Bovine reproductive immunoinfertility: pathogenesis and immunotherapy.

Infertility is one of the primary factors for cattle reproduction in the present scenario. Reproduction-related immunoinfertility mainly involves immunization against the antigens related to reproductive hormones (LHRH, GnRH, Gonadal steroids, PGF2α and oxytocin), spermatozoa, seminal plasma and ovum. Anovulation, delayed ovulation, sperm immobilization, failure of fertilization, prolonged uterine involution, extended calving interval, prolonged post-partum estrus and reduced conception rate could be a result of immunoinfertility that occur due to the blockage of receptor site by antibodies formed against hormones, sperm and ovum. Immunoinfertility can be treated in the animal by giving sexual rest to females, by using various reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization, gamete intra fallopian tube transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, sperm washing and by treating the animals with immunomodulators such as LPS, Oyster glycogen, etc. This review summarizes the different causes of bovine reproductive immunoinfertility and amelioration strategies to overcome it.

Combination therapy with lansoprazole and cholecalciferol is associated with a slower decline in residual beta-cell function and lower insulin requirements in children with recent onset type 1 diabetes: results of a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of combination therapy with cholecalciferol and lansoprazole on residual ß-cell function and glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Children aged 6-12 years with type 1 diabetes were allocated to receive cholecalciferol and lansoprazole (Group 1) or no treatment (Group 2). Children were maintained on their respective insulin regimens and kept records of blood sugar and insulin doses taken. Children were followed at three-month intervals for six months. Changes in mean fasting C-peptide and HbA1c levels, daily insulin doses, fasting blood glucose and mean blood glucose levels from baseline to end of the study were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight children (14 per group) met the eligibility criteria. Fasting C-peptide levels decreased significantly from baseline to study end in both groups (mean decrease -0.19±0.09ng/mL and -0.28±0.08ng/mL, p=0.04 and p=0.001; Group 1 and Group 2 respectively). However, fasting C-peptide level drop was significantly smaller in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (30.6% and 47.5% respectively; p=0.001). Likewise, daily insulin doses decreased significantly in both groups (-0.59±0.14units/kg and -0.37±0.24units/kg respectively; p=0.001). All patients recruited completed the study. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Combined therapy with cholecalciferol and lansoprazole for six months was associated with smaller decline in residual ß-cell function and lower insulin requirements in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Preliminary findings of this small-scale study need to be confirmed by larger studies. REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS: (www.ctri.nic.in) under number REF/2021/03/041415 N.

Effect of endogenous hormones, antisperm antibody and oxidative stress on semen quality of crossbred bulls.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of factors like hormones, antisperm antibody (ASA), and oxidative stress and its relation with semen quality in crossbred bulls. Ejaculates from two bulls were categorized into good (n = 12) and poor (n = 12) based on initial progressive motility, that is, ≥70% and ≤50%, respectively. The level of hormones like Testosterone (p < 0.05) and PGE2 (p < 0.01) was significantly higher in good-quality ejaculates compared to poor-quality ejaculates; however, estradiol (p < 0.05), progesterone, oxidative stress, and ASAs were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in poor-quality ejaculates compared to good-quality ejaculates. Therefore, it could be concluded that oxidative stress and hormonal imbalance might have resulted in high number of dead and defective spermatozoa which was ultimately responsible for poor quality semen ejaculates.

Heavy metals controlling cardiovascular diseases risk factors in myocardial infarction patients in critically environmentally heavy metal-polluted steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India).

Heavy metals (HMs) have a very significant clinical role in the pathogenesis, progression and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The prevalence of CVDs was reported to be higher in critically environmentally HM-polluted (EHMP) steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India) for the last more than a decade. To ascertain the role of HMs in the onset of CVDs, the present study was chosen to investigate HMs content in myocardial infarction (MI) patients from EHMP steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh. Total of 110 MI patients along with number- and age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited in the present investigation. The CVDs risk factors estimated in MI patients were overweight (higher body mass index), hypertension (higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures), dyslipidaemia (higher serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol), inflammation (higher-serum C reactive protein and aldosterone) and elevated oxidative stress (higher urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine). An imbalance of serum electrolyte concentrations including Na (hypernatremia), Ca (hypercalcaemia) and K (hypokalaemia) was also observed in MI patients in which CVDs risk factors were found to correlate positively with serum Na and Ca and negatively with serum K, respectively. Hair HM analysis was used as a bio-indicator for monitoring body HM status from past environmental HM exposure in which CVDs risk factors were observed to correlate positively with higher hair concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mo, Pb, As, Ca and Na and negatively with lower hair concentrations of Cu, Mg, Mn and K in MI patients, respectively. Thus, higher hair concentrations of Zn and Pb indicate their higher environmental exposure and possible cause of higher CVDs risk factors in MI patients from Mandi-Gobindgarh.

