Fast Thermodynamic Study on a Silicon Nanotransistor at Cryogenic Temperatures.

Cryogenic temperatures are crucial for the operation of semiconductor quantum electronic devices, yet the heating effects induced by microwave or laser signals used for quantum state manipulation can lead to significant temperature variations at the nanoscale. Therefore, probing the temperature of individual devices in working conditions and understanding the thermodynamics are paramount for designing and operating large-scale quantum computing systems. In this study, we demonstrate high-sensitivity fast thermometry in a silicon nanotransistor at cryogenic temperatures using RF reflectometry. Through this method, we explore the thermodynamic processes of the nanotransistor during and after a laser pulse and determine the dominant heat dissipation channels in the few-kelvin temperature range. These insights are important to understand thermal budgets in quantum circuits, with our techniques being compatible with microwave and laser radiation, offering a versatile approach for studying other quantum electronic devices in working conditions.

Multi-gene phylogenetic and taxonomic contributions to Xylaria (Ascomycota) associated with fallen fruits from China.

Morphological and phylogenetic analyses on samples of Xylaria species associated with fallen fruits from China were carried out, and two new species were described, namely X.aleuriticola and X.microcarpa. Xylariaaleuriticola is found on fallen fruits of Aleuritesmoluccana, and characterized by stromata dichotomously branched several times with long acute sterile apices, fertile parts roughened with perithecia and tomentose, and ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores. Xylariamicrocarpa differs in its very small stromata with dark brown tomentum, light brown ascospores with an inconspicuous straight germ slit, and grows on leguminous pods. The differences between the new species and morphologically similar species are discussed. Phylogenetic analyses on ITS-RPB2-TUB sequences confirmed that the two species are clearly separated from other species of the genus Xylaria. Xylarialiquidambaris is reported as a new record from China. A key to the Xylaria species associated with fallen fruits and seeds reported from China is provided to facilitate future studies of the genus.

Complete genome sequence of Rhodococcus sp. strain PD04, a pyridine-degrading bacterium under hypersaline condition.

We report the complete genome sequence of a pyridine-degrading Rhodococcus sp. strain PD04 under 4% salinity environment, isolated from wastewater of coking plant. The genome is 6.07 Mb with 5,767 annotated gene coding sequences.

Exploring the efficacy and mechanism of Bailing capsule to improve polycystic ovary syndrome in mice based on intestinal-derived LPS-TLR4 pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with reproductive dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities, particularly characterized by insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. Multiple clinical studies have clearly demonstrated the significant efficacy and safety of the combination of Bailing capsules (BL) in the treatment of PCOS, but its pharmacological effects and mechanisms still require further study. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effect of BL on improving PCOS in mice and explore the mechanism. METHODS: In this study, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) injection was administered alone and in combination with a high-fat and high-sugar diet to induce PCOS-like mouse. They were randomly divided into five groups: normal group (N), PCOS group (P), Bailing capsule low-dose group (BL-L), Bailing capsule high-dose group (BL-H) and Metformin + Daine-35 group (M + D). Firstly, the effects of BL on ovarian lesions, serum hormone levels, HOMA-IR, intestinal barrier function, inflammation levels, along with the expression of IRS1, PI3K, AKT, TLR4, Myd88, NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-6, and Occludin of the ovary, liver and colon were investigated. Finally, the composition of the gut microbiome of fecal was tested. RESULTS: The administration of BL significantly reduced body weight, improved hormone levels, improved IR, and attenuated pathological damage to ovarian tissues, up-regulated the expression of IRS1, PI3K, and AKT in liver. It also decreased serum LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, while downregulating the expression of Myd88, TLR4, and NF-κB p65. Additionally, BL improved intestinal barrier damage and upregulated the expression of Occludin. Interestingly, the abundance of norank_f__Muribaculacea and Lactobacillus was down-regulated, while the abundance of Akkermansia was significantly up-regulated. CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that BL exerts a treatment PCOS effect, which may be related to the modulation of the gut microbiota, the improvement of insulin resistance and the intestinal-derived LPS-TLR4 inflammatory pathway. Our research will provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of PCOS.

Federated learning for medical image analysis: A survey.

