction between the beamforming and sensing modes. Experiments are conducted to show multiple functions of the metasurface, including intelligent target sensing and self-adaptive beamforming, and the measured results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations and theoretical calculations.

Autophagy inhibitors for cancer therapy: Small molecules and nanomedicines.

Autophagy is a conserved process in which the cytosolic materials are degraded and eventually recycled for cellular metabolism to maintain homeostasis. The dichotomous role of autophagy in pathogenesis is complicated. Accumulating reports have suggested that cytoprotective autophagy is responsible for tumor growth and progression. Autophagy inhibitors, such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are promising for treating malignancies or overcoming drug resistance in chemotherapy. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials also show autophagy-inhibitory effects or are reported as the carriers delivering autophagy inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the small-molecule compounds and nanomaterials inhibiting autophagic flux as well as the mechanisms involved. The nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for autophagy inhibitors and their distinct advantages are also described. The progress of autophagy inhibitors for clinical applications is finally introduced, and their future perspectives are discussed.

A retrospective study of the accuracy of Invisalign Progress Assessment with clear aligners.

The objective of this study was to detective the accuracy of model superimposition and automatic analysis for upper and lower dentition width in Invisalign Progress Assessment during the process of clear aligners. 19 cases were included in this study. Pre-treatment dental cast (T0) and post-treatment dental cast after staged treatment (T1) were available for three-dimensional model superimposition. Subsequently, movements of maxillary teeth in the horizontal plane (cross-section) after staged treatment and width of upper and lower dentition were measured by three-dimensional model superimposition in the real world and Invisalign Progress Assessment separately. Consequently, the data collected from these two methods were compared. In Invisalign Progress Assessment, movements of maxillary teeth in the horizontal plane after staged treatment was 2.31 (1.59,3.22) [median (upper quartile, lower quartile)] millimeter (mm), while in three-dimensional model superimposition, the result was 1.79 (1.21,3.03) mm. The difference between the two groups is significant (P < 0.05). Intercanine width upper, intermolar width upper, intercanine width lower, and intermolar width lower were 36.55 ± 2.76 mm, 56.98 ± 2.62 mm, 28.16 ± 1.85 mm, 53.21 ± 2.72 mm separately in Invisalign Progress Assessment and were 36.48 ± 2.78 mm, 56.89 ± 2.58 mm, 28.05 ± 1.85 mm, 53.16 ± 2.64 mm separately in three-dimensional model analysis, which was no significant difference among these groups (P > 0.05). The data from Invisalign Progress Assessment was not in parallel with what was achieved from model superimposition with palate as a reference completely. The accuracy of model superimposition in Invisalign Progress Assessment needs further investigation, whereas the accuracy of model analysis in Invisalign Progress Assessment was accurate. Thereby, results from Invisalign Progress Assessment should be interpreted with caution by the orthodontist in the clinic.

Chemo-Phototherapy with Carfilzomib-Encapsulated TiN Nanoshells Suppressing Tumor Growth and Lymphatic Metastasis.

The design of nanomedicine for cancer therapy, especially the treatment of tumor metastasis has received great attention. Proteasome inhibition is accepted as a new strategy for cancer therapy. Despite being a big breakthrough in multiple myeloma therapy, carfilzomib (CFZ), a second-in-class proteasome inhibitor is still unsatisfactory for solid tumor and metastasis therapy. In this study, hollow titanium nitride (TiN) nanoshells are synthesized as a drug carrier of CFZ. The TiN nanoshells have a high loading capacity of CFZ, and their intrinsic inhibitory effect on autophagy synergistically enhances the activity of CFZ. Due to an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region, TiN nanoshell-based photothermal therapy further induces a synergistic anticancer effect. In vivo study demonstrates that TiN nanoshells readily drain into the lymph nodes, which are responsible for tumor lymphatic metastasis. The CFZ-loaded TiN nanoshell-based chemo-photothermal therapy combined with surgery offers a remarkable therapeutic outcome in greatly inhibiting further metastatic spread of cancer cells. These findings suggest that TiN nanoshells act as an efficient carrier of CFZ for realizing enhanced outcomes for proteasome inhibitor-based cancer therapy, and this work also presents a "combined chemo-phototherapy assisted surgery" strategy, promising for future cancer treatment.