Combination therapy with lansoprazole and cholecalciferol is associated with a slower decline in residual beta-cell function and lower insulin requirements in children with recent onset type 1 diabetes: results of a pilot study

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of combination therapy with cholecalciferol and lansoprazole on residual β-cell function and glycemic control in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Methods Children aged 6-12 years with type 1 diabetes were allocated to receive cholecalciferol and lansoprazole (Group 1) or no treatment (Group 2). Children were maintained on their respective insulin regimens and kept records of blood sugar and insulin doses taken. Children were followed at three-month intervals for six months. Changes in mean fasting C-peptide and HbA1c levels, daily insulin doses, fasting blood glucose and mean blood glucose levels from baseline to end of the study were analyzed. Results Twenty-eight children (14 per group) met the eligibility criteria. Fasting C-peptide levels decreased significantly from baseline to study end in both groups (mean decrease -0.19±0.09ng/mL and -0.28±0.08ng/mL, p=0.04 and p=0.001; Group 1 and Group 2 respectively). However, fasting C-peptide level drop was significantly smaller in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (30.6% and 47.5% respectively; p=0.001). Likewise, daily insulin doses decreased significantly in both groups (-0.59±0.14units/kg and -0.37±0.24units/kg respectively; p=0.001). All patients recruited completed the study. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion Combined therapy with cholecalciferol and lansoprazole for six months was associated with smaller decline in residual β-cell function and lower insulin requirements in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes. Preliminary findings of this small-scale study need to be confirmed by larger studies. Registry of Clinical Trials (www.ctri.nic.in) under number REF/2021/03/041415 N.

Porcine scabies induces marked apoptosis, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, TNF-α and shedding of ICAM-1.

BACKGROUND: Scabies is one of the leading causes of morbidity in pigs worldwide. Limited data are available regarding the role of immune reactions in the development of porcine scabies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigate key pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α), soluble variant of adhesion molecule ICAM-1 and mite-mediated apoptosis of peripheral leukocytes in 20 pigs with scabies, in addition to 10 healthy controls. The pigs with at least three typical clinical signs and found positive for Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in microscopy were recruited for the present study. RESULTS: IL-1 acted as the major pro-inflammatory cytokine as serum IL-1 concentrations showed significantly (p < .05) higher levels (7-fold increase) in cases than in controls. The minor cytokine TNF-α was 4-fold higher during scabies, and its mean serum concentration was significantly increased (p < .05) in cases when compared to healthy controls. Soluble ICAM-1 levels were significantly higher (p < .05) in all the pigs of infested group compared with the controls. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic leukocytes was found to be significantly higher (p < .05) in scabies positive pigs as compared to the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that systemic elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α, shedding of soluble ICAM-1 variant in peripheral blood and increased rate of host-cell apoptosis in peripheral leukocytes might be implicated in the immunopathology of naturally acquired porcine scabies.

Preparation of carbon dots-hematite quantum dots-loaded hydroxypropyl cellulose-chitosan nanocomposites for drug delivery, sunlight catalytic and antimicrobial application.

In this project, we studied the thermal and chemical method for the synthesis of carbon dots (CDs)/Hematite (α-Fe2O3) quantum dots and the preparation of hydroxypropyl cellulose cross-linked chitosan (HPCCS) and ulvan (UN) was performed by chemical method. Carbon dots/α-Fe2O3 quantum dots with size distribution of 3-5 nm were completely encapsulated in the HPCCS/UN NPs to obtain composites, which indicated unique characteristics with respect to antimicrobial, pH-responsive and optical properties. The CDs-HQDs/HPCCS/UN nanocomposites exhibited a single-excitation (440 nm), dual-emission fluorescence property (505 nm and 628 nm for green and red light from CDs-HQDs and HPCCS/UN NPs). The nanocomposites played as a pH-responsive drug delivery process to release ulvan at a fast rate in pH 7.4 buffer solution but at a slow rate in low pH solutions. The CDs-HQDs/HPCCS/UN nanocomposites gained the highest photocatalytic activity for degrading 4-chlorophenol (4-CPh) as a pollutant (>98% during 70 min under sunlight irradiation). Moreover, the nanocomposites indicated great inhibitory influences towards bacterial and fungal.

Molecular characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis in Qatar.

The aim of the current study is to review the molecular characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) in Hamad Medical Corporation, which is the provider of secondary and tertiary care in the state of Qatar. A total of 39 isolates of N. meningitidis from the period of 2013 to 2018 were revived and identified by Vitek, and susceptibility on the basis of the E test was retrieved from the patient's files. The revived isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. The most common serogroup (19) of N. meningitidis was W135, of which 12 were isolated from blood and CSF. ST-11 was the most predominant ST clonal complex causing N. meningitidis cases (61.53%). Clonal complex ST-41/44 was the second most observed complex (3, 2 of which were related to serogroup B). The most frequent sequence type was 9596 (8 isolates). Determining the molecular pattern of N. meningitidis in Qatar is helpful for understanding the strains circulating in Qatar, and the study of the resistance trend of such strains may be very helpful for empirical treatment of future patients.

Facile colorimetric detection of Hg (II), photocatalytic and antibacterial efficiency based on silver-manganese disulfide/polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan nanocomposites.

