Selected fruit pomaces: Nutritional profile, health benefits, and applications in functional foods and feeds.

The utmost objective of every nation is to achieve zero hunger and ensure the health and well-being of its population. However, in impoverished nations, particularly in rural areas, such issues persist on a daily basis. Currently, there is a growing demand for fruit consumption due to their potential health benefits. Surprisingly, their most prevalent by-product is pomace, which is produced in millions of tonnes and is usually discarded as waste after processing or consumption. Even food produced with these kinds of raw resources can contribute to the objective of eradicating world hunger. Owing to these advantages, scientists have begun evaluating the nutritional content of various fruit pomace varieties as well as the chemical composition in different bioactive constituents, which have significant health benefits and can be used to formulate a variety of food products with notable nutraceutical and functional potential. So, the purpose of this review is to understand the existing familiarity of nutritional and phytochemical composition of selected fruit pomaces, those derived from pineapple, orange, grape, apple, and tomato. Furthermore, this article covers pre-clinical and clinical investigations conducted on the selected fruit pomace extracts and/or powder forms and its incorporation into food products and animal feed. Adding fruit pomaces reduces the glycemic index, increases the fibre content and total polyphenolic contents, and reduces the cooking loss, etc. In animal feeds, incorporating fruit pomaces improves the antioxidant enzyme activities, humoral immune system, and growth performance and reduces methane emission.

Hepatoprotective effects of fruits pulp, seed, and peel against chemical-induced toxicity: Insights from in vivo studies.

The liver is a vital organ in human physiology positioned in the upper right quadrant of the peritoneal cavity, which plats a critical role in metabolic processes, detoxification of various substances and overall homeostasis. Along with these critical functions, hepatic diseases impose as significant global health threat. Liver illness is the cause of two million fatalities every year, or 4% of all deaths. Traditionally, healthcare providers have prescribed antibacterial and antiviral medications to address liver illness. Nephrotoxicity is a frequently observed negative reaction to drugs, with the majority of such events happening in individuals who have advanced cirrhosis. Thus, recognizing this gap, there is a dire need of exploration of pharmaceutical alterative for hepatic diseases, with special focus on their efficacy and reduced toxicity. Fruits have long been known to therapeutic impact on human health, thus exploration of fruits components namely pulp, seeds and peels containing phytochemicals have emerged as a promising avenue for hepatoprotective interventions. Thus, review comprehends the information about worldwide burden of chemical induced toxicity and injuries as well as highlight the on-going challenges in hepatic disease management. It also shed light on the valuable contributions fruit parts and their phytocompounds obtained from different components of fruits. Fruit pulp, especially when rich in flavonoids, has demonstrated significant potential in animal model studies. It has been observed to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory markers. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have demonstrated the most favorable outcomes. Further, this review also discusses about the safety assessments of fruits extracts for their utilization as hepatoprotective agents.

Valorization of non-edible fruit seeds into valuable products: A sustainable approach towards circular bioeconomy.

Global imperatives have recently shown a paradigm shift in the prevailing resource utilization model from a linear approach to a circular bioeconomy. The primary goal of the circular bioeconomy model is to minimize waste by effective re-usage of organic waste and efficient nutrient recycling. In essence, circular bioeconomy integrates the fundamental concept of circular economy, which strives to offer sustainable goods and services by leveraging biological resources and processes. Notably, the circular bioeconomy differs from conventional waste recycling by prioritizing the safeguarding and restoration of production ecosystems, focusing on harnessing renewable biological resources and their associated waste streams to produce value-added products like food, animal feed, and bioenergy. Amidst these sustainability efforts, fruit seeds are getting considerable attention, which were previously overlooked and commonly discarded but were known to comprise diverse chemicals with significant industrial applications, not limited to cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While, polyphenols in these seeds offer extensive health benefits, the inadequate conversion of fruit waste into valuable products poses substantial environmental challenges and resource wastage. This review aims to comprehend the known information about the application of non-edible fruit seeds for synthesising metallic nanoparticles, carbon dots, biochar, biosorbent, and biodiesel. Further, this review sheds light on the potential use of these seeds as functional foods and feed ingredients; it also comprehends the safety aspects associated with their utilization. Overall, this review aims to provide a roadmap for harnessing the potential of non-edible fruit seeds by adhering to the principles of a sustainable circular bioeconomy.

Advances in the concept of functional foods and feeds: applications of cinnamon and turmeric as functional enrichment ingredients.

Spices are a rich source of vitamins, polyphenols, proteins, dietary fiber, and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, all of which play an important role in biological functions. Since ancient times, spices have been used in our kitchen as a food coloring agent. Spices like cinnamon and turmeric allegedly contain various functional ingredients, such as phenolic and volatile compounds. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the nutritional profiles of cinnamon and turmeric, as well as to analyze the clinical studies on their extracts and essential oils in animals and humans. Furthermore, their enrichment applications for food products and animal feed have also been investigated in terms of safety and toxicity. Numerous studies have shown that cinnamon and turmeric have various health benefits, including the reduction of insulin resistance and insulin signaling pathways in diabetic patients, the reduction of inflammatory biomarkers, and the maintenance of gut microflora in both animals and humans. The food and animal feed industries have taken notice of these health benefits and have begun to promote cinnamon and turmeric as healthy foods. This has resulted in the development of new food products and animal feeds that contain cinnamon and turmeric as primary ingredients, which have been deemed an effective means of promoting cinnamon and turmeric's health benefits.

Non-edible fruit seeds: nutritional profile, clinical aspects, and enrichment in functional foods and feeds.

Nowadays, fruits are gaining high demand due to their promising advantages on human health. Astonishingly, their by-products, that is, seeds and peels, account for 10-35% of fruit weight and are usually thrown as waste after consumption or processing. But it is neglected that fruit seeds also have functional properties and nutritional value, and thus could be utilized for dietary and therapeutic purposes, ultimately reducing the waste burden on the environment. Owing to these benefits, researchers have started to assess the nutritional value of different fruits seeds, in addition to the chemical composition in various bioactive constituents, like carotenoids (lycopene), flavonoids, proteins (bioactive peptides), vitamins, etc., that have substantial health benefits and can be used in formulating different types of food products with noteworthy functional and nutraceutical potential. The current review aims to comprehend the known information of nutritional and phytochemical profiling of non-edible fruits seeds, viz. apple, apricot, avocado, cherry, date, jamun, litchi, longan, mango, and papaya. Additionally, clinical studies conducted on these selected non-edible fruit seed extracts, their safety issues and their enrichment in food products as well as animal feed has also been discussed. This review aims to highlight the potential applications of the non-edible fruit seeds in developing new food products and also provide a viable alternative to reduce the waste disposal issue faced by agro-based industries.

Anti-oxidant potential of plants and probiotic spp. in alleviating oxidative stress induced by H2O2.

Cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a metabolic by-product. ROS molecules trigger oxidative stress as a feedback response that significantly initiates biological processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. Furthermore, extensive research has revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important ROS entity and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including cell differentiation, cell signalling, and apoptosis. However, excessive production of H2O2 has been shown to disrupt biomolecules and cell organelles, leading to an inflammatory response and contributing to the development of health complications such as collagen deposition, aging, liver fibrosis, sepsis, ulcerative colitis, etc. Extracts of different plant species, phytochemicals, and Lactobacillus sp (probiotic) have been reported for their anti-oxidant potential. In this view, the researchers have gained significant interest in exploring the potential plants spp., their phytochemicals, and the potential of Lactobacillus sp. strains that exhibit anti-oxidant properties and health benefits. Thus, the current review focuses on comprehending the information related to the formation of H2O2, the factors influencing it, and their pathophysiology imposed on human health. Moreover, this review also discussed the anti-oxidant potential and role of different extract of plants, Lactobacillus sp. and their fermented products in curbing H2O2­induced oxidative stress in both in-vitro and in-vivo models via boosting the anti-oxidative activity, inhibiting of important enzyme release and downregulation of cytochrome c, cleaved caspases-3, - 8, and - 9 expression. In particular, this knowledge will assist R&D sections in biopharmaceutical and food industries in developing herbal medicine and probiotics-based or derived food products that can effectively alleviate oxidative stress issues induced by H2O2 generation.

Detection of Bacterial Pathogens and Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat: A Review.

Detection of pathogenic microbes as well as antibiotic residues in food animals, especially in chicken, has become a matter of food security worldwide. The association of various pathogenic bacteria in different diseases and selective pressure induced by accumulated antibiotic residue to develop antibiotic resistance is also emerging as the threat to human health. These challenges have made the containment of pathogenic bacteria and early detection of antibiotic residue highly crucial for robust and precise detection. However, the traditional culture-based approaches are well-comprehended for identifying microbes. Nevertheless, because they are inadequate, time-consuming and laborious, these conventional methods are not predominantly used. Therefore, it has become essential to explore alternatives for the easy and robust detection of pathogenic microbes and antibiotic residue in the food source. Presently, different monitoring, as well as detection techniques like PCR-based, assay (nucleic acid)-based, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)-based, aptamer-based, biosensor-based, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry-based and electronic nose-based methods, have been developed for detecting the presence of bacterial contaminants and antibiotic residues. The current review intends to summarize the different techniques and underline the potential of every method used for the detection of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic residue in chicken meat.

A robust genetic transformation protocol to obtain transgenic shoots of Solanum tuberosum L. cultivar 'Kufri Chipsona 1'.

The genetic transformation of plants is an important biotechnological tool used for crop improvement for many decades. The present study was focussed to investigate various factors affecting genetic transformation of potato cultivar 'Kufri Chipsona 1'. It was observed that explants pre-cultured for 2 days on MS2 medium (MS medium containing 10 µM silver nitrate, 10 µM BA, 15 µM GA3), injured with a surgical blade and co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 [O.D600 (0.6)] for 2 days results in maximum transient ß-glucuronidase (GUS) expression. The addition of 100 µM acetosyringone in MS2 medium also increased rate of transient GUS expression in both the explants. Clumps of putative transgenic shoots were regenerated using the optimised culture conditions from leaf and internodal explants. The stable integration of T-DNA was established using histochemical staining for GUS and amplification of DNA fragment specific to nptII and uidA genes. Within the clumps, around 67.85% of shoots showed uniform GUS expression in all the tissues and about 32.15% shoots show intermittent GUS expression establishing chimeric nature. Uniform GUS staining of the tissue was used as initial marker of non-chimeric transgenic shoots. Quantitative expression of nptII transgene was found to be directly proportional to uniformity of GUS staining in transgenic shoots. The present investigation indicated that manipulation of culture conditions and the medium composition may help to get transgenic shoots with uniform expression of transgene in all the tissues of potato cultivar 'Kufri Chipsona 1'.