Exercise Testing, Family History, and Subclinical Atherosclerosis Markers for Cardiovascular Risk Reclassification in Middle-Aged Women

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in women and the accuracy of currently available risk scores is questionable. Objective To reclassify the risk estimated by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in asymptomatic middle-aged women by incorporating family history, exercise testing variables, and subclinical atherosclerosis markers. Methods This cross-sectional study included 509 women (age range, 46-65 years) without cardiovascular symptoms. Those at low or intermediate risk by the FRS were reclassified to a higher level considering premature family history of acute myocardial infarction and/or sudden death; four variables from exercise testing; and two variables related to subclinical atherosclerosis markers. The homogeneity of these variables according to the FRS was verified by Pearson chi-square test (p<0.05). Results According to the FRS, 80.2%, 6.2%, and 13.6% of the women were classified as low (<5%), intermediate (5-10%), and high (>10%) risks, respectively. The intermediate-risk stratum showed the highest increase (from 6.2% to 33.3%) with addition of family history; followed by addition of chronotropic index <80% (to 24.2%); functional capacity <85% (22.2%), coronary calcium score >0 (20.6%); decreased one-minute heart rate recovery ≤12 bpm (15.2%); carotid intima-media thickness >1 mm and/or carotid plaque (13.8%) and ST-segment depression (9.0%). The high-risk stratum increased to 14.4% with the addition of reduced heart rate recovery and to 17.1% with the coronary calcium score. Conclusion Incorporation of premature family history of cardiovascular events, exercise testing abnormal parameters, and subclinical atherosclerosis markers into the FRS led to risk reclassification in 3.0-29.7% of asymptomatic middle-aged women, mainly by an increase from low to intermediate risk.

Non Electrocardiographic alterations in exercise testing in asymptomatic women. Associations with cardiovascular risk factors.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of exercise testing alterations in middle-aged women without symptoms of heart disease and to verify the associations of functional capacity and heart rate behavior during and after exercise with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 509 asymptomatic women aged between 46 and 65 years who underwent clinical evaluations and exercise testing (Bruce protocol). The heart rate behavior was evaluated by the maximal predicted heart rate achieved, chronotropic index and recovery heart rate. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.4±4.8 years, and 13.4% of the patients had a Framingham risk score above 10%. In the exercise treadmill testing, 58.0% presented one or more of the following alterations (listed in order of ascending prevalence): symptoms (angina, dyspnea, and dizziness), ST-segment depression, arrhythmia, reduction in recovery heart rate of ≤12 bpm at 1 minute, altered maximal predicted heart rate achieved, abnormal blood pressure, functional capacity deficiency, and altered chronotropic index. In the multivariate analysis, the following associations (odds ratio) were observed for these alterations: chronotropic index was associated with obesity (2.08) and smoking (4.47); maximal predicted heart rate achieved was associated with smoking (6.45); reduction in the recovery heart rate at 1 minute was associated with age (1.09) and obesity (2.78); functional capacity was associated with age (0.92), an overweight status (2.29) and obesity (6.51). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of middle-aged women without cardiovascular symptoms present alterations in one or more exercise testing parameters. Alterations in the functional capacity or heart rate behavior, as verified by exercise testing, are associated with age, smoking, an overweight status and obesity.

Profile of hospitalizations in Pediatric Intensive Care Units of the Brazilian Unified Health System in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. / Perfil das internações em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do Sistema Único de Saúde no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil.

In Brazil, the distribution of pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), causes of admission, costs incurred and how care is provided are still poorly understood. The objective was to describe the profile of hospitalizations in the PICUs of the Brazilian Unified Health System in the state of Pernambuco, in 2010. A cross-sectional study was performed, with 1,915 hospitalizations in the six PICUs, collected in the Hospital Information System. The variables were compared by age group. There was a predominance of male hospitalizations (58.1%), an age range of between one and four years old (32.5%), the use of philanthropic units (64.1%) and type III PICUs (59.2%) and admissions due to neoplasms (28.9%). The mean hospital stay was 14.4 days, and the mean cost was BRL 6,674.80. The mean distance between the municipality of residence and the PICU ranged from 8.7 to 486.5 km. There were 207 deaths (10.8/100 admissions), of which 30% were due to infectious and parasitic diseases. Differences were identified between the age groups (p < 0.05), except regarding gender. In conclusion, admissions to PICUs in Pernambuco show differences in geographical access and sociodemographic characteristics, admissions, and causes of hospitalization and death among age groups.