The application of nano materials for removal and detection of hazardous metal detection with nanoparticles is important for researcher. In this paper, the silver-manganese disulfide/chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol (Ag-MnS2/CSPVA) nanocomposites was prepared for the detection of toxic heavy metal. The synthesized nano materials was experimented through the various analysis methods to structural and morphological evaluation. The surface charge of the Ag-MnS2/CSPVA was -25.0 ± 0.1 mV. The various metal ions have not effect on detection of mercury (II). The result shows the excellent linearity was found the mercury concentrations changing with limit of detection of 9.0 nM (nano molar level). The condition of detection was conducted at pH 5 and room temperature. Moreover, the photocatalytic properties of the Ag-MnS2/CSPVA nanocomposites was analyzed for degradation of malachite green under visible light irradiation. The complete malachite green degradation reached up to 97.29% after 30 min of photocatalytic reaction. The antibacterial efficiency was studied versus both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The outcome depicts that the Ag-MnS2/CSPVA nanocomposites has an excellent property in antibacterial activity.

Biosynthesis of nano bimetallic Ag/Pt alloy from Crocus sativus L. extract: Biological efficacy and catalytic activity.

In this project, silver­platinum (AgPt) nanoparticles were prepared by using the Crocus sativus L. plant ethanolic extract. The AgPt nanoparticles were characterized by applying the various method as ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The morphology structural indicated that the AgPt nanoparticles were spherical particles with diameter about 36.0 nm. The FTIR spectroscopy shows the efficient stabilization of the AgPt nanoparticles by phytoconstituents. The Ag and AgPt nanoparticles have polyphenolic content, lower than the flavonoids and proanthocyanins contents. The AgPt nanoparticles depicted the highest antioxidant properties compared to the Ag nanoparticles and ascorbic acid. The results showed that the AgPt nanoparticles had a high antioxidant properties. In addition, the AgPt nanoparticles demonstrated the substantial antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities against pathogenic microbes and MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The environmental chemistry analysis depicts that methyl orange can be degraded from water by catalytic degradation process with sodium borohydride. The AgPt nanoparticles were prosperous in catalytic degrading methyl orange following a first order kinetic model.

Production of metal oxides nanoparticles based on poly-alanine/chitosan/reduced graphene oxide for photocatalysis degradation, anti-pathogenic bacterial and antioxidant studies.

A novel AgO-CoO-CdO/Poly(alanine)-chitosan-reduced graphene oxide (PACSGO) nanocomposite was developed to study the degradation efficiency under visible light irradiation. The AgO, CoO, CdO nanoparticles and AgO-CoO-CdO heterometal oxides were prepared by using the chemical method. The crystallite structure and phase studies were studied by the X-ray diffraction assay. The SEM images were evaluated to explore the morphology of the prepared materials. EDS analysis and FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of nano-materials with high purity. The optical bandgap values were measured via Kubelka-Munk plot showing that the metal oxides produced a new energy state in the electronic level for high photocatalysis efficiency. The incorporation of AgO-CoO-CdO in PACSGO showed a novel nano-photocatalyst for substantial degradation of dye in low process time. The catalysis data displayed that PACSGO based AgO-CoO-CdO nanocomposites ensured a strong potential to degradation of organic dye compounds from water in during photocatalysis reaction. The beneficial anti-pathogenic bacterial performance of the AgO-CoO-CdO/PACSGO nanocomposites was further demonstrated by a substantial reduction in the amount of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and B. cereus medium and increase in inhibition zone value with the addition of the AgO-CoO-CdO/PACSGO nanocomposites.

Prevalence and Type Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Breast Cancer: A Qatar Based Study.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the etiology of a variety of human cancers. Studies investigating the presence of high-risk (HR) HPV in breast tissue have generated considerable controversy over its role as a potential risk factor for breast cancer (BC). This is the first investigation reporting the prevalence and type distribution of high-risk HPV infection in breast tissue in the population of Qatar. A prospective comparison blind research study herein reconnoitered the presence of twelve HR-HPV types' DNA using multiplex PCR by screening a total of 150 fresh breast tissue specimens. Data obtained shows that HR-HPV types were found in 10% of subjects with breast cancer; of which the presence of HPV was confirmed in 4/33 (12.12%) of invasive carcinomas. These findings, the first reported from the population of Qatar, suggest that the selective presence of HPV in breast tissue is likely to be a related factor in the progression of certain cases of breast cancer.

Synthesis of Co3S4-SnO2/polyvinylpyrrolidone-cellulose heterojunction as highly performance catalyst for photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties under ultra-violet irradiation.

In this work, we present Co3S4-SnO2 supported polyvinylpyrrolidone-cellulose (PVPCS) nano-structure for Lidocaine degradation. The nanostructure was characterized by various techniques i.e. morphological and optical ones. The results have demonstrated that Co3S4-SnO2 nanocomposites were evenly supported on the PVPCS. Moreover, the photocatalysis performances of the catalysts were investigated under ultra-violet (UV) light irradiation. The nano-structure Co3S4-SnO2/PVPCS composite (98.72%) revealed the highest photocatalysis performance as compