RESUMO
Value added tax (VAT) reduction is an important tool for cultivating new driving forces for economic development, and it has had a notable impact on local fiscal pressure. Taking the 2018-2019 VAT rate reduction in China as an example, this paper uses a CGE model to estimate the impact of the VAT reduction policy on local fiscal pressure in China in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that local fiscal pressure increased from 0.342 to 0.435, an increase of 27.08%. The study provides policy implications on optimizing tax structure and alleviating local fiscal pressure.
RESUMO
Cellular senescence plays both beneficial and detrimental roles in embryonic development and tissue regeneration, while the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Recent studies disclosed the emerging roles of heat-shock proteins in regulating muscle regeneration and homeostasis. Here, we found that Hsp90ß, but not Hsp90α isoform, was significantly upregulated during muscle regeneration. RNA-seq analysis disclosed a transcriptional elevation of p21 in Hsp90ß-depleted myoblasts, which is due to the upregulation of p53. Moreover, knockdown of Hsp90ß in myoblasts resulted in p53-dependent cellular senescence. In contrast to the notion that Hsp90 interacts with and protects mutant p53 in cancer, Hsp90ß preferentially bound to wild-type p53 and modulated its degradation via a proteasome-dependent manner. Moreover, Hsp90ß interacted with MDM2, the chief E3 ligase of p53, to regulate the stability of p53. In line with these in vitro studies, the expression level of p53-p21 axis was negatively correlated with Hsp90ß in aged mice muscle. Consistently, administration of 17-AAG, a Hsp90 inhibitor under clinical trial, impaired muscle regeneration by enhancing injury-induced senescence in vivo. Taken together, our finding revealed a previously unappreciated role of Hsp90ß in regulating p53 stability to suppress senescence both in vitro and in vivo.