[Changes of leaf functional traits of Pinus tabuliformis in burned areas with different fire severities]. / ä¸åŒç«çƒˆåº¦ç«çƒ§è¿¹åœ°å† æ²¹æ¾å¶åŠŸèƒ½æ€§çŠ¶çš„å˜åŒ–.

The response of leaf functional traits to forest fire is one of the research hotspots in the forest fire ecology. Studying post-fire changes in leaf functional traits of Pinus tabuliformis can reveal its growth strategies to adapt to fire environment and provide reference for the post-fire recovery. We analyzed the changes of leaf functional traits in burned areas with different fire severities (unburned, light burn and moderate burn) in Qinyuan County burned area of Shanxi Province, and studied the variation characteristics of leaf economic spectrum in different burned areas. The results showed that there were significant differences in burned areas with different fire severities for all leaf functional traits except N/P. Among them, the difference of leaf area was the most obvious, which was the most sensitive trait. With the increases of fire severity in burned areas, leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen content and leaf phosphorus content increased, while specific leaf area and leaf organic carbon content decreased. There were significant correlations among some leaf functional traits, with the correlations being distinct in burned areas with different fire severities. The leaf economic spectrum moved from 'unburned-light burn-mode-rate burn' to the resource trade-off strategy of 'rapid investment-return type' along the fire environment. The recovery of P. tabuliformis would be accelerated in burned area with low fire severity.

Factors Related to Activation in Chinese Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Improving patient activation can lead to better health outcomes among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, no studies have focused on the issue of activation in patients with COPD in China. PURPOSE: This study was designed to explore the status of activation in patients with COPD in China and explicate the significant influencing factors. METHODS: One hundred seventy patients with COPD were recruited using a convenience sampling method from eight tertiary and secondary hospitals in Nanjing, China. Sociodemographic, clinical, and patient-reported factor data were collected. Univariate analysis and multivariate linear regression were performed. RESULTS: Only 10.6% of the patients were identified as activated for self-management. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed four explanatory elements as significantly associated with patient activation, including social support (ß = .463, p < .001), free medical insurance (ß = .173, p = .007), smoking status (ß = -.195, p = .002), and health status (ß = -.139, p = .04). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings of this study indicate that a minority of patients with COPD are activated for self-management in China. Having a higher level of patient activation was associated with having better social support, having free medical insurance, being a nonsmoker, and having a better health status. Creating a supportive environment, promoting smoking cessation, and improving medical security and health status may be considered as potential strategies to activate patients into better self-management.

Self-adaptive metasurface platform based on computer vision.

Programmable metasurfaces allow real-time electromagnetic (EM) manipulation in a digital manner, showing great potential to construct advanced multifunctional EM devices. However, the current programmable metasurfaces typically need human participation to achieve various EM functions. In this Letter, we propose, design, and construct a self-adaptive metasurface platform that can achieve beam control automatically based on image recognition. Such a platform is composed of a metasurface with 36×36 active units, a single-board computer, and two independent cameras that can detect the position of the objects. The single-board computer, Raspberry Pi, is used to calculate the information of the objects and generate the coding sequences to control the digital metasurface based on a low complexity binocular localization algorithm. Such a smart metasurface platform can generate different beams according to the location of the receiver and can be used as intelligent antennas in future communications and radars.

