The northernmost haulout site of South American sea lions and fur seals in the western South Atlantic.

We present estimates of the seasonal and spatial occupation by pinnipeds of the Wildlife Refuge of Ilha dos Lobos (WRIL), based on aerial photographic censuses. Twenty aerial photographic censuses were analysed between July 2010 and November 2018. To assess monthly differences in the numbers of pinnipeds in the WRIL we used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Spatial analysis was carried out using Kernel density analysis of the pinnipeds on a grid plotted along the WRIL. Subadult male South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) were the most abundant pinniped in the WRIL. Potential females of this species were also recorded during half of the census. The maximum number of pinnipeds observed in the WRIL was 304 in September 2018, including an unexpected individual southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), and a high number of South American fur seal yearlings (Arctocephalus australis). However, there was no statistically significant difference in counts between months. In all months analysed, pinnipeds were most often found concentrated in the northern portion of the island, with the highest abundances reported in September. This study confirms the importance of the WRIL as a haulout site for pinnipeds in Brazil, recommends that land research and recreational activities occur in months when no pinnipeds are present, and encourages a regulated marine mammal-based tourism during winter and spring months.

Full-annual demography and seasonal cycles in a resident vertebrate.

Wildlife demography is typically studied at a single point in time within a year when species, often during the reproductive season, are more active and therefore easier to find. However, this provides only a low-resolution glimpse into demographic temporal patterns over time and may hamper a more complete understanding of the population dynamics of a species over the full annual cycle. The full annual cycle is often influenced by environmental seasonality, which induces a cyclic behavior in many species. However, cycles have rarely been explicitly included in models for demographic parameters, and most information on full annual cycle demography is restricted to migratory species. Here we used a high-resolution capture-recapture study of a resident tropical lizard to assess the full intra-annual demography and within-year periodicity in survival, temporary emigration and recapture probabilities. We found important variation over the annual cycle and up to 92% of the total monthly variation explained by cycles. Fine-scale demographic studies and assessments on the importance of cycles within parameters may be a powerful way to achieve a better understanding of population persistence over time.

Are lizards sensitive to anomalous seasonal temperatures? Long-term thermobiological variability in a subtropical species.

Alterations in thermal niches have been widely associated with the Anthropocene erosion of reptiles' diversity. They entail potential physiological constraints for organisms' performance, which can lead to activity restrictions and impact fitness and demography. Reptiles are ectotherms which rely on seasonal periodicity to maximize the performance of biological functions. Despite it, the ecological implications of shifts in local temperatures are barely explored at the seasonal scale. This study aims to assess how changes in air temperature and substrate temperature affect the activity, body temperature (Tb) and thermoregulation patterns of the sand lizard, Liolaemus arambarensis (an endangered, microendemic species from southern Brazil), throughout a four-year period. Field surveys were conducted monthly on a restricted population in a sand-dune habitat. The annual fluctuations of the seasonal temperatures led to significant changes in the activity and Tb of L. arambarensis and shaped thermoregulation trends, suggesting biological plasticity as a key factor in the face of such variability. Lizards tended to maintain seasonal Tb in mild and harsh seasons through increased warming/cooling efforts. Anomalous winter conditions seemed especially critical for individual performance due to their apparent high impact favouring/constraining activity. Activity and thermoregulation were inhibited in frigid winters, probably due to a vulnerable physiology to intense cold spells determined by higher preferred body temperatures than Tb. Our results warn of a complex sensitivity in lizards to anomalous seasonal temperatures, which are potentially enhanced by climate change. The current work highlights the importance of multiannual biomonitoring to disentangle long-term responses in the thermal biology of reptiles and, thereby, to integrate conservation needs in the scope of global change.

Unraveling fine-scale habitat use for secretive species: When and where toads are found when not breeding.

A good understanding of species-habitat associations, or habitat use, is required to establish conservation strategies for any species. Many amphibian species are elusive and most information concerning amphibian habitat use comes from breeding sites where they are comparatively easy to find and study. Knowledge about retreat sites is extremely limited for most species and for the greater part of the year. For such species, it is especially important to factor in detection probability in habitat analyses, because otherwise distorted views about habitat preferences may result, e.g., when a species is more visible in habitat type B than in A, even though A may be preferred. The South American red-belly toad, Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus, is a range-restricted species from Southern Brazil and Uruguay that inhabits open areas with rocky outcrops and is usually seen only during explosive breeding events. Here we studied the fine-scale habitat use of the red-belly toad outside of the breeding season to identify retreat sites and test for the importance of accounting for species imperfect detection, using Bayesian occupancy models. We identified shrub density and the number of loose rocks as important predictors of occupancy, while detection probability was highest at intermediate temperatures. Considering the harsh (dry and hot) conditions of rocky outcrops, shrubs and loose rocks may both work as important refuges, besides providing food resources and protecting against predation. Rocky outcrops have been suffering changes in habitat configuration and we identify nonbreeding habitat preferences at a fine scale, which may help to promote population persistence, and highlight the importance of accounting for imperfect detection when studying secretive species.

One step forward: contrasting the effects of Toe clipping and PIT tagging on frog survival and recapture probability.

Amphibians have been declining worldwide and the comprehension of the threats that they face could be improved by using mark-recapture models to estimate vital rates of natural populations. Recently, the consequences of marking amphibians have been under discussion and the effects of toe clipping on survival are debatable, although it is still the most common technique for individually identifying amphibians. The passive integrated transponder (PIT tag) is an alternative technique, but comparisons among marking techniques in free-ranging populations are still lacking. We compared these two marking techniques using mark-recapture models to estimate apparent survival and recapture probability of a neotropical population of the blacksmith tree frog, Hypsiboas faber. We tested the effects of marking technique and number of toe pads removed while controlling for sex. Survival was similar among groups, although slightly decreased from individuals with one toe pad removed, to individuals with two and three toe pads removed, and finally to PIT-tagged individuals. No sex differences were detected. Recapture probability slightly increased with the number of toe pads removed and was the lowest for PIT-tagged individuals. Sex was an important predictor for recapture probability, with males being nearly five times more likely to be recaptured. Potential negative effects of both techniques may include reduced locomotion and high stress levels. We recommend the use of covariates in models to better understand the effects of marking techniques on frogs. Accounting for the effect of the technique on the results should be considered, because most techniques may reduce survival. Based on our results, but also on logistical and cost issues associated with PIT tagging, we suggest the use of toe clipping with anurans like the blacksmith tree frog.

Population dynamics of the critically endangered golden lancehead pitviper, Bothrops insularis: stability or decline?

Little is known about vital rates of snakes generally because of the difficulty in collecting data. Here we used a robust design mark-recapture model to estimate survival, behavioral effects on capture probability, temporary emigration, abundance and test the hypothesis of population decline in the golden lancehead pitviper, Bothrops insularis, an endemic and critically endangered species from southeastern Brazil. We collected data at irregular intervals over ten occasions from 2002 to 2010. Survival was slightly higher in the wet season than in the dry season. Temporal emigration was high, indicating the importance of accounting for this parameter both in the sampling design and modeling. No behavioral effects were detected on capture probability. We detected an average annual population decrease (λ = 0.93, CI = 0.47-1.38) during the study period, but estimates included high uncertainty, and caution in interpretation is needed. We discuss the potential effects of the illegal removal of individuals and the implications of the vital rates obtained for the future persistence and conservation of this endemic, endangered species.

Tooth separation: a risk-free procedure?

This article reports the case of a 12-year-old patient with tooth extrusion, pain, gingival bleeding, and localized periodontitis near the maxillary second premolar. Despite probing and radiographic examination, it was not possible to establish the etiology. Tooth extraction was indicated because of the severe tooth mobility and extrusion. Curettage of the tooth socket revealed a rubber separator. Preventive approaches are suggested to avoid iatrogenesis and legal problems.

Avaliação da aplicação de ondas de ultra-som sobre cimentos de ionômero de vidro: rugosidade superficial e dureza / Evoluation of ultrasonic waves application on glass ionomer cements: superficial roughness and hardness

A aplicação de ondas ultra-sônicas durante a reação de presa inicial do cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV) tem demonstrado aumento da velocidade de cura, diminuição da incorporação de bolhas de ar e melhora em algumas propriedades mecânicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ultra-som sobre a microdureza e a rugosidade superficial de dois CIVs (FUJI IX GP-GC Corporation e o Ketac Molar EasyMix- 3M ESPE). Foram confeccionados quarenta corpos de prova, sendo vinte para a avaliação da rugosidade superficial e vinte para avaliação da microdureza, e metade deles recebeu por trinta segundos a aplicação de ondas de ultra-som. As leituras da rugosidade superficial foram realizadas antes e após o ensaio de escovação. Os vinte corpos de prova restantes foram polidos com lixas abrasivas de granulações decrescentes e submetidos ao teste de dureza, utilizando um durômetro digital equipado com diamante Knoop. Os resultados, analisados pela análise de variância (ANOVA) (p<0,05), demonstraram aumento da dureza para todos os grupos com a aplicação de ondas de ultra-som, sendo maior para o Ketac Molar EasyMix. A aplicação de ultra-som causou também diminuição significativa da rugosidade superficial para o Ketac Molar EasyMix. Após o ensaio de escovação, esta última propriedade aumentou para todos os materiais. Pôde-se concluir que a aplicação de ondas de ultra-som foi efetiva em aumentar a dureza superficial dos materiais e que melhorou a rugosidade do Ketac Molar EasyMix antes do ensaio de escovação.

The application of ultrasonic waves during the initial setting of the glass ionomer cements (GIC) has demonstrated increase of the cure speed, reduction of air bubbles and improves in some mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ultrasound on the microhardness and the superficial roughness in two GICs (FUJI IX GP (GC Corporation) and Ketac Molar EasyMix (3M ESPE)). Forty specimens were confectioned, twenty for evaluation of the superficial roughness and twenty for evaluation of the microhardness. Half of them received for thirty seconds the ultrasonic waves application. The readings of the roughness had been carried before and after the toothbrushing test. The twenty remaining specimens had been polished with abrasive sandpapers of decreasing granulations and submitted to the hardness test. The results, analyzed for the variance analysis (ANOVA) (p<0,05), had demonstrated increase of the hardness for all the groups with the application of ultrasonic waves, being bigger for the Ketac Molar Easy-Mix. The ultrasound application also caused significant reduction of the superficial roughness for the Ketac Molar EasyMix. After the toothbrushing test, this last property increased for all the materials. It could be concluded that the application of ultrasonic waves was effective in increasing the superficial hardness of the materials and that it improved the roughness of the Ketac Molar EasyMix before the toothbrushing test.

Ação cariostátixa de selantes ionomérixos aderidos ao esmalte com sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes simplicados / Cariostatic effect of resin-modified glass-ionomer sealants bonded to unground enamel with one-bottleself-etching adhesives

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a perda mineral do esmalte não desgastado ao redor de selantesionoméricos aderidos por sistemas autocondicionantes. Trinta e dois incisivos bovinos foram distribuídosem 3 grupos segundo o tratamento da superfície de esmalte: Prompt (Pr), Xeno III (Xe), Vitremer Primer (VP)e um outro grupo (controle) utilizando resina composta (RC). Após o tratamento do esmalte, um cilindro deionômero de vidro Vitremer foi construído, com exceção do grupo RC, onde foi utilizado o compósito Z250.Os espécimes foram submetidos à desafio cariogênico e seccionados, ao final do mesmo, para realizaçãode testes de dureza. Edentações foram realizadas em 3 regiões para cada uma das faces incisal e cervical,até a profundidade de 300 μm. Apenas para o grupo RC foi observada perda mineral significante na regiãoexterna à margem esmalte-resina. Nessa mesma região, a comparação dos grupos (testes de Mann-Withney)demonstrou que os maiores valores de perda mineral foram obtidos para o grupo RC, enquanto nenhumadiferença foi observada para VP, Pr e Xe. Pôde ser concluido que a utilização de sistemas adesivosautocondicionantes simplificados não afetou de forma adversa o efeito cariostático do cimento de ionômerode vidro modificado por resina aplicado ao esmalte não desgastado.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mineral loss of the unground enamel around resinmodifiedglass ionomer sealants bonded with one-step self-etching adhesive systems. Thirty-two bovine incisorswere randomly assigned into 4 groups according to the enamel surface treatment: Prompt (Pr), Xeno III(Xe), Vitremer (VP) or resin (RC). Followed the enamel treatment, a cylinder of Vitremer was built-up, exceptfor RC where a composite resin Z250 was used. The teeth were submitted to a cariogenic challenge and cutinto halves by the end of the cycle to enamel hardness determination. Indentations were performed in threeregions for each face, incisal and cervical, up to the depth of 300 μm. As results, only for RC it was detectedsignificant mineral loss in the external area of the enamel-resin margin. For that same area, the comparisonof the groups (Mann-Withtney tests) demonstrated the highest mineral lost for RC, while no difference wasobserved among VP, Pr and Xe. It could be concluded that the use of one-step self-etching adhesive systemsas intermediary layer to improve the retention of a resin-modified glass-ionomer sealant to the ungroundenamel did not adversely influence its cariostatic effect.

Reparabilidade de um cimento de ionômero de vidro e desempenho de um selante ionomérico aderido ao esmalte com sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes / Reparability of a glass-ionomer cement and performance of glass-ionomer sealants bonded to enamel with one-step self-etching adhesive systems

O objetivo deste trabalho, dividido em três estudos, foi investigar (1) a reparabilidade de um cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina, (2) o efeito cariostático e (3) a retenção de selantes ionoméricos aderidos ao esmalte não desgastado com sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes simplificados. Materiais e Métodos: Para o estudo 1 foram confeccionados 60 espécimes de cada material, Vitremer (VT) e resina Z250 (RC). Após envelhecimento químico e térmico, eles foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o tratamento mecânico da superfície: ponta diamantada em alta rotação, ponta em ultra-som e sem desgaste. Cada espécime foi reparado com o mesmo material utilizado inicialmente. Aplicou-se na superfície do VT o Vitremer Primer (VP), e para a resina, utilizou-se ácido fosfórico seguido de adesivo Single Bond. Os espécimes foram isolados deixando exposta a interface de união. Após novo envelhecimento, os mesmos foram impregnados por nitrato de prata, seccionados e avaliados quanto à infiltração e formação de fendas. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney (α=0,05). No segundo estudo 64 incisivos bovinos foram distribuídos em 4 grupos segundo o tratamento da superfície de esmalte: VP, Prompt L-Pop (Pr), Xeno III (Xe) ou sem tratamento. Um cilindro de VT foi construído em metade dos dentes, enquanto que a RC foi utilizada na outra metade. Os corpos de prova foram 19 submetidos a desafio cariogênico e seccionados, para realização de testes de dureza em três regiões: externa, união e interna, até a profundidade de 300 μm. Os dados transformados em porcentagem de perda mineral foram analisados pelo teste de ANOVA complementado pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%. No terceiro estudo, 20 pares de molares permanentes hígidos foram selecionados de crianças entre 6 e 10 anos. Em um dos dentes foi aplicado...

The purpose of this work, divided into three studies, was to investigate (1) the reparability of a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, as well as (2) the cariostatic effect and (3) retention of glass-ionomer sealants bonded to enamel with one-step self-etching adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: For the first study, 60 specimens were prepared with Vitremer (VT) and Z250 resin. After chemical and thermal aging, the specimens were divided into 3 groups according to the mechanical treatment of the surface: diamond bur, ultrasound coupled bur or no treatment. Each specimen was repaired with the original restorative material. For VT repairs, Vitremer Primer (VP) was first applied while for composite resin the surface was phosphoric acid etched followed by the application of Single Bond. The specimens were coated with acid resistant varnish except for 1 mm around de interface. After additional aging, the specimens were impregnated by silver nitrate and sectioned medialy for the evaluation of silver infiltration and gap formation in SEM. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). In the second study, 64 bovine teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups according to the enamel surface treatment: VP, Prompt L-Pop (Pr), Xeno III (Xe) or no treatment. A cylinder of VT was built up in half of the teeth while a composite resin was used in the other half. The teeth were then submitted to a cariogenic challenge after which they 23 were medialy cut. Transversal hardeness evaluation was performed in three regions, external, interface and internal, up to the depth of 300μm. Hardness numbers were converted to percentage of mineral loss and the data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests at the level of significance of 5%. For the third study, 20 pairs of sound permanent molars were selected from children between 6 and 10 years of age. One tooth of the pair received...