Machine learning in medical imaging often faces a fundamental dilemma, namely, the small sample size problem. Many recent studies suggest using multi-domain data pooled from different acquisition sites/centers to improve statistical power. However, medical images from different sites cannot be easily shared to build large datasets for model training due to privacy protection reasons. As a promising solution, federated learning, which enables collaborative training of machine learning models based on data from different sites without cross-site data sharing, has attracted considerable attention recently. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive survey of the recent development of federated learning methods in medical image analysis. We have systematically gathered research papers on federated learning and its applications in medical image analysis published between 2017 and 2023. Our search and compilation were conducted using databases from IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, Springer Link, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed. In this survey, we first introduce the background of federated learning for dealing with privacy protection and collaborative learning issues. We then present a comprehensive review of recent advances in federated learning methods for medical image analysis. Specifically, existing methods are categorized based on three critical aspects of a federated learning system, including client end, server end, and communication techniques. In each category, we summarize the existing federated learning methods according to specific research problems in medical image analysis and also provide insights into the motivations of different approaches. In addition, we provide a review of existing benchmark medical imaging datasets and software platforms for current federated learning research. We also conduct an experimental study to empirically evaluate typical federated learning methods for medical image analysis. This survey can help to better understand the current research status, challenges, and potential research opportunities in this promising research field.

Wet-Stable Lamellar Wood Sponge with High Elasticity and Fatigue Resistance Enabled by Chemical Cross-Linking.

The excessive consumption of fossil-based plastics and the associated environmental concerns motivate the increasing exploitation of sustainable biomass-based materials for advanced applications. Natural wood-derived lamellar wood sponges via a top-down approach have recently attracted significant attention; however, the insufficient compressive fatigue resistance and lack of structural stability in water limit their wide applications. Here, we report a facile chemical cross-linking strategy to tackle these challenges, by which the cellulose fibrils in the lamellas are covalently bridged to enhance their connectivity. The cross-linked wood sponges demonstrate high compressibility up to 70% strain and exceptional compressive fatigue resistance (∼5% plastic deformation after 10,000 cycles at 50% strain). The interfibrillar cross-linking inhibits the swelling of cellulose fibrils and preserves the arch-shaped lamellas of the sponge in water, endowing the wood sponge with excellent wet stability. Such highly elastic and wet-stable lamellar wood sponges offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymer-based sponges used in diverse applications.

Downregulation of lncRNA EPB41L4A-AS1 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of gastric cancer ranks the first among digestive tract tumors in China. However, there are no specific symptoms in the early stage of the tumor and the diagnosis process is complex, so more effective detection methods are very needed. In this study, a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) was introduced as a diagnostic biomarker for gastric cancer, which brought new thinking to the exploration of its pathological mechanism and clinical prediction. METHODS: The level of lncRNA EPB41L4A-AS1 (EPB41L4A-AS1) in gastric cancer serum and cells was verified via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed based on the EPB41L4A-AS1 level, and the diagnostic possibility of EPB41L4A-AS was analyzed. The chi-square test evaluated the correlation between EPB41L4A-AS expression and clinical information. The cells were cultured and transfected in vitro, and the mediations of abnormal EPB41L4A-AS level on the viability and motility of gastric cancer cells were verified through cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell assay. Furthermore, luciferase activity assay was performed to confirm the sponge molecule microRNA-17-5p (miR-17-5p) of EPB41L4A-AS1. RESULTS: EPB41L4A-AS1 was decreased in gastric cancer, and low EPB41L4A-AS1 level indicated resultful diagnostic value. Overexpression of EPB41L4A-AS1 inhibited the activity of gastric cancer cells, while knockdown of EPB41L4A-AS1 promoted tumor deterioration. EPB41L4A-AS1 directly targeted and regulated the expression ofmiR-17-5p. CONCLUSION: This study elaborated that EPB41L4A-AS1 is lowly expressed in gastric cancer. Silencing EPB41L4A-AS1 was beneficial to cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. EPB41L4A-AS1 provides a new possibility for the diagnosis of gastric cancer patients by targeting miR-17-5p.

Enhanced Photo-excitation and Angular-Momentum Imprint of Gray Excitons in WSe2 Monolayers by Spin-Orbit-Coupled Vector Vortex Beams.

A light beam can be spatially structured in the complex amplitude to possess orbital angular momentum (OAM), which introduces an extra degree of freedom alongside the intrinsic spin angular momentum (SAM) associated with circular polarization. Furthermore, superimposing two such twisted light (TL) beams with distinct SAM and OAM produces a vector vortex beam (VVB) in nonseparable states where not only complex amplitude but also polarization is spatially structured and entangled with each other. In addition to the nonseparability, the SAM and OAM in a VVB are intrinsically coupled by the optical spin-orbit interaction and constitute the profound spin-orbit physics in photonics. In this work, we present a comprehensive theoretical investigation, implemented on the first-principles base, of the intriguing light-matter interaction between VVBs and WSe2 monolayers (WSe2-MLs), one of the best-known and promising two-dimensional (2D) materials in optoelectronics dictated by excitons, encompassing bright exciton (BX) as well as various dark excitons (DXs). One of the key findings of our study is that a substantial enhancement of the photoexcitation of gray excitons (GXs), a type of spin-forbidden DX, in a WSe2-ML can be achieved through the utilization of a 3D-structured TL with the optical spin-orbit interaction. Moreover, we show that a spin-orbit-coupled VVB surprisingly allows for the imprinting of the carried optical information onto GXs in 2D materials, which is robust against the decoherence mechanisms in the materials. This suggests a promising method for deciphering the transferred angular momentum from structured light to excitons.

Plastid genome data provide new insights into the dynamic evolution of the tribe Ampelopsideae (Vitaceae).

BACKGROUND: Ampelopsideae J. Wen & Z.L. Nie is a small-sized tribe of Vitaceae Juss., including ca. 47 species from four genera showing a disjunct distribution worldwide across all the continents except Antarctica. There are numerous species from the tribe that are commonly used as medicinal plants with immune-modulating, antimicrobial, and anti-hypertensive properties. The tribe is usually recognized into three clades, i.e., Ampelopsis Michx., Nekemias Raf., and the Southern Hemisphere clade. However, the relationships of the three clades differ greatly between the nuclear and the plastid topologies. There has been limited exploration of the chloroplast phylogenetic relationships within Ampelopsideae, and studies on the chloroplast genome structure of this tribe are only available for a few individuals. In this study, we aimed to investigate the evolutionary characteristics of plastid genomes of the tribe, including their genome structure and evolutionary insights. RESULTS: We sequenced, assembled, and annotated plastid genomes of 36 species from the tribe and related taxa in the family. Three main clades were recognized within Ampelopsideae, corresponding to Ampelopsis, Nekemias, and the Southern Hemisphere lineage, respectively, and all with 100% bootstrap supports. The genome sequences and content of the tribe are highly conserved. However, comparative analyses suggested that the plastomes of Nekemias demonstrate a contraction in the large single copy region and an expansion in the inverted repeat region, and possess a high number of forward and palindromic repeat sequences distinct from both Ampelopsis and the Southern Hemisphere taxa. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlighted plastome variations in genome length, expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat region, codon usage bias, and repeat sequences, are corresponding to the three lineages of the tribe, which probably faced with different environmental selection pressures and evolutionary history. This study provides valuable insights into understanding the evolutionary patterns of plastid genomes within the Ampelopsideae of Vitaceae.

The Clinical Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection Therapy versus Different Control Groups for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Objective: Low back pain is one of the main causes of disability in the world. Although regenerative medicine may represent breakthroughs in the management of low back pain, its use remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection therapy versus different control groups for chronic low back pain during 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. Methods: Different electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials up to August 2023. Mean changes from baseline in pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores at 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months and standard deviations of outcome were recorded. Results: Four articles with 154 cases were finally included in this meta-analysis. After 4 weeks, corticosteroid (CS) was the optimal treatment option for chronic low back pain in terms of improvement in pain and disability index (surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA]=71.3%, SUCRA=57.8%, respectively). After 3 months, radiofrequency (RF) emerged as the best therapy in pain (SUCRA=100%) and disability index (SUCRA=98.5%), followed by PRP (SUCRA=62.3%, SUCRA=64.3%, respectively), CS (SUCRA=24.6%, SUCRA=25.9%, respectively) and lidocaine (SUCRA=13.1%, SUCRA=11.3%, respectively). At 6 months, RF was most likely to be the best treatment in pain (SUCRA=94.9%) and disability index (SUCRA=77.3%), followed by PRP (SUCRA=71.2%, SUCRA=79.6%, respectively). However, compared with the last follow-up, there was a slight downward trend in improvement pain and disability index with RF, while PRP was still an upward trend. Conclusion: This study demonstrated better short-term improvement of chronic low back pain with CS after 4 weeks. PRP and RF improvement effects matched, but follow-up of at least 6 months showed that PRP seemed to be more advantageous in improvement in disability indices. Considering the limitations of this study, these conclusions still need to be verified by more comparative RCTs and a longer follow-up period.

Photoionisation detection of a single Er3+ ion with sub-100-ns time resolution.

Efficient detection of single optical centres in solids is essential for quantum information processing, sensing and single-photon generation applications. In this work, we use radio-frequency (RF) reflectometry to electrically detect the photoionisation induced by a single Er3+ ion in Si. The high bandwidth and sensitivity of the RF reflectometry provide sub-100-ns time resolution for the photoionisation detection. With this technique, the optically excited state lifetime of a single Er3+ ion in a Si nano-transistor is measured for the first time to be [Formula: see text]s. Our results demonstrate an efficient approach for detecting a charge state change induced by Er excitation and relaxation. This approach could be used for fast readout of other single optical centres in solids and is attractive for large-scale integrated optical quantum systems thanks to the multi-channel RF reflectometry demonstrated with frequency multiplexing techniques.

The complete chloroplast genome of Nekemias hypoglauca (Hance) J. Wen & Z. L. Nie 2014 (Family: Vitaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis.

Nekemias is a perennial woody vine with nine species that had been originally placed in Ampelopsis. These species of Nekemias are economically and medically important. Limited information is available on the genomic characteristics of the chloroplasts of this genus. Nekemias hypoglauca (Hance) J. Wen & Z. L. Nie 2014 contains 131 unique genes (86 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNAs, and 37 tRNAs). The complete chloroplast sequence contains 162,976 bp. The large single-copy region contains 89,291 bp; the small single-copy region contains 19,063 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat sequences is composed of 27,311 bp. There are 84 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in the complete chloroplast genome of N. hypoglauca, with mononucleotide, dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide and hexanucleotide SSRs of 58, 9, 6, 10 and 1, respectively. A total of 337 repeats were identified, including 172 forward repeats, three reverse repeats and 163 palindromic repeats. A phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome data of the chloroplasts of 10 plant species indicated the monophyly of Nekemias and determined the phylogenetic relationships of N. hypoglauca in Nekemias. This study provides a reference for further studies on the taxonomy, identification, origin and evolution of N. hypoglauca and Nekemias.

Exploring the novel antioxidant peptides in low-salt dry-cured ham: Preparation, purification, identification and molecular docking.

Dry-cured ham is important source of bioactive peptides. In this study, the antioxidant activities of peptides and components from low and fully salted dry-cured hams were compared by peptidomics. And novel antioxidant peptides were identified and characterized. The results showed that the peptides (<3 KDa) extracted from low-salt dry-cured ham had higher antioxidant activity. Therefore, the antioxidant peptides in low-salt dry-cured ham were further characterized and the mechanism of their antioxidant activity was investigated. From the five candidate peptides selected, we found DWPDARGIWHND (DD12) to be highly stable, non-sensitizing, and non-toxic with the highest free radical scavenging activity. Molecular docking predicted that DD12 interacted with Keap1 through hydrogen-bond formation and hydrophobic interactions, suggesting that DD12 had good cellular antioxidant activity. DD12 peptide can bind to DPPH• and ABTS•+, resulting in strong free radical scavenging activity. Our findings support the development and application of natural antioxidant peptides in dry-cured ham.

PTEN hinders the formation of scars by regulating the levels of proteins in the extracellular matrix and promoting the apoptosis of dermal fibroblasts through Bcl-xL.

Hypertrophic scar (HS) is a dermatological condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an elevated cell count. The development of HS is thought to be linked to the disruption of dermal fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis. The processes of cell proliferation and apoptosis are notably influenced by PTEN. However, the precise mechanisms by which PTEN regulates hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs) and its overall role in scar formation are still not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of PTEN on hypertrophic scars(HS) and its function in the regulation of scar formation, with the aim of identifying a pivotal molecular target for scar treatment. Our results demonstrate that the overexpression of PTEN (AdPTEN) significantly suppressed the expression of type I collagen (Col I), type III collagen (Col III), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in HSFs. Furthermore, it was observed that the introduction of AdPTEN resulted in the suppression of Bcl-xL expression, which consequently led to an increase in the apoptosis of HSFs. Similarly, in the inhibition of collagens expression and subsequent increase in HSF apoptosis were also observed upon silencing Bcl-xL (sibcl-xL). Additionally, the in vitro model demonstrated that both AdPTEN and sibcl-xL were effective in reducing the contraction of FPCL. The findings of our study provide validation for the role of PTEN in inhibiting the development of hypertrophic scars (HS) by modulating the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and promoting apoptosis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs) via Bcl-xL. These results indicate that PTEN and Bcl-xL may hold promise as potential molecular targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at managing hypertrophic scars.

Circulating RNA ZFR promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process through miR-624-3p/WEE1 axis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer, is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Previous evidence shows that the expression of circulating RNA ZFR (circZFR) is upregulated in HCC tissues. However, the molecular mechanism of circZFR in HCC is unclear. METHODS: Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression of circZFR, microRNA-624-3p (miR-624-3p) and WEE1 in HCC tissues and cells. RNase R assay and actinomycin D treatment assay were used to analyze the characteristics of circZFR. For functional analysis, the capacities of colony formation, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, migration and invasion were assessed by colony formation assay, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, flow cytometry assay and transwell assay. Western blot was used to examine the protein levels of WEE1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. The interactions between miR-624-3p and circZFR or WEE1 were validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Xenograft models were established to determine the role of circZFR in vivo. RESULTS: circZFR and WEE1 were upregulated, while miR-624-3p expression was reduced in HCC tissues and cells. circZFR could sponge miR-624-3p, and WEE1 was a downstream gene of miR-624-3p. Knockdown of circZFR significantly reduced the malignant behaviors of HCC and that co-transfection with miR-624-3p inhibitor restored this change. Overexpression of WEE1 abolished the inhibitory effect of miR-624-3p mimic on HCC cells. Mechanistically, circZFR acted as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate WEE1 expression by targeting miR-624-3p. Furthermore, in vivo studies have illustrated that circZFR knockdown inhibited tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: circZFR knockdown reduced HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis by regulating the miR-624-3p/WEE1 axis, suggesting that the circZFR/miR-624-3p/WEE1 axis might be a potential target for HCC treatment.

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Nanoplatform for Effective Management of Infected Wounds.

Burn wound healing continues to pose significant challenges due to excessive inflammation, the risk of infection, and impaired tissue regeneration. In this regard, an antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory nanocomposite (called HPA) that combines a nanosystem using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and the natural polyphenol of Phloretin with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is developed. HPA effectively disperses AgNPs to mitigate any toxicity caused by aggregation while also showing the pharmacological activities of Phloretin. During the initial stage of wound healing, HPA rapidly releases silver ions from its surface to suppress bacterial activity. Moreover, these nanoparticles are pH-sensitive and degrade efficiently in the acidic infection microenvironment, gradually releasing Phloretin. This sustained release of Phloretin helps scavenge overexpressed reactive oxygen species in the infected microenvironment area, thus reducing the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The antibacterial activity, free radical clearance, and regulation of inflammatory factors of HPA through in vitro experiments are validated. Additionally, its effects using an infectious burn mouse model in vivo are evaluated. HPA is found to promote collagen deposition and epithelialization in the wound area. With its synergistic antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as favorable biocompatibilities, HPA shows great promise as a safe and effective multifunctional nanoplatform for burn injury wound dressings.

NIR Plasmonic Nanozymes: Synergistic Enhancement Mechanism and Multi-Modal Anti-Infection Applications of MXene/MOFs.

Nanozymes are considered as the promising antimicrobial agents due to the enzyme-like activity for chemo-dynamic therapy (CDT). However, it remains a challenge to develop novel nanozyme systems for achieving stimuli-responsive, and efficient nanozyme catalysis with multimodal synergistic enhancement. In this work, a near-infrared (NIR) plasmonic-enhanced nanozyme catalysis and photothermal performance for effective antimicrobial applications are proposed. A Ti3 C2 MXene/Fe-MOFs composite (MXM) with NIR plasmonic-enhanced CDT combined with photothermal properties is successfully developed by loading metal-organic framework (MOF) nanozymes onto Ti3 C2 MXene. The mechanism of NIR induced localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-enhanced CDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) is well explained through activation energy (Ea ), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence analysis experiments, and finite element simulation. It reveals that MXene nanosheets exhibit NIR plasmon exciters and generate hot electrons that can transfer to the surface of Fe-MOFs, promoting the Fenton reaction and enhances CDT. While the photothermal heating of MXene produced by LSPR can also boost the CDT of Fe-MOFs under NIR irradiation. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrate that LSPR-induced MXM system has outstanding antimicrobial properties, can promote angiogenesis and collagen deposition, leading to the accelerated wound healing.

Integrated bioinformatics and network pharmacology to explore the therapeutic target and molecular mechanisms of Bailing capsule on polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder that is common in women of reproductive age. The clinical features of PCOS include hyperandrogenemia and polycystic ovarian changes. Bailing capsule (BL), a proprietary Chinese medicine that contains fermented Cordyceps sinensis powder, has been applied to treat PCOS. However, the specific active ingredients of BL and its mechanisms of action are yet to be elucidated. METHODS: Initially, the effectiveness of BL on PCOS model mice was evaluated. Subsequently, the active ingredients of BL were searched in the TCMSP and TCM Systems Pharmacology databases, and their targets were predicted using Swiss Target Prediction and SEA databases. Furthermore, the GEO gene database was used to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to PCOS. Data from Gene Card, OMIM, DDT, and Drugbank databases were then combined to establish a PCOS disease gene library. Cross targets were imported into the STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction network. In addition, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed using Metascape and DAVID databases and visualized using Cytoscape software and R 4.2.3. The core targets were docked with SYBYL-X software, and their expressions in PCOS mice were further verified using qPCR. RESULTS: The core active ingredients of BL were identified to be linoleyl acetate, cholesteryl palmitate, arachidonic acid, among others. Microarray data sets from four groups containing disease and normal samples were obtained from the GEO database. A total of 491 DEGs and 106 drug-disease cross genes were selected. Estrous cycle and ovarian lesions were found to be improved in PCOS model mice following BL treatment. While the levels of testosterone, progesterone, and prolactin decreased, that of estradiol increased. qPCR findings indicated that the expressions of JAK2, PPARG, PI3K, and AKT1 were upregulated, whereas those of ESR1 and IRS1 were downregulated in PCOS model mice. After the administration of BL, the expressions of associated genes were regulated. This study demonstrated that BL exerted anti-PCOS effects via PIK3CA, ESR1, AKT, PPARG, and IRS1 targets affecting PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. DISCUSSION: This research clarified the multicomponent, multitarget, and multichannel action of BL and provided a theoretical reference for further investigations on its pharmacological basis and molecular mechanisms against PCOS.

Ancestral neural circuits potentiate the origin of a female sexual behavior.

Courtship interactions are remarkably diverse in form and complexity among species. How neural circuits evolve to encode new behaviors that are functionally integrated into these dynamic social interactions is unknown. Here we report a recently originated female sexual behavior in the island endemic Drosophila species D. santomea, where females signal receptivity to male courtship songs by spreading their wings, which in turn promotes prolonged songs in courting males. Copulation success depends on this female signal and correlates with males' ability to adjust his singing in such a social feedback loop. Functional comparison of sexual circuitry across species suggests that a pair of descending neurons, which integrates male song stimuli and female internal state to control a conserved female abdominal behavior, drives wing spreading in D. santomea. This co-option occurred through the refinement of a pre-existing, plastic circuit that can be optogenetically activated in an outgroup species. Combined, our results show that the ancestral potential of a socially-tuned key circuit node to engage the wing motor program facilitates the expression of a new female behavior in appropriate sensory and motivational contexts. More broadly, our work provides insights into the evolution of social behaviors, particularly female behaviors, and the underlying neural mechanisms.