Aggressive multiple sclerosis: a single-centre, real-world treatment experience with autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and alemtuzumab.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The best therapeutic approach for aggressive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis remains unknown. The objective was to compare the efficacy and safety of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) and alemtuzumab in aggressive relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. METHODS: The time to first relapse, time to confirmed disability worsening, time to first evidence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity and time to first evidence of disease activity were compared between the two treatment groups. Secondary outcomes included the 12, 24 and 36 month annualized relapse rate (ARR) and the 6-month confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) changes at months 12 and 24. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients treated with aHSCT (n = 25) or alemtuzumab (n = 32) were included. At baseline, aHSCT patients had a higher EDSS (median score 6 vs. 3; P < 0.001), higher ARR (mean ARR 3.2 vs. 1.7; P = 0.001) and a higher number of baseline T1 gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI (mean number 15.5 vs. 1.6; P < 0.001). NEDA-3 (no evidence of disease activity) status was more frequently achieved in aHSCT-treated patients than in alemtuzumab-treated patients [75% vs. 56% of patients at the end of the observation period; hazard ratio (HR) 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08-0.84; P = 0.023]. aHSCT significantly reduced the risk of relapse (relapse-free survival 84% vs. 69%; HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02-0.63; P = 0.012) and MRI activity (MRI-activity-free survival 85% vs. 59%; HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03-0.59; P = 0.009). The ARR at 36 months was significantly lower in the aHSCT group (0.05 vs. 0.35, P = 0.02). A significant effect of aHSCT in promoting EDSS improvement compared with alemtuzumab was noted (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Alemtuzumab and aHSCT are effective treatment choices for aggressive multiple sclerosis. aHSCT seems to be superior to alemtuzumab in inducing complete disease control and in promoting short-term disability improvement.

Predictors of cardiac arrhythmic events in non coronary artery disease patients.

Arrhythmic sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a major worldwide public health problem accounting for 15-20% of deaths. Risk stratification to identify patients at risk of SCD is crucial in order to implement preventive measures in the general population. Several biomarkers have been tested exploring different pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac conditions. Conflicting results have been described limiting so far their use in clinical practice. The use of new biomarkers such as microRNAs and sex hormones and the emerging role of genetic on risk prediction of SCD is a current research topic showing promising results.This review outlines the role of plasma biomarkers to predict ventricular arrhythmias and SCD in non coronary artery disease with a special focus on their relationship with the genetic biomarkers.

Serum sickness (Like Reaction) in a patient treated with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody approved for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The only report of Serum Sickness (SS) in a MS patient occurred during treatment with natalizumab. Non-protein drugs, such as some antibiotics, may induce "SS-like" reactions (SSLR), whose clinical and laboratory features may partially overlap with the traditional SS. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of SS/SSLR in a RRMS patient treated with alemtuzumab. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old-woman with RRMS developed SS/SSLR in the first week after the first alemtuzumab treatment. Concomitant medications included trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole at low dose. Intravenous methylprednisolone therapy led to clinical resolution and normalization of serum inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: SS/SSLR should be considered in patients treated with alemtuzumab developing delayed fever, rash and arthralgia and differentiated with Infusion Associated Reactions (IARs) and infections.

New CACNA1A deletions are associated to migraine phenotypes.

BACKGROUND: Familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) is a form of migraine with aura caused by heterozygous mutations in 4 genes: CACNA1A, ATP1A2, SNC1A and PRRT2, but further heterogeneity is expected. Here have been described clinical and molecular features in patients suffering from migraine with Aura (MA), without (MO) and hemiplegic migraine attacks. Next Generation Sequencing by TruSeq Custom Amplicon for CACNA1A and ATP1A2 gene has been performed. All genetic variants have been confirmed by Sanger sequencing and all samples were also analyzed with MLPA assay for ATP1A2-CACNA1A genes to detect duplication or deletion. All MLPA data were verified by Real Time PCR. RESULTS: Sequencing analysis showed 3 point mutations, two novel variants and one already described in literature. Moreover, MLPA analysis showed 3 deletions in 9 sporadic hemiplegic migraine (18%), in 3 patients with non-hemiplegic migraine (4.1%) and in 3 patients affected by episodic ataxia (20%). Two sporadic patients showed a deletion in exons 41-43, while the rest of HM patients (5) showed a deletion in the terminal part of the CACNA1A gene. About episodic ataxia, we have identified deletions in exon 12-15 and in exon 47. Finally, in migraine patients, we have found different subjects affected by different phenotypes deleted in exon 47. CONCLUSION: This work highlights the importance to complement analysis as direct sequencing with quantitative analysis (MLPA). In fact, intragenic CACNA1A rearrangements have been detected. Our work demonstrated that deletions in CACNA1A gene may be associated also to different migraine phenotypes.

Visceral leishmaniasis in hematopoietic cell transplantation: Case report and review of the literature.

Visceral leishmaniasis has been recognized as an opportunistic infection affecting people with cellular-immunity impairment, including hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. We describe the case of a young Italian man with Hodgkin lymphoma, who developed visceral leishmaniasis after multiple lines of chemotherapy and allogenic HCT. Literature review of visceral leishmaniasis in HCT recipients was also performed. Eleven patients (median age 50 years, 9 male) developed visceral leishmaniasis after allogenic (n = 9) and autologous (n = 2) HCT. Most of them presented with fever and pancytopenia. Bone marrow examination was the main diagnostic technique; liposomal amphotericin B was the treatment of choice. Four out of eight patients (for whom data are available) experienced visceral leishmaniasis relapse. Visceral leishmaniasis in HCT recipients is a rare event that should be suspected in patients with persistent fever, pancytopenia and possible exposure to Leishmania spp., remembering that - as well as South-East Asia, East Africa and South America - it is endemic in several European regions.

Unmanipulated haploidentical bone marrow transplantation and post-transplant cyclophosphamide for hematologic malignanices following a myeloablative conditioning: an update.

This is a report of 148 patients with hematologic malignancies who received an unmanipulated haploidentical bone marrow transplant (BMT), followed by post-transplant high-dose cyclophosphamide (PT-CY). All patients received a myeloablative conditioning consisting of thiotepa, busulfan, fludarabine (n=92) or TBI, fludarabine (n=56). The median age was 47 years (17-74); 47 patients were in first remission (CR1), 37 in second remission (CR2) and 64 had an active disease; all patients were first grafts. The diagnosis was acute leukemia (n=75), myelodisplastic syndrome (n=24), myelofibrosis (n=16), high-grade lymphoma (n=15) and others (n=18). GVHD prophylaxis consisted in PT-CY on days +3 and +5, cyclosporine (from day 0), and mycophenolate (from day +1). The median day for neutrophil engraftment was day +18 (13-32). The cumulative incidence of grades II-IV acute GVHD was 24%, and of grades III-IV GVHD 10%. The incidence of moderate-severe chronic GVHD was 12%. With a median follow-up for the surviving patients of 313 days (100-1162), the cumulative incidence of transplant-related mortality (TRM) is 13%, and the relapse-related death is 23%. The actuarial 22 months overall survival is 77% for CR1 patients, 49% for CR2 patients and 38% for patients grafted in relapse (P<0.001). Major causes of death were relapse (22%), GVHD (2%) and infections (6%). We confirm our initial results, suggesting that a myeloablative conditioning regimen followed by unmanipulated haploidentical BMT with PT-CY, results in a low risk of acute and chronic GVHD and encouraging rates of TRM and overall survival, also for patients with active disease at the time of transplant.

DLI after haploidentical BMT with post-transplant CY.

Forty-two patients relapsing after an unmanipulated haploidentical BM transplant and post-transplant CY (PT-CY), were given 108 DLI, with median interval from transplant of 266 days (range, 67-1372). DLI were given at escalating doses, expressed as CD3+ cells/kg, without GVHD prophylaxis, and ranged from 1 × 10(3) to 1 × 10(7) cells/kg (median 5 × 10(5) cells/kg). The average number of DLI per patient was 2.6 (range, 1-6). The diagnosis was leukemias (n=32) grafted with a myeloablative regimen and Hodgkin's disease (n=10), grafted with a nonmyeloablative regimen. Leukemic patients with molecular relapse (n=20), received DLI alone (n=17) or in association with azacytidine (n=3); leukemic patients with hematologic relapse (n=12) received chemotherapy followed by DLI (n=11) or DLI alone (n=1); Hodgkin patients received DLI following 1-3 courses of chemotherapy. In these three groups the incidence of acute GVHD II-III was 15%, 17% and 10%; response rate was 45%, 33% and 70%; 2-year actuarial survival was 43%, 19% and 80% respectively. This study confirms that escalating doses of DLI can be given in the haploidentical setting with PT-CY, with a relatively low risk of acute GVHD. Response rates and survival are dependent on the underlying disease.

Monoamine oxidase inhibition prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in myoblasts from patients with collagen VI myopathies.

Although mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been proposed to play a crucial role in several types of muscular dystrophy (MD), whether a causal link between these two alterations exists remains an open question. We have documented that mitochondrial dysfunction through opening of the permeability transition pore plays a key role in myoblasts from patients as well as in mouse models of MD, and that oxidative stress caused by monoamine oxidases (MAO) is involved in myofiber damage. In the present study we have tested whether MAO-dependent oxidative stress is a causal determinant of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in myoblasts from patients affected by collagen VI myopathies. We find that upon incubation with hydrogen peroxide or the MAO substrate tyramine myoblasts from patients upregulate MAO-B expression and display a significant rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, with concomitant mitochondrial depolarization. MAO inhibition by pargyline significantly reduced both ROS accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and normalized the increased incidence of apoptosis in myoblasts from patients. Thus, MAO-dependent oxidative stress is causally related to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in myoblasts from patients affected by collagen VI myopathies, and inhibition of MAO should be explored as a potential treatment for these diseases.

Defective collagen VI α6 chain expression in the skeletal muscle of patients with collagen VI-related myopathies.

Collagen VI is a non-fibrillar collagen present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a complex polymer; the mainly expressed form is composed of α1, α2 and α3 chains; mutations in genes encoding these chains cause myopathies known as Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD), Bethlem myopathy (BM) and myosclerosis myopathy (MM). The collagen VI α6 chain is a recently identified component of the ECM of the human skeletal muscle. Here we report that the α6 chain was dramatically reduced in skeletal muscle and muscle cell cultures of genetically characterized UCMD, BM and MM patients, independently of the clinical phenotype, the gene involved and the effect of the mutation on the expression of the "classical" α1α2α3 heterotrimer. By contrast, the collagen VI α6 chain was normally expressed or increased in the muscle of patients affected by other forms of muscular dystrophy, the overexpression matching with areas of increased fibrosis. In vitro treatment with TGF-ß1, a potent collagen inducer, promoted the collagen VI α6 chain deposition in the ECM of normal muscle cells, whereas, in cultures derived from collagen VI-related myopathy patients, the collagen VI α6 chain failed to develop a network outside the cells and accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. The defect of the α6 chain points to a contribution to the pathogenesis of collagen VI-related disorders.

A patient with limb girdle muscular dystrophy carries a TRIM32 deletion, detected by a novel CGH array, in compound heterozygosis with a nonsense mutation.

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2H is a rare autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy, clinically highly variable, caused by mutations in the TRIM32 gene. Here we describe a 35-years-old who experienced progressive muscle weakness. The muscle biopsy revealed an unspecific pattern of atrophic and hypertrophic fibers; the immunohistochemistry for several proteins was normal. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis showed a heterozygous deletion of the entire TRIM32 gene. On the other allele we identified the R316X nonsense mutation. The genetic diagnosis of LGMD2H in this case was reached by using a novel high throughput diagnostic tool.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy and epilepsy.

Cognitive and behavioral difficulties occur in approximately a third of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of epilepsy in a cohort of 222 DMD patients. Epileptic seizures were found in 14 of the 222 DMD patients (6.3%). The age of onset ranged from 3 months to 16 years (mean 7.8). Seizures were more often focal epilepsy (n=6), generalized tonic-clonic seizures (n=4) or absences (n=4). They were present in 12 of the 149 boys with normal IQ (8.1%) and in two of the 73 with mental retardation (2.7%). In two cases the parents did not report any past or present history of seizures but only 'staring episodes' interpreted as a sign of 'poor attention'. In both patients EEG showed the typical pattern observed in childhood absence epilepsy. Our results suggest that the prevalence of epilepsy in our study (6.3%) is higher than in the general pediatric population (0.5-1%). The risk of epilepsy does not appear to increase in patients with mental retardation.

Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) refractory to conventional immunosuppression suffer substantial morbidity and mortality due to active disease and treatment toxicity. Immunoablation followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a novel therapeutic strategy that potentially offers new hope to these patients. METHODS: This retrospective survey reviews the efficacy and safety of ASCT in 28 SLE patients from eight centres reported to the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) registry between 2001 and 2008. RESULTS: Median disease duration before ASCT was 52 (nine to 396) months, 25/28 SLE patients (89%) were female, age 29 (16-48) years. At the time of ASCT, eight (one to 11) American College of Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria for SLE were present and 17 (60%) patients had nephritis. Peripheral blood stem cells were mobilized with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in 93% of patients, and ex vivo CD34 stem cell selection was performed in 36%. Conditioning regimens were employed with either low (n = 10) or intermediate (18) intensities. With a median follow-up of 38 (one to 110) months after ASCT, the five-year overall survival was 81 ± 8%, disease-free survival was 29 ± 9%, relapse incidence (RI) was 56 ± 11% and non-relapse mortality was 15 ± 7%. Graft manipulation by CD34+ selection was associated with a lower RI (p = 0.001) on univariate analysis. There were five deaths within two years after ASCT: three caused by infection, one by secondary autoimmune disease and one by progressive SLE. CONCLUSIONS: Our data further support the concept of immunoablation and ASCT to re-induce long-term clinical and serologic remissions in refractory SLE patients even in the absence of maintenance therapy. This study also suggests a beneficial effect of ex vivo graft manipulation on prevention of relapses post-transplantation in SLE.

Brody syndrome: a clinically heterogeneous entity distinct from Brody disease: a review of literature and a cross-sectional clinical study in 17 patients.

Brody disease is a rare inherited myopathy due to reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA)1 activity caused by mutations in ATP2A1, which causes delayed muscle relaxation and silent cramps. So far the disease has mostly been diagnosed by measurement of SERCA1 activity. Since mutation analysis became more widely available, it has appeared that not all patients with reduced SERCA1 activity indeed have ATP2A1 mutations, and a distinction between Brody disease (with ATP2A1 mutations) and Brody syndrome (without ATP2A1 mutations) was proposed. We aim to compare the clinical features of patients with Brody disease and those with Brody syndrome and detect clinical features which help to distinguish between the two. In addition, we describe the Brody syndrome phenotype in more detail. We therefore performed a literature review on clinical features of both Brody disease and Brody syndrome and a cross-sectional clinical study consisting of questionnaires, physical examination, and a review of medical files in 17 Brody syndrome patients in our centre. The results showed that Brody disease presents with an onset in the 1st decade, a generalized pattern of muscle stiffness, delayed muscle relaxation after repetitive contraction on physical examination, and autosomal recessive inheritance. Patients with Brody syndrome more often report myalgia and experience a considerable impact on daily life. Future research should focus on the possible mechanisms of reduction of SERCA activity in Brody syndrome and other genetic causes, and on evaluation of treatment options.

Critical evaluation of the use of cell cultures for inclusion in clinical trials of patients affected by collagen VI myopathies.

Collagen VI myopathies (Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD), Bethlem myopathy (BM), and myosclerosis myopathy) share a common pathogenesis, that is, mitochondrial dysfunction due to deregulation of the permeability transition pore (PTP). This effect was first identified in the Col6a1(-/-) mouse model and then in muscle cell cultures from UCMD and BM patients; the normalizing effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) confirmed the pathogenic role of PTP opening. In order to determine whether mitochondrial performance can be used as a criterion for inclusion in clinical trials and as an outcome measure of the patient response to therapy, it is mandatory to establish whether mitochondrial dysfunction is conserved in primary cell cultures from UCMD and BM patients. In this study we report evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and the consequent increase of apoptotic rate can be detected not only, as previously reported, in muscle, but also in fibroblast cell cultures established from muscle biopsies of collagen VI-related myopathic patients. However, the mitochondrial phenotype is no longer maintained after nine passages in culture. These data demonstrate that the dire consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction are not limited to myogenic cells, and that this parameter can be used as a suitable diagnostic criterion, provided that the cell culture conditions are carefully established.

In vivo B-cell depletion with rituximab for alternative donor hemopoietic SCT.

We retrospectively analyzed 55 patients given a fixed dose of rituximab (200 mg) on day+5 after an alternative donor transplant, to prevent EBV DNA-emia; 68 alternative transplants who did not receive prophylactic rituximab served as controls. The two groups were comparable for donor type, and all patients received anti-thymocyte globulin in the conditioning regimen. Rituximab patients had a significantly lower rate of EBV DNA-emia 56 vs 85% (P=0.0004), a lower number of maximum median EBV copies (91 vs 1321/10(5) cells, P=0.003) and a significantly lower risk of exceeding 1000 EBV copies per 10(5)cells (14 vs 49%, P=0.0001). Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were lower on day +50 and+100 in rituximab patients, whereas Ig levels were comparable. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GvHD was significantly reduced in rituximab patients (20 vs 38%, P=0.02). Chronic GvHD was comparable. There was a trend for a survival advantage for patients receiving rituximab (46 vs 40%, P=0.1), mainly because of lower transplant mortality (25 vs 37%, P=0.1). Despite the drawback of a retrospective study, these data suggest that a fixed dose of rituximab on day +5 reduces the risk of a high EBV load, and also reduces acute GvHD.

Mortality after bloodstream infections in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.

PURPOSE: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are frequent after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The aim of this study was to identify predictors of mortality after BSI in patients who undergo HSCT. METHODS: Patients who underwent HSCT between 1 January 2004 and 31 January 2008 and developed BSI during the first year post-transplantation were included. Variables influencing overall mortality at 7 and 30 days after BSI were analysed. RESULTS: BSIs developed in 149 patients, within a median of 9 days after undergoing HSCT. Early and late mortality were 15 and 27%, respectively. Of the BSI, 54% were due to Gram-positive microorganisms, 33% were due to Gram-negative microogranisms, 10% were polymicrobial and 3% were fungal. The associated 7-and 30-day mortality was respectively 10 and 24% (Gram positive), 22 and 31% (Gram negative; Pseudomonas aeruginosa mortality 67%, all within 7 days), 13 and 27% (polymicrobial) and 40% (fungal, all within 7 days). Early mortality was higher in relapsed disease at HSCT (25.9%, p = 0.01), but lower in early (i.e. within 20 days of HSCT) BSI (11.7%, p = 0.03) and BSI due to Gram-positive infective agents (10%, p = 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed a higher mortality in late BSI [odds ratio (OR) 3.29, p = 0.03] and relapsed disease at HSCT (OR 2.2, p = 0.04). Late mortality was associated with the type of underlying disease (OR 0.44 for diseases other than acute leukaemia, p = 0.05) and its status (OR 6.04 for relapse at HSCT, p = 0.001). Appropriate empirical therapy was associated with lower early and late mortality in single Gram-negative BSI (16 vs. 45% for 7-day mortality, p = 0.09; 21 vs. 64% for 30-day mortality, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: BSIs are frequent during the first year after HSCT and are associated with a high mortality rate. The aetiology influenced early mortality, while the type and phase of the underlying disease played a pivotal role in late mortality. Appropriate empirical therapy is crucial in BSI due to Gram-negative infective agents.

Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen in multiple sclerosis: the Italian multi-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Over recent years numerous patients with severe forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) refractory to conventional therapies have been treated with intense immunosuppression followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). The clinical outcome and the toxicity of AHSCT can be diverse, depending on the various types of conditioning protocols and on the disease phase. OBJECTIVES: To report the Italian experience on all the consecutive patients with MS treated with AHSCT with an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen, named BEAM/ATG, in the period from 1996 to 2008. METHODS: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes of 74 patients were collected after a median follow-up period of 48.3 (range = 0.8-126) months. RESULTS: Two patients (2.7%) died from transplant-related causes. After 5 years, 66% of patients remained stable or improved. Among patients with a follow-up longer than 1 year, eight out of 25 subjects with a relapsing-remitting course (31%) had a 6-12 months confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale improvement > 1 point after AHSCT as compared with one out of 36 (3%) patients with a secondary progressive disease course (p = 0.009). Among the 18 cases with a follow-up longer than 7 years, eight (44%) remained stable or had a sustained improvement while 10 (56%), after an initial period of stabilization or improvement with median duration of 3.5 years, showed a slow disability progression. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that AHSCT with a BEAM/ATG conditioning regimen has a sustained effect in suppressing disease progression in aggressive MS cases unresponsive to conventional therapies. It can also cause a sustained clinical improvement, especially if treated subjects are still in the relapsing-remitting phase of the disease.