Carrapatos do gênero amblyomma (acari: ixodidae) e suas relações com os hospedeiros em área endêmica para febre maculosa no Estado de São Paulo / Ticks of genus Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) and their relationship with hosts in endemic area for spotted fever in the state of São Paulo

Seven species of mammals and 36 of birds were investigated to determine the tick prevalence and intensity of infestation. The study was conducted at the Esalq/USP in Piracicaba municipality, State of São Paulo. It was collected 52 mammals and 158 birds parasitized by 12,418 ticks. Adult ticks (N= 7,343) were found on capybaras, while the immature were mainly collected on small mammals and birds. The main hosts for immatures in descending order were opossums (69.1 percent), capybara (24.4 percent) and black vultures (3.7 percent). Among the avifauna, the black vulture (Cathartidae) had the heaviest infestation (69.9 percent) followed by species of the Thamnophilidae and Turdidae families. Adult ticks collected on capybaras were A. cajennense (80.8 percent) and A. dubitatum (19.2 percent). Both tick species were also found on opossums corresponding to 72.4 percent and 27.6 percent, respectively. Due to easy capture and attractiveness for ticks, opossums could be used as bioindicators in Brazilian zoonotic areas with spotted fever. Considering the prevalence and also abundance of ticks, host attractiveness, proliferation and susceptibly for R. rickettsi infection, capybaras and opossums are the main amplifying hosts for this microorganism at the ESALQ/Campus, while horses, black vultures and stray cats act as secondary hosts.

Foram avaliadas 7 espécies da mastofauna e 36 da avifauna quanto à prevalência e intensidade de infestação por carrapatos na ESALQ/USP, no Município de Piracicaba, SP. Analisaram-se 52 indivíduos da mastofauna e 158 da avifauna, parasitados por 12418 carrapatos. Os exemplares adultos (N= 7343) foram encontrados em parasitismo nas capivaras enquanto que os imaturos foram, na maioria, coletados de pequenos mamíferos e aves. Os principais hospedeiros para as formas imaturas, em ordem decrescente, foram gambás (69,1 por cento), capivaras (24,4 por cento) e urubus (3,7 por cento). Entre a avifauna, o urubu apresentou o maior número de carrapatos com 69,9 por cento, seguido por indivíduos das famílias Thamnophilidae e Turdidae. Os carrapatos adultos encontrados em capivaras foram A. cajennense (80,8 por cento) e A. dubitatum (19,2 por cento). Ambas as espécies foram também coletadas em gambás, correspondendo a 72,4 por cento e 27,6 por cento, respectivamente. Pela facilidade de captura e atratividade de Amblyomma spp. o gambá pode ser usado como bioindicador de infestação em locais endêmicos para febre maculosa. Considerando os índices de parasitismo e prevalência bem como de abundância de carrapatos, susceptibilidade dos hospedeiros, proliferação e susceptibilidade para infecção por R. rickettsi, capivaras e gambás são potenciais hospedeiros amplificadores desse microrganismo no Campus da ESALQ, enquanto eqüídeos, urubus e gatos atuam como hospedeiros secundários.

Percepção do paciente infantil frente ao ambiente odontológico / Children perception about dental office environment

O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a percepção de crianças nas idades pré-escolar e escolar, frente aos materiais utilizados nos consultórios odontológicos. Foram analisadas 68 crianças que já haviam tido experiência odontológica anterior, divididas em dois grupos: G1: 4 a 7 anos e G2: 8 a 11 anos de idade. Cada criança observou 11 fotografias de itens presentes no consultório, para cada figura a criança apontou um score (de 1-5) da escala facial. Os resultados apontaram alguns itens como: carpule, baixa rotação, perfurador de dique de borracha e isolamento absoluto sugestivos de ocasionar medo generalizado entre as crianças. Além disso, verificou-se que as crianças do grupo 1 apresentaram menor medo objetivo frente a maioria dos instrumentos avaliados. Conclui-se que existem determinados instrumentais que podem causar emoções negativas na consulta odontológica e que as crianças menores de um modo geral apresentam menor medo que as maiores.

The aim of this study is to evatuate children perception of the dental office environment. Sixty eight children with dental care previous experience were devided in two groups, G1: 4 to 7 years old and G2: 8 to 11 years old. Each child observed 11 dental office instruments photographs, and for each figure pointed a score of facial scale (1-5). Results show that: carpule, rotatory instrument, rubber dam perforator and rubber dam causes children fear. Then, on group 1 was observed lower incidence of objective fear about the majority of instruments photograph. It is concluded that some instruments of dental office may cause negative emotion during treatmentand children with lower age presents lower age presents lower score of fear than older children.

Maus-tratos em crianças: a percepção do aluno de odontologia / Child abouse: knowkedge of dental students

O cirurgião dentista possui um papel fundamental no que se refere à violência infantil, portanto é seu dever saber avaliar sinais e sintomas que indiquem um caso de maus-tratos, entretanto, existe uma abordagem insuficiente deste assunto nas faculdades de Odontologia. Neste estudo foi aplicado um questionário em alunos de 4º ano de graduação para avaliar o conhecimento sobre o tema. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que 98,4% sabem da importância da anamnese e axame clínico, mas 67,7% ao examinar o paciente preocupa-se apenas com a cavidade bucal. Somente 20,9% possuem conhecimento que a região do corpo mais atingida são cabeça e pescoço, 62,9% não identificaram manifestações orais de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e 88,7% denunciaram um caso de violência. Deste modo, uma abordagem mais especifica deve ser realizada na formação do aluno para que esteja apto a conduzir corretamente casos de suspeita de maus-tratos.

Dentistis play a crucial role in identifying child abuse. Therfore, he or she must be able to notice the signs indicating such practices. However, the issue is not sufficiently addressed in Dentistry Schools curricula. This survey investigates last year dentistry students knowledge on the topic. Results demonstrate that 94,4% are aware of the importance of anamnesis and clinical examination, but 67% when examining a patient, are just concerned with oral problems. 20,9% know that the head and neck are usually injured in cases of child abuse, but 62% do not know how to identify oral signsof sexual diseases, and 88,7% would denounce a violence case. Conclusion: this topic must be more carefully studied by dentistry students in order to guarantee a correct conduct in such situations.

Conhecimento das gestantes e puérperas quanto à importância do atendimento odontológico precoce / Pregnancy and puerperal woman knowledge about earlier dental

De acordo com a filosofia de promoção de saúde baseada no atendimento logo nos primeiros meses de vida, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de 191 gestantes e puérperas entre 14 e 40 anos de idade que frequentaram os Postos de Saúde da cidade de Araraquara (SP), quanto à importância do atendimento odontológico precoce. Foi aplicado um questionário, sobre a importância da amamentação, pretensão de amamentar o bebê, período de amamentação, uso da chupeta, transmissão de cárie, e primeiro atendimento odontológico do bebê, além de instruções para a promoção de saúde para as mulheres e seus bebês. Pode-se observar que 47,12% das mulheres relataram que a mãe não transmite cárie ao seu bebê. A maioria das entrevistas (89,53%) respondeu saber da importância da amamentação para a criança, e 94,24% disseram que pretendiam amamentar seus filhos. Um total de 48,70% não pretendia oferecer chupeta aos seus filhos. Pode-se observar que as mães ainda desconhecem conceitos fundamentais para a efetiva promoção da saúde bucal, porém a importância do atendimento precoce está aos poucos, sendo sedimentado.

In accordance with the philosophy of promotion of health based on the attedance soon in the first months of life, the objetive of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of 191 gestantes and puérperas between 14 and 40 years of age that had frequented the Ranks of Health of the city of Araraquara (SP), how much to the importance of the odontológico attendance precoce. Foi applied a questionnaire, on the importance of breast-feeding, pretension to suckle the baby, period of breast-feeding, use of chupeta, caries transmission, and first odontológico attendance of the baby, beyond instructions for the promotion of health for the women and its babies. It can be observed that 47.12% of the women had told that the mother does not transmit caries to its baby. The majority of the interviews (89,53%) answered to know of the importance of breast-feeding for the child, and 94.24% had said that they intended to suckle its children. A 48,70% total, did not intend to offer chupeta to its children. It can be observed that the mothers still are unaware of basic concepts for the effective promotion of the buccal health, however the importance of the precocious attendance is to the few, being sedimented.

[Ticks of genus Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) and their relationship with hosts in endemic area for spotted fever in the State of São Paulo]. / Carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae) e suas relações com os hospedeiros em área endêmica para Febre Maculosa no estado de São Paulo.

Seven species of mammals and 36 of birds were investigated to determine the tick prevalence and intensity of infestation. The study was conducted at the Esalq/USP in Piracicaba municipality, State of São Paulo. It was collected 52 mammals and 158 birds parasitized by 12,418 ticks. Adult ticks (N= 7,343) were found on capybaras, while the immature were mainly collected on small mammals and birds. The main hosts for immatures in descending order were opossums (69.1%), capybara (24.4%) and black vultures (3.7%). Among the avifauna, the black vulture (Cathartidae) had the heaviest infestation (69.9%) followed by species of the Thamnophilidae and Turdidae families. Adult ticks collected on capybaras were A. cajennense (80.8%) and A. dubitatum (19.2%). Both tick species were also found on opossums corresponding to 72.4% and 27.6%, respectively. Due to easy capture and attractiveness for ticks, opossums could be used as bioindicators in Brazilian zoonotic areas with spotted fever. Considering the prevalence and also abundance of ticks, host attractiveness, proliferation and susceptibly for R. rickettsi infection, capybaras and opossums are the main amplifying hosts for this microorganism at the ESALQ/Campus, while horses, black vultures and stray cats act as secondary hosts.

Influence of the power level of an ultra-sonic system on dental cavity preparation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shape of dental cavities made with the CVDentus system using different ultrasound power levels. One standard cavity was made on the buccal aspect of 15 bovine incisors with a CVDentus cylindrical bur (82142). The sample was divided into three groups: G1-ultrasound with power II; G2-ultrasound with power III; and G3-ultrasound with power IV. A standardizing device was used to obtain standardized preparations and ultrasound was applied during one minute in each dental preparation. The cavities were sectioned in the middle, allowing observation of the cavity's profile with a magnifying glass, and width and depth measurement using the Leica Qwin program. The Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05) and Dunn statistical analyses demonstrated differences between the dental cavity shapes when powers III and IV were used. However, the cavities that were made with power III presented dimensions similar to those of the bur used for preparation. We concluded that the power recommended by the manufacturer (III) is the most adequate for use with the CVDentus system.

Gastrobronchial fistula as a rare complication of gastroplasty for obesity: a report of two cases.

Gastrobronchial fistula is a rare condition as a complication following bariatric surgery. The management of this condition requires the active participation of a pulmonologist, who should be familiar with aspects of the main types of bariatric surgery. Herein, we report the cases of two patients who presented recurrent subphrenic and lung abscess secondary to fistula at the angle of His for an average of 19.5 months. After relaparotomy was unsuccessful, cure was achieved by antibiotic therapy and, more importantly, by stenostomy and endoscopic dilatation, together with the use of clips and fibrin glue in the fistula. These pulmonary complications should not be treated in isolation without a gastrointestinal evaluation since this can result in worsening of the respiratory condition, thus making anesthetic management difficult during endoscopic procedures.

Evaluation of serum and pleural levels of the tumor markers CEA, CYFRA21-1 and CA 15-3 in patients with pleural effusion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) and carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) in the blood and pleural fluid of patients with benign or malignant pleural effusion, evaluating the sensitivity of each marker in these fluids. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 85 patients with pleural effusion. The study of the pleural fluid observed the criteria established in the literature. Levels of the markers were determined using electrochemiluminescence. The sensitivity was determined on the condition that the specificity was > or = 90%. RESULTS: Of the 85 cases, 36 (42.4%) were malignant, 30 (35.3%) were benign, and the results were inconclusive in 19 (22.3%). In the malignant cases, the CEA and CYFRA21-1 levels were higher in the pleural fluid than in the blood, which was not observed for CA 15-3. In the benign cases, the CYFRA21-1 levels were higher in the pleural fluid than in the blood, whereas the opposite was found for CEA and CA 15-3. There were significant differences between malignant and benign cases for all markers, in pleural fluid and blood. In the pleural fluid, the sensitivity of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and CA 15-3 was 69.4, 69.4 and 66.7%, respectively, and the combined sensitivity was 80.6%. In the blood, the sensitivity was 57.1%, 71.4% and 48.6% for CEA, CYFRA21-1 and CA 15-3, respectively, and the combined sensitivity was 77%. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that these markers might be useful in the differentiation between malignant and benign pleural effusion.

Fístula gastrobrônquica como complicação rara de gastroplastia para obesidade: relato de dois casos / Gastrobronchial fistula as a rare complication of gastroplasty for obesity: a report of two cases

A fístula gastrobrônquica é uma condição rara como complicação decorrente de cirurgia da obesidade. O seu manejo exige a participação ativa de um pneumologista, o qual deve conhecer alguns aspectos dos principais tipos de cirurgia bariátrica. Neste relato, descrevemos dois casos de pacientes que apresentaram abscessos subfrênico e pulmonar recidivantes secundários a fístula no ângulo de His durante 19,5 meses, em média. Após o insucesso das relaparotomias, a cura foi obtida por meio da antibioticoterapia e, principalmente, por meio da estenostomia e da dilatação endoscópica, além do uso de clipes e cola de fibrina na fístula. Estas complicações pulmonares não devem ser tratadas isoladamente sem uma avaliação gastrintestinal pois isso pode resultar em piora do quadro respiratório, dificultando o manejo anestesiológico durante procedimentos endoscópicos.

Gastrobronchial fistula is a rare condition as a complication following bariatric surgery. The management of this condition requires the active participation of a pulmonologist, who should be familiar with aspects of the main types of bariatric surgery. Herein, we report the cases of two patients who presented recurrent subphrenic and lung abscess secondary to fistula at the angle of His for an average of 19.5 months. After relaparotomy was unsuccessful, cure was achieved by antibiotic therapy and, more importantly, by stenostomy and endoscopic dilatation, together with the use of clips and fibrin glue in the fistula. These pulmonary complications should not be treated in isolation without a gastrointestinal evaluation since this can result in worsening of the respiratory condition, thus making anesthetic management difficult during endoscopic procedures.

Avaliação dos valores sérico e pleural dos marcadores tumorais CEA, CYFRA21-1 e CA 15-3 em portadores de derrame pleural / Evaluation of serum and pleural levels of the tumor markers CEA, CYFRA21-1 and CA 15-3 in patients with pleural effusion

OBJETIVO: Dosar os marcadores tumorais antígeno carcinoembrionário (CEA), fragmento da citoqueratina 19 (CYFRA21-1) e antígeno glicosídico associado a tumor 15-3 (CA 15-3) em sangue e líquido pleural de portadores de derrames pleurais benignos e malignos, avaliando a sensibilidade de cada um deles nesses fluidos. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos prospectivamente 85 pacientes com derrame pleural. O estudo do líquido pleural obedeceu a critérios determinados pela literatura. A dosagem dos marcadores foi realizada por eletroquimioluminescência. A sensibilidade foi determinada sob a condição de que a especificidade fosse > 90 por cento. RESULTADOS: Foram diagnosticados 36 casos malignos (42,4 por cento), 30 benignos (35,3 por cento); em 19 pacientes (22,3 por cento), o diagnóstico foi inconclusivo. Nos casos malignos, os valores de CEA e CYFRA21-1 foram maiores no líquido pleural do que no sangue, fato não observado para o CA 15-3. Nos casos benignos, os valores do CYFRA21-1 foram maiores no líquido pleural do que no soro, enquanto que para o CEA e o CA 15-3, ocorreu o oposto. Todos os marcadores apresentaram diferença significativa entre os casos malignos e benignos, em líquido pleural e soro. Foi encontrada sensibilidade para CEA, CYFRA21-1 e CA 15-3 no líquido pleural de 69,4 por cento, 69,4 por cento e 66,7 por cento, respectivamente e quando associados, foi 80,6 por cento. No soro, a sensibilidade foi 57,1, 71,4 e 48,6 por cento para CEA, CYFRA21-1 e CA 15-3, respectivamente, e quando associados, foi 77 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que a utilização desses marcadores pode ser útil na diferenciação entre derrames pleurais malignos e benignos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) and carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) in the blood and pleural fluid of patients with benign or malignant pleural effusion, evaluating the sensitivity of each marker in these fluids. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 85 patients with pleural effusion. The study of the pleural fluid observed the criteria established in the literature. Levels of the markers were determined using electrochemiluminescence. The sensitivity was determined on the condition that the specificity was > 90 percent. RESULTS: Of the 85 cases, 36 (42.4 percent) were malignant, 30 (35.3 percent) were benign, and the results were inconclusive in 19 (22.3 percent). In the malignant cases, the CEA and CYFRA21-1 levels were higher in the pleural fluid than in the blood, which was not observed for CA 15-3. In the benign cases, the CYFRA21-1 levels were higher in the pleural fluid than in the blood, whereas the opposite was found for CEA and CA 15-3. There were significant differences between malignant and benign cases for all markers, in pleural fluid and blood. In the pleural fluid, the sensitivity of CEA, CYFRA21-1 and CA 15-3 was 69.4, 69.4 and 66.7 percent, respectively, and the combined sensitivity was 80.6 percent. In the blood, the sensitivity was 57.1 percent, 71.4 percent and 48.6 percent for CEA, CYFRA21-1 and CA 15-3, respectively, and the combined sensitivity was 77 percent. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that these markers might be useful in the differentiation between malignant and benign pleural effusion.