No Brasil, a distribuição das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP), causas de admissão, custos despendidos e forma como se presta a assistência ainda são pouco conhecidos. Com o objetivo de descrever o perfil das internações por faixa etária em UTIP do SUS de Pernambuco, em 2010, realizou-se um estudo transversal, com o universo das 1.915 internações nas seis UTIP do estado, captadas no Sistema de Informação Hospitalar. As variáveis foram comparadas por faixa etária. Predominaram internações no sexo masculino (58,1%), na faixa etária de um a quatro anos (32,5%), unidades filantrópicas (64,1%), UTIP tipo III (59,2%) e por neoplasias (28,9%). A permanência média foi de 14,4 dias e o custo médio de R$ 6.674,80. A distância média entre o município de residência e o da UTIP variou de 8,7 a 486,5 km. Ocorreram 207 óbitos (10,8/100 internações), 30% por doenças infectoparasitárias. Identificaram-se diferenças entre as faixas etárias (p < 0,05), exceto quanto ao sexo. Concluindo, em Pernambuco, as internações em UTIP apresentam diferenças no acesso geográfico e nas características sociodemográficas, da admissão e causas de internação e óbito entre faixas etárias.

Perfil das internações em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do Sistema Único de Saúde no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Profile of hospitalizations in Pediatric Intensive Care Units of the Brazilian Unified Health System in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

Resumo No Brasil, a distribuição das unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP), causas de admissão, custos despendidos e forma como se presta a assistência ainda são pouco conhecidos. Com o objetivo de descrever o perfil das internações por faixa etária em UTIP do SUS de Pernambuco, em 2010, realizou-se um estudo transversal, com o universo das 1.915 internações nas seis UTIP do estado, captadas no Sistema de Informação Hospitalar. As variáveis foram comparadas por faixa etária. Predominaram internações no sexo masculino (58,1%), na faixa etária de um a quatro anos (32,5%), unidades filantrópicas (64,1%), UTIP tipo III (59,2%) e por neoplasias (28,9%). A permanência média foi de 14,4 dias e o custo médio de R$ 6.674,80. A distância média entre o município de residência e o da UTIP variou de 8,7 a 486,5 km. Ocorreram 207 óbitos (10,8/100 internações), 30% por doenças infectoparasitárias. Identificaram-se diferenças entre as faixas etárias (p < 0,05), exceto quanto ao sexo. Concluindo, em Pernambuco, as internações em UTIP apresentam diferenças no acesso geográfico e nas características sociodemográficas, da admissão e causas de internação e óbito entre faixas etárias.

Abstract In Brazil, the distribution of pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), causes of admission, costs incurred and how care is provided are still poorly understood. The objective was to describe the profile of hospitalizations in the PICUs of the Brazilian Unified Health System in the state of Pernambuco, in 2010. A cross-sectional study was performed, with 1,915 hospitalizations in the six PICUs, collected in the Hospital Information System. The variables were compared by age group. There was a predominance of male hospitalizations (58.1%), an age range of between one and four years old (32.5%), the use of philanthropic units (64.1%) and type III PICUs (59.2%) and admissions due to neoplasms (28.9%). The mean hospital stay was 14.4 days, and the mean cost was BRL 6,674.80. The mean distance between the municipality of residence and the PICU ranged from 8.7 to 486.5 km. There were 207 deaths (10.8/100 admissions), of which 30% were due to infectious and parasitic diseases. Differences were identified between the age groups (p < 0.05), except regarding gender. In conclusion, admissions to PICUs in Pernambuco show differences in geographical access and sociodemographic characteristics, admissions, and causes of hospitalization and death among age groups.

Non Electrocardiographic alterations in exercise testing in asymptomatic women. Associations with cardiovascular risk factors

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of exercise testing alterations in middle-aged women without symptoms of heart disease and to verify the associations of functional capacity and heart rate behavior during and after exercise with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 509 asymptomatic women aged between 46 and 65 years who underwent clinical evaluations and exercise testing (Bruce protocol). The heart rate behavior was evaluated by the maximal predicted heart rate achieved, chronotropic index and recovery heart rate. RESULTS: The mean age was 56.4±4.8 years, and 13.4% of the patients had a Framingham risk score above 10%. In the exercise treadmill testing, 58.0% presented one or more of the following alterations (listed in order of ascending prevalence): symptoms (angina, dyspnea, and dizziness), ST-segment depression, arrhythmia, reduction in recovery heart rate of ≤12 bpm at 1 minute, altered maximal predicted heart rate achieved, abnormal blood pressure, functional capacity deficiency, and altered chronotropic index. In the multivariate analysis, the following associations (odds ratio) were observed for these alterations: chronotropic index was associated with obesity (2.08) and smoking (4.47); maximal predicted heart rate achieved was associated with smoking (6.45); reduction in the recovery heart rate at 1 minute was associated with age (1.09) and obesity (2.78); functional capacity was associated with age (0.92), an overweight status (2.29) and obesity (6.51). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of middle-aged women without cardiovascular symptoms present alterations in one or more exercise testing parameters. Alterations in the functional capacity or heart rate behavior, as verified by exercise testing, are associated with age, smoking, an overweight status and obesity.

Evaluation of the adequacy of information from research on infant mortality in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. / Adequação da investigação dos óbitos infantis no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.

This study is an evaluation of infant death research in Recife, Pernambuco (PE). It is a cross-sectional study with 120 variables grouped into six dimensions (prenatal, birth, child care, family characteristics, occurrence of death, and conclusion and recommendations), weighted by consensus technique. The research was classifiedas adequate, partially adequate or inadequate according to a composite indicator assessment (ICA). There was dissension on 11 variables (9 in prenatal dimension, one in labor and birth, and 1 in the conclusions and recommendations). Of the 568 deaths studied, 56.2% have adequate research. The occurrence of death was the best-evaluated dimension and prenatal the poorest. The preparation of the ICA enables professionals and managers of child health policies to identify bottlenecks in the investigation of infant deaths for better targeting of actions, and contributing to the discussion about surveillance in other cities and states.

Avaliou-se a adequação da investigação do óbito infantil no Recife-PE, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 120 variáveis da ficha de investigação, agrupadas em seis dimensões (pré-natal; parto e nascimento; puericultura; características da família; ocorrência do óbito; e conclusão e recomendações), ponderadas pela técnica de consenso e analisadas quanto ao preenchimento. A investigação foi classificada (adequada, parcialmente adequada e inadequada) segundo um indicador composto de avaliação (ICA). Houve dissenso em 11 variáveis (9, na dimensão pré-natal; 1, no parto e nascimento; 1, na conclusões e recomendações). Dos 568 óbitos estudados, 56,2% apresentam investigação adequada. A ocorrência do óbito foi a dimensão melhor avaliada, e pré-natal, a mais deficiente. A elaboração do ICA possibilita aos profissionais e gestores das políticas de saúde da criança, identificar os pontos de estrangulamento da investigação dos óbitos infantis para um melhor direcionamento das ações e contribui com a reflexão sobre esta vigilância em outros municípios e estados.

Adequação da investigação dos óbitos infantis no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil / Evaluation of the adequacy of information from research on infant mortality in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Resumo Avaliou-se a adequação da investigação do óbito infantil no Recife-PE, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 120 variáveis da ficha de investigação, agrupadas em seis dimensões (pré-natal; parto e nascimento; puericultura; características da família; ocorrência do óbito; e conclusão e recomendações), ponderadas pela técnica de consenso e analisadas quanto ao preenchimento. A investigação foi classificada (adequada, parcialmente adequada e inadequada) segundo um indicador composto de avaliação (ICA). Houve dissenso em 11 variáveis (9, na dimensão pré-natal; 1, no parto e nascimento; 1, na conclusões e recomendações). Dos 568 óbitos estudados, 56,2% apresentam investigação adequada. A ocorrência do óbito foi a dimensão melhor avaliada, e pré-natal, a mais deficiente. A elaboração do ICA possibilita aos profissionais e gestores das políticas de saúde da criança, identificar os pontos de estrangulamento da investigação dos óbitos infantis para um melhor direcionamento das ações e contribui com a reflexão sobre esta vigilância em outros municípios e estados.

Abstract This study is an evaluation of infant death research in Recife, Pernambuco (PE). It is a cross-sectional study with 120 variables grouped into six dimensions (prenatal, birth, child care, family characteristics, occurrence of death, and conclusion and recommendations), weighted by consensus technique. The research was classifiedas adequate, partially adequate or inadequate according to a composite indicator assessment (ICA). There was dissension on 11 variables (9 in prenatal dimension, one in labor and birth, and 1 in the conclusions and recommendations). Of the 568 deaths studied, 56.2% have adequate research. The occurrence of death was the best-evaluated dimension and prenatal the poorest. The preparation of the ICA enables professionals and managers of child health policies to identify bottlenecks in the investigation of infant deaths for better targeting of actions, and contributing to the discussion about surveillance in other cities and states.

Infant mortality surveillance in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil: operationalization, strengths and limitations. / Vigilância do óbito infantil no Recife, Pernambuco: operacionalização, potencialidades e limites.

OBJECTIVE: to report the experience on infant mortality surveillance (IMS) in the municipality of Recife-PE, Brazil. METHODS: a documentary research and a query with key-informants who participated in the implementation and consolidation of the IMS were conducted; data of the Mortality Information System (SIM) and of the surveillance worksheets were used to measure the coverage of the investigated deaths. RESULTS: the implementation of the IMS has occurred gradually since 2003; the strategy is composed by (i) identification of deaths, (ii) investigation, (iii) discussion, (iv) recommendations and correction of vital statistics; upon completion of implementation (2006), 98.5% (256) of the deaths had been investigated and discussed, with the participation of those involved in the cases; in 2015, this coverage corresponded to 97.7%. CONCLUSION: the main recommendations consisted of expanding the access, coverage and improvement of primary, secondary and tertiary care quality; IMS is able to support changes in health care practices, as well as planning and organization of maternal and child care.

Mortalidade infantil: tendência temporal e contribuição da vigilância do óbito / Infant mortality: temporal trend and contribution of death surveillance

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade infantil na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil e avaliar a contribuição da vigilância do óbito como instrumento para aprimoramento das estatísticas vitais e planejamento de ações. Métodos Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade infantil, neonatal e pós-neonatal para o período de 1980 a 2012. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão exponencial para análise da tendência. Para avaliar a contribuição da vigilância do óbito infantil foi realizado um estudo sobre as variáveis, causas básicas e associadas da Declaração de Óbito, e da evitabilidade. Resultados A tendência do coeficiente de mortalidade infantil e seus componentes etários foram decrescentes. Após a investigação da vigilância do óbito infantil nenhuma variável da Declaração de Óbito ficou incompleta e, em 52% dos óbitos, a causa básica foi melhor definida. Quase 80% dos óbitos foram classificados como evitáveis e 51,3% reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. Conclusão A mortalidade infantil apresentou tendência decrescente e a vigilância do óbito infantil contribuiu para aprimorar as estatísticas vitais, fundamental para o planejamento das ações de saúde materno-infantil.

Abstract Objective To analyze the temporal trend in infant mortality in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil and evaluate the contribution of death surveillance as an instrument for improving vital statistics and action planning. Methods Infant, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality rates were calculated from 1980 to 2012. An exponential regression model was used for trend analysis. A study on the variables, the basic and associated causes of death certificates, and avoidability was conducted to evaluate the contribution of infant death surveillance. Results The trend in infant mortality rate and its age components was shown to be decreasing. After research on infant death surveillance, no death certificate variable remained incomplete, and the underlying cause of death was better determined in 52% of deaths. Almost 80% of deaths were classified as preventable, and 51.3% were classified as reducible by appropriate care provided to women during their pregnancy. Conclusion Infant mortality presented a decreasing trend, and infant death surveillance contributed to improve vital statistics, which are essential for maternal-infant health planning actions.

Avaliação das salas de vacinação do Estado de Pernambuco no ano de 2011 / Evaluation of vaccination rooms of the state of Pernambuco in 2011

Objetivo: avaliar o grau de implantação das normas e diretrizes, componentes estruturais e operacionais do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI) nas salas de vacinação do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, em 2011. Métodos: realizou-se estudo de corte transversal, com amostra aleatória de 318 salas de vacinação; as variáveis, agrupadas em quatro componentes, foram coletadas mediante entrevista com técnicos de enfermagem e observação não participante; classificou-se o grau de implantação das normas e diretrizes como implantado (=90 por cento das salas com situação preconizada), parcialmente implantado (70-89 por cento), insuficientemente implantado (40-69 por cento) e não implantado (<40 por cento). Resultados: o grau de implantação dos componentes do PNI nas salas de vacinação variou de 67,0 por cento (ações de vigilância epidemiológica e educação em saúde) a 74,2 por cento (indicação e aplicação de imunobiológicos); a estrutura e organização das salas (70,4 por cento) e a rede de frio (73,6 por cento) apresentaram situação intermediária. Conclusão: o programa de imunização encontra-se parcialmente implantado (71,4 por cento) na rotina dos serviços de saúde de Pernambuco.

Objective: evaluate the degree of implementation of the standards and guidelines of PNI in 2011 in vaccination rooms of Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil, considering its structural and operational components. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted with a random sample of 318 vaccination rooms. The variables grouped into four components were collected by interviews with nursing staff and non-participant observations. The degree of implementation of standards and guidelines was classified as: implemented (=90 per cent of rooms with the situation preconized), partially implemented (70-89 per cent), insufficiently implemented (40-69 per cent) and not implemented (<40 per cent). Results: the degree of implementation of components of PNI into vaccination rooms ranged from 67.0 per cent (for epidemiological surveillance and health education) to 74.2 per cent (for indication and application of immunobiologicals). The structure and organization of rooms (70.4 per cent) and cold chain (73.6 per cent) had intermediate situation. Conclusion: the immunization program is partially implemented (71.4 per cent) in routine of health services in Pernambuco.

Desigualdades sociodemográficas e causas de morte em menores de cinco anos no Estado de Pernambuco / Sociodemographic inequalities and cause of death among children aged under five years in the Brazilian State of Pernambuco

OBJETIVOS: caracterizar a mortalidade em menores de cinco anos, no triênio 2004-2006, identificando desigualdades sociodemográficas e nas causas de morte entre as mesorregiões de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo transversal, com 6721 óbitos em menores de cinco anos residentes em municípios com Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos consolidados, agregados em quatro mesorregiões. Para as variáveis estudadas, analisaram-se desigualdades na mortalidade proporcional (qui-quadrado) e nas taxas de mortalidade em menores de cinco anos (TMM5) - razão de taxas e sobremortalidade. RESULTADOS: entre as mesorregiões, a TMM5 variou de 18,3/1000NV (Região Metropolitana do Recife-RMR) a 28,4/1000NV (Sertão), com média de 21,7/1000NV. As maiores TMM5 da Mata, Agreste e Sertão em relação à TMM5 da RMR representaram uma sobremortalidade de 1055 óbitos. A mortalidade proporcional apresentou diferenças (p<0,05) quanto ao local de ocorrência do óbito, características do município de residência (IDH, analfabetismo feminino, taxa de fecundidade) e causas básicas específicas nos capítulos afecções perinatais, doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. No Sertão, as TMM5 reduzíveis por adequada atenção à gestação-parto-RN, por ações de promoção à saúde e por diagnóstico e tratamento adequados foram 1,6; 2,2 e 2,7 vezes superiores às da RMR. CONCLUSÕES: a mortalidade em menores de cinco anos em Pernambuco apresenta desigualdades entre as mesorregiões.

OBJECTIVES: to characterize mortality in children aged under five years in the three-year period, 2004-2006, identifying sociodemographic inequalities and differences in the cause of death among the sub-regions of the State of Pernambuco. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was carried out of 6721 deaths of children aged under five living in municipalities with death and alive newborn registers and these were divided up into four sub-regions. For the variables under study, inequalities in proportional mortality (chi-squared) and mortality rates among children aged under five (MRU5) - ratio of rates and over-mortality - were analyzed. RESULTS: among the sub-regions, the MRU5 varied from 18.3/1000NV (in the Metropolitan Region of Recife - RMR) to 28.4/1000NV (in the Sertão), the mean being 21.7/1000NV. The higher MRU5s for Mata, Agreste and Sertão compared to the MRU5 for the RMR represent an over-mortality rate of 1055. The proportional mortality differed (p<0.05) as to place of death occurence, characteristics of municipality of residence (HDI, women's literacy, fecundity rate) specific basic causes of the chapters of perinatal diseases, infectious diseases and parasites. In the Sertão, the MRU5 that could be reduced to adequate care levels for pregnant women, delivery and newborns, by promoting health and adequate diagnosis and treatment were 1.6; 2.2 and 2.7 times higher than in the RMR. CONCLUSIONS: mortality in children aged under five in Pernambuco revealed inequalities among the sub-regions.

Infecção cervical por papilomavírus humano: genotipagem viral e fatores de risco para lesão intraepitelial de alto grau e câncer de colo do útero / Human papillomavirus cervical infection: viral genotyping and risk factors for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervix cancer

OBJETIVO: analisar, em mulheres com HPV em colo do útero, as características da infecção viral e os fatores de risco para lesão intraepitelial de alto grau e carcinoma cervical. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo caso-controle com mulheres com HPV em colo do útero atendidas em serviço de Ginecologia de referência vinculado ao SUS, em Recife, Nordeste do Brasil. No grupo de casos (72 mulheres com lesão intraepitelial de alto grau ou carcinoma cervical) e de controles (176 mulheres com colpocitologia normal ou com alterações benignas), foram pesquisados seis genótipos virais (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 6 e 11) em material da ecto- e endocérvice com primers MY09/MY11. As variáveis independentes foram hierarquizadas em três níveis de determinação: distal (sociodemográficas), intermediário (comportamentais) e proximal (realização anterior de colpocitologia). A homogeneidade das proporções foi testada (χ2). Obtiveram-se ORs não ajustadas e, na modelagem final, realizou-se regressão logística hierarquizada com o ajuste do efeito de cada variável sobre o desfecho pelas variáveis do mesmo nível e de níveis anteriores de causalidade. RESULTADOS: em 76,6 por cento das 248 mulheres participantes do estudo, o genótipo viral da infecção cervical foi identificado. Predominaram genótipos de alto risco oncogênico (83,4 por cento nos casos e 67,1 por cento nos controles), principalmente HPV 16 e 31. Foram identificados como fatores de risco (a) distais: residir em zona rural (OR=2,7; IC95 por cento: 1,1-6,2), menos de três anos de estudo (OR=3,9; IC95 por cento: 2,0-7,5) e renda familiar inferior a dois salários mínimos (OR=3,3; IC95 por cento: 1,0-10,5); (b) intermediário: número de gestações igual ou superior a quatro (OR=2,0; IC95 por cento: 1,0-3,7); (c) proximal: ausência de colpocitologia anterior (OR=9,7; IC95 por cento: 2,4-38,2). CONCLUSÕES: em mulheres usuárias do SUS do Nordeste do Brasil predominam os genótipos virais 16 e 31 em infecções cervicais ...

PURPOSE: to analyze the characteristics of viral infection and the risk factors for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervical carcinoma in women with cervical HPV infection. METHODS: a case-control study was conducted on women with cervical HPV at a Gynecology reference service enrolled at the Public Health System, located in Recife, Northeastern Brazil. The groups of cases (72 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or cervical cancer) and controls (176 women with normal Pap smear or benign alterations) were investigated for six viral genotypes (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 6, 11) in ecto- and endocervical material using MY09/MY11 primers. The independent variables were ranked in three levels of determination: distal (sociodemographic), intermediate (behavioral) and proximal (previous Pap smear). The homogeneity of proportions was tested (χ2), unadjusted Odds Ratios (OR) were obtained and hierarchical logistic regression was applied to the final model, with adjustment of the effect of each variable to the outcome based on the variables in the same and previous levels of causality. RESULTS: the viral genotype of cervical infection was identified in 76.6 percent of the 248 women participating in the study. High-risk HPV genotypes (83.4 percent of cases and 67.1 percent of controls) were predominant, especially HPV 16 and 31. The distal risk factors identified were: living in a rural area (OR=2.71, 95 percentCI: 1.18-6.23), less than three years of study (OR=3.97, 95 percentCI: 2.09-7.54) and family income below two minimum wages (OR=3.30, 95 percentCI: 1.04-10.51); intermediate: four or more pregnancies (OR=2.00, 95 percentCI: 1.06-3.76); and proximal: absence of a previous Pap smear (OR=9.74, 95 percentCI: 2.48-38.28). CONCLUSIONS: genotypes 16 and 31 of cervical HPV infection are predominant among women assisted by the Public Health System in Northeastern Brazil. Socioeconomic and reproductive factors, as well ...

[Human papillomavirus cervical infection: viral genotyping and risk factors for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervix cancer]. / Infecção cervical por papilomavírus humano: genotipagem viral e fatores de risco para lesão intraepitelial de alto grau e câncer de colo do útero.

PURPOSE: to analyze the characteristics of viral infection and the risk factors for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervical carcinoma in women with cervical HPV infection. METHODS: a case-control study was conducted on women with cervical HPV at a Gynecology reference service enrolled at the Public Health System, located in Recife, Northeastern Brazil. The groups of cases (72 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or cervical cancer) and controls (176 women with normal Pap smear or benign alterations) were investigated for six viral genotypes (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 6, 11) in ecto- and endocervical material using MY09/MY11 primers. The independent variables were ranked in three levels of determination: distal (sociodemographic), intermediate (behavioral) and proximal (previous Pap smear). The homogeneity of proportions was tested (χ2), unadjusted Odds Ratios (OR) were obtained and hierarchical logistic regression was applied to the final model, with adjustment of the effect of each variable to the outcome based on the variables in the same and previous levels of causality. RESULTS: the viral genotype of cervical infection was identified in 76.6% of the 248 women participating in the study. High-risk HPV genotypes (83.4% of cases and 67.1% of controls) were predominant, especially HPV 16 and 31. The distal risk factors identified were: living in a rural area (OR=2.71, 95%CI: 1.18-6.23), less than three years of study (OR=3.97, 95%CI: 2.09-7.54) and family income below two minimum wages (OR=3.30, 95%CI: 1.04-10.51); intermediate: four or more pregnancies (OR=2.00, 95%CI: 1.06-3.76); and proximal: absence of a previous Pap smear (OR=9.74, 95%CI: 2.48-38.28). CONCLUSIONS: genotypes 16 and 31 of cervical HPV infection are predominant among women assisted by the Public Health System in Northeastern Brazil. Socioeconomic and reproductive factors, as well as the absence of cytological screening, represent risk factors for the progression of infection to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and cervical cancer.

Modelo produtivo para a leptospirose / Productive model for leptospirosis

A incidência da Leptospirose em países da América Latina tem crescido associada ao crescimento desordenado das cidades e a desastres naturais. No Brasil, ocorreram cerca de 9.447 casos de leptospirose com 1.132 óbitos entre 2003 e 2005. A letalidade média registrada no país é de 12por cento. A doença apresenta diversidade de modos de transmissão e disseminação, mas os roedores são considerados o principal reservatório da doença. As precárias condições de vida no ambiente urbano contribuem para um convívio humano muito próximo desses reservatórios, expondo as populações ao risco de contaminação. Neste artigo, sistematizou-se um modelo produtivo para a leptospirose, considerando os determinantes sociais, demográficos, biológicos e climáticos envolvidos na gênese da doença e os desafios para o seu controle.

Mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero: características sociodemográficas das mulheres residentes na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco / Uterus cervix cancer mortality: socio-demographic characteristics of women living in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

OBJETIVO: descrever as características sociodemográficas dos óbitos por câncer do colo uterino em residentes de Recife, Pernambuco, ocorridos entre 2000 e 2004. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo transversal, populacional, com a inclusão de 323 óbitos por câncer do colo uterino, dos quais 261 encontravam-se registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e 62 foram identificados após investigação das mortes por câncer em porção não especificada do útero. Obteve-se a mortalidade proporcional para todas as variáveis e foram calculadas medidas estatísticas de tendência central e dispersão para a idade. Quanto ao local de residência e faixa etária, realizou-se o teste do χ2 e obteve-se o coeficiente de mortalidade. RESULTADOS: houve predomínio de óbitos em mulheres com idade inferior a 60 anos (54,7 por cento), negras (60,5 por cento), sem companheiro (67,7 por cento), donas de casa (71,2 por cento) e residentes em bairros com baixa condição de vida (53,3 por cento). A maioria das mortes foi hospitalar (85,1 por cento), das quais 90,2 por cento ocorreram na rede do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O coeficiente de mortalidade variou de 0,3 (na faixa etária inferior a 30 anos) a 54,9/100.00 (em maiores de 80 anos). Comparando-se os óbitos por faixa etária e distrito sanitário com as características da população feminina residente na cidade, evidenciaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: em Recife, os óbitos por câncer do colo uterino são mais freqüentes em mulheres na idade adulta, negras, sem companheiro, donas de casa, residentes em bairros com baixa condição de vida e atendidas na rede hospitalar do SUS, existindo diferenças no risco de morte entre as faixas etárias e o local de residência.

PURPOSE: to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of deaths caused by uterine cervix cancer in women living in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2000 to 2004. METHODS: a transversal populational study, including 323 deaths by uterine cervix cancer, among which 261 were recorded in the Information System about Mortality and 62 were identified after investigation on deaths by cancer at non-specified sites of the uterus. Mortality rate for all the variables was obtained and statistics for central tendency and variance were calculated. The χ2 test was performed to obtain the mortality coefficient concerning the living place and age range of the patients. RESULTS: death among women under 60 (54.7 percent), black (60.5 percent), single (67.6 percent), housewives (71.2 percent) and the ones living in poor neighborhood (53.3 percent) preponderated. Most of deaths occurred in hospitals (85.1 percent) and 90.2 percent of them occurred inside national health system hospitals. The mortality coefficient varied from 0.3 (among women under 30) to 54.9/100.00 (among women over 80). Significant statistical differences (p<0.05) were evidenced when death linked to age range and sanitary district was compared to characteristics of the female population living in the city. CONCLUSIONS: in Recife, death by cervix cancer are more frequent among adult, black, single, housewives, women living in poor neighborhoods and attended to at national health system hospitals, with differences in death risk among age ranges and living place.

[Uterus cervix cancer mortality: socio-demographic characteristics of women living in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil]. / Mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero: características sociodemográficas das mulheres residentes na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco.

PURPOSE: to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of deaths caused by uterine cervix cancer in women living in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2000 to 2004. METHODS: a transversal populational study, including 323 deaths by uterine cervix cancer, among which 261 were recorded in the Information System about Mortality and 62 were identified after investigation on deaths by cancer at non-specified sites of the uterus. Mortality rate for all the variables was obtained and statistics for central tendency and variance were calculated. The chi2 test was performed to obtain the mortality coefficient concerning the living place and age range of the patients. RESULTS: death among women under 60 (54.7%), black (60.5%), single (67.6%), housewives (71.2%) and the ones living in poor neighborhood (53.3%) preponderated. Most of deaths occurred in hospitals (85.1%) and 90.2% of them occurred inside national health system hospitals. The mortality coefficient varied from 0.3 (among women under 30) to 54.9/100.00 (among women over 80). Significant statistical differences (p<0.05) were evidenced when death linked to age range and sanitary district was compared to characteristics of the female population living in the city. CONCLUSIONS: in Recife, death by cervix cancer are more frequent among adult, black, single, housewives, women living in poor neighborhoods and attended to at national health system hospitals, with differences in death risk among age ranges and living place.

[Risk factors for perinatal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2003]. / Fatores de risco para a mortalidade perinatal no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 2003.

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze risk factors for perinatal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2003, using a multilevel hierarchical model. In this case-control study, cases consisted of all perinatal deaths in 2003 in singleton infants with birth weight > 500g and without congenital malformations. The controls were live births from December 26, 2002, to December 31, 2003, with the same characteristics as the study group, but who survived > 6 days. By using record linkage techniques, 403 cases and 1,612 controls were obtained. All variables, when submitted jointly to multiple logistic regression, showed statistical significance in decreasing order of risk, as follows: prematurity (OR = 18.23), low birth weight (OR = 4.90), maternal age > 35 (OR = 1.97), delivery in public hospitals (OR = 1.93), and maternal schooling < 4 years (OR = 1.78).

Fatores de risco para a mortalidade perinatal no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 2003 / Risk factors for perinatal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, 2003

Foi realizado estudo caso-controle com o objetivo de analisar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade perinatal no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 2003, de acordo com um modelo hierarquizado de determinantes proximais, intermediários e distais. Foram considerados casos os óbitos perinatais com peso ao nascer igual ou superior a 500g, de gravidez única e não portador de anencefalia. Os controles foram os nascidos vivos entre 26 de dezembro de 2002 e 31 de dezembro de 2003, que não evoluíram para o óbito até seis dias completos de vida, com as mesmas características dos casos. Com o linkage entre o banco de dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos e o de óbitos perinatais, obtiveram-se 403 casos e 1.612 controles. Após regressão logística múltipla, com a inclusão de variáveis dos três níveis de determinação, constituíram-se fatores de risco para mortalidade perinatal: a prematuridade (OR = 18,23), o baixo peso ao nascer (OR = 4,90), a idade da mãe igual a ou maior que 35 anos (OR = 1,97), o nascimento em hospitais participantes do Sistema Único de Saúde (OR = 1,93) e a escolaridade da mãe inferior a quatro anos de estudo (OR = 1,78).

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze risk factors for perinatal mortality in Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2003, using a multilevel hierarchical model. In this case-control study, cases consisted of all perinatal deaths in 2003 in singleton infants with birth weight > 500g and without congenital malformations. The controls were live births from December 26, 2002, to December 31, 2003, with the same characteristics as the study group, but who survived > 6 days. By using record linkage techniques, 403 cases and 1,612 controls were obtained. All variables, when submitted jointly to multiple logistic regression, showed statistical significance in decreasing order of risk, as follows: prematurity (OR = 18.23), low birth weight (OR = 4.90), maternal age > 35 (OR = 1.97), delivery in public hospitals (OR = 1.93), and maternal schooling < 4 years (OR = 1.78).

Desigualdades raciais na mortalidade de mulheres adultas no Recife, 2001 a 2003 / Racial inequality in the mortality of adult women in Recife, 2001-2003

As desigualdades raciais, resultantes dos efeitos da exclusão social, são influenciadas pela prática de preconceitos e discriminações. O termo raça pode ser entendido como identidade coletiva ou consciência política que constrói uma auto-estima socialmente positiva. Objetivou-se caracterizar desigualdades raciais na mortalidade de mulheres adultas negras e brancas, residentes em Recife, entre 2001 e 2003. No estudo, tipo transversal, incluíram-se 2.943 óbitos de mulheres de 20 a 59 anos, captados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, com raça/cor branca e negra (preta + parda), analisando-se a mortalidade proporcional, coeficientes de mortalidade e razões de taxas. O risco de morte de negras foi 1,7 vezes superior ao de brancas. Entre as negras identificou-se maior risco de morte em todas as faixas etárias e maior proporção de óbitos em hospitais do SUS, de mulheres sem companheiro e que exerciam serviços/atividades domésticas. Quanto às causas básicas, observaram-se maiores coeficientes de mortalidade em todos os capítulos e causas específicas, exceto por neoplasias na faixa de 20 a 29 anos e por câncer de mama nas faixas de 30 a 39 e 50 a 59 anos. Entre negras e brancas, quanto menor a idade, maior a desigualdade do risco de morte por causas externas. Em negras, ressalta-se o maior risco de morte por homicídios; acidentes de transporte; doenças isquêmicas do coração, cerebrovasculares e hipertensivas; diabetes e tuberculose. Os achados revelam iniqüidades na saúde das mulheres negras, decorrentes da violação de direitos que dificultam a ascensão social e o acesso a condições dignas de saúde.

Racial inequalities are effects of social exclusion, being influenced by prejudice and discrimination. The term race is used here meaning group identity or political perception of sharing a particular racial heritage, which builds a positive social self-esteem. The study aimed to characterize the mortality pattern of black and white adult women living in Recife, between 2001 and 2003. In this cross-sectional study, 2,943 deaths of women aged between 20 and 59 years were included, identified in the Mortality Information System of the National Health System (SUS), with race/skin color white or black (black + mestizo). Proportional mortality, mortality rates and ratios were obtained. The risk of dying was 1.7 times higher for black women compared to whites. Black women had higher risk of death in all age groups and higher proportion of deaths in public hospitals, of women who did not have a partner (single, widow or separated), who were housewives or worked as domestic servants, and who were less educated. Regarding the underlying causes, black women had a higher mortality rate for all chapters of the International Classification of Diseases and for specific causes of death, except for neoplasm in women aged 20 to 29 years and for breast cancer in women aged 30 to 39 and 50 to 59 years. As age decreases, a large difference between black and white women was found in the risk of deaths caused by external causes. Among black women, there was an increase in the risk of dying due to homicides, motor vehicle accidents, ischemic heart diseases, cerebral vascular and hypertensive diseases, diabetes, and tuberculosis. The findings showed inequality in health, with disadvantages for the black women, which are the expression of human rights violation that challenges social rise and the access to decent health conditions.