Comparison of perioperative outcomes of robotic-assisted versus video-assisted thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy in non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) has been widely used in the treatment of lung cancer. The perioperative outcomes of right upper lobectomy (RUL) using RATS and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) were retrospectively investigated and compared. We aimed to summarize a single-center experience of RATS and 4-port unidirectional VATS in RUL, and to discuss the safety and the essentials of the surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the 685 with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent minimally invasive RUL in our center by the same surgical group from January 2015 to December 2019. Both RATS and VATS were performed with three ports with utility incision. The 685 participants were divided into RATS (335 cases) and VATS (350 cases) groups according to surgical method. Baseline characteristics and perioperative outcomes including dissected lymph nodes, postoperative duration of drainage, postoperative hospital stay, and incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the groups. RESULTS: In the 685 patients enrolled, the baseline characteristics were comparable, and no postoperative 30-day mortality or intraoperative blood transfusion were observed. Compared with VATS, RATS had less surgical duration (90.22±12.16 vs. 92.68±12.26 min, P<0.001), less length of stay (4.71±1.37 vs. 5.26±1.56 days, P<0.001), and decreased postoperative duration of drainage (3.49±1.15 vs. 4.09±1.57 days, P<0.001). No significant difference was observed in the lymph nodes dissection, blood loss, conversion rate and morbidities. The cost of RATS was much higher than VATS (85,329.41±12,893.44 vs. 68,733.43±14,781.32 CNY, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Robot assisted RUL had similar perioperative outcomes compared to VATS RUL lobectomy using similar three port with utility incision technique. The advantages of RATS included finer dissection of lymph node, relatively less operation time, earlier chest tube removal and discharge.

Involvement of astrocytes activation in orofacial hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the involvement of astrocytes in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) in the orofacial hyperalgesia induced by experimental tooth movement (ETM) and related mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental tooth movement was produced with nickel-titanium alloy closed-coil spring fixed between the left maxillary first molar and the left upper incisor. Fluorocitrate was administrated through medullary subarachnoid at 3 days after ETM. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) in masseter cutaneous area was measured. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and c-Fos in MDH was measured using immunofluoroscence staining. The expression of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and phosphorylated N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunit NR1 (p-NR1) was measured with Western blotting. RESULTS: Experimental tooth movement-induced orofacial hyperalgesia from 1 to 9 days as the PPT was significantly reduced (P < .05). Immunofluoroscence staining showed that the expression of c-Fos in MDH was dramatically upregulated at 1 day and 3 days after ETM, while GFAP expression with both immunofluoroscence staining and Western blotting was significantly enhanced at 3 days and 7 days after ETM. Western blotting analysis indicated that the expression of IL-1ß and p-NR1 in MDH was significantly enhanced at 3 days after ETM. Furthermore, we found that fluorocitrate administration at 3 days after ETM could markedly suppress the expression of c-Fos, GFAP, IL-1ß and p-NR1 and attenuate the reduction of PPT induced by ETM. CONCLUSION: Astrocyte activation in MDH is involved in the mechanical hyperalgesia, and the subsequent upregulated IL-1ß and overexpression of p-NR1 may participate in this process.

Suppression of histone deacetylases by SAHA relieves bone cancer pain in rats via inhibiting activation of glial cells in spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia.

BACKGROUND: Robust activation of glial cells has been reported to occur particularly during the pathogenesis of bone cancer pain (BCP). Researchers from our group and others have shown that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a significant role in modulating glia-mediated immune responses; however, it still remains unclear whether HDACs are involved in the activation of glial cells during the development of BCP. METHODS: BCP model was established by intra-tibia tumor cell inoculation (TCI). The expression levels and distribution sites of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a clinically used HDAC inhibitor, was then intraperitoneally and intrathecally injected to rescue the increased expression levels of HDAC1 and HDAC2. The analgesic effects of SAHA administration on BCP were then evaluated by measuring the paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs). The effects of SAHA on activation of glial cells and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia of TCI rats were further evaluated by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis. Subsequently, the effects of SAHA administration on tumor growth and cancer cell-induced bone destruction were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and micro-CT scanning. RESULTS: TCI caused rapid and long-lasting increased expression of HDAC1/HDAC2 in glial cells of the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. Inhibiting HDACs by SAHA not only reversed TCI-induced upregulation of HDACs but also inhibited the activation of glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, and relieved TCI-induced mechanical allodynia. Further, we found that SAHA administration could not prevent cancer infiltration or bone destruction in the tibia, which indicated that the analgesic effects of SAHA were not due to its anti-tumor effects. Moreover, we found that SAHA administration could inhibit GSK3ß activity in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, which might contributed to the relief of BCP. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that HDAC1 and HDAC2 are involved in the glia-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia underlying the pathogenesis of BCP, which indicated that inhibiting HDACs by SAHA might be a potential strategy for pain relief of BCP.

XPro1595 ameliorates bone cancer pain in rats via inhibiting p38-mediated glial cell activation and neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn.

Bone cancer pain (BCP) profoundly compromises the life quality of patients with bone metastases. Severe side effects of the drugs which were widely used and effective in the various stages of this condition results in a huge challenge for BCP treatment. Here, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of XPro1595, a soluble tumor necrosis factor (solTNF) inhibitor with considerable immunoregulatory efficacy, on BCP, as well as the underlying mechanisms within the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells were intratibially inoculated to induce BCP. Intrathecal administration of XPro1595 alleviated bone cancer-induced chronic pain in a dose-dependent manner, with an ED50 of 9.69 mg/kg. Bone cancer resulted in the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the SDH through the upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which was accompanied by an over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6. XPro1595suppressed bone cancer-evoked glial activation and the consequent neuroinflammation. These inhibitory effects of XPro1595 were, at least partially, mediated by a reduction in the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in spinal glial cells. In conclusion, inhibition of spinal glia by XPro1595 may have utility in the treatment of bone cancer-induced neuroinflammation, and our results further implicate XPro1595 as a new promising therapeutic agent for BCP.

Mechanism of surface treatments on carbon nanotube transparent conductive films by three different reagents.

Transparent conductive films (TCFs) were fabricated via a spray-coating method with a solution prepared by dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in deionized water with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as surfactant. We explored the mechanism of HNO3 treatment by treating TCFs with different reagents. After being treated with different concentrations of reagents by HNO3, HCl, and NaNO3 to lower the sheet resistance of TCFs, the properties of TCFs were further characterized by a UV-VIS spectrophotometer, a four-point probe method, atom force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. In this study, we conclude that the HNO3 treatment results in a decrease in the sheet resistance of the TCFs due to the combined effect of acidity and oxidizability. The strong interaction of the strong acidity and strong oxidizing property of HNO3 causes the SDBS to be removed. To further improve the film conductivity of the TCFs, the experimental conditions of the HNO3 treatment were optimized.

Carbon nanotube-based flexible electrothermal film heaters with a high heating rate.

High-performance, flexible film heaters with carbon nanotube transparent conducting films are easily fabricated by both a rod-coating method and a spraying method. The main conclusion we have reached is that the film demonstrates a heating rate of 6.1°C s-1 at 35 V and sheet resistance as low as 94.7 Ω sq-1 with 72.04% optical transmittance at a wavelength of 550 nm by the spraying method after a series of post-treatment processes with acid and distilled water. Then, we adopt a mathematical method of nonlinear fitting to simulate the collected experimental data and the functions effectively. Furthermore, through analysis of the formula, the correlation between temperature and time is well explained. Therefore, carbon nanotube-based, flexible, transparent heaters exhibit high electrothermal performance and are expected to find different applications, e.g. various functional devices such as heating materials, heatable smart windows or dining tables.

[Emission Inventory and Pollution Characteristics of Industrial VOCs in Hangzhou, China].

For the 2022 Asian Games, a series of major events were held in Hangzhou City in 2016 at the international summit, where research on VOC emission inventories, especially on industrial VOCs, has attracted the attention of local residents and management departments. By taking a bottom-up approach, 3518 enterprises in more than 30 industries in Hangzhou were investigated and an industrial VOCs emission inventory for Hangzhou was established. Based on the data on regional emissions, emissions intensity, and spatial distribution, the industrial VOCs emissions in Hangzhou were systematically analyzed. The VOC emissions from industrial sources in Hangzhou amounted to 36839.5 tons in 2015. Printing and reproduction of recorded media; chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing; and the metal, textile, rubber, and plastics products industries were the most important sources of industrial VOC emissions in Hangzhou. The largest industrial VOC emissions were measured in Xiaoshan District, followed by Fuyang District and Dajiangdong Industrial Agglomeration Area. The highest VOC emissions intensity was detected in Fuyang District, Jiande City, and Lin'an City. Industrial VOC emissions were mainly concentrated in more intensive industrial areas in Xiaoshan, Fuyang, Yuhang, and Dajiangdong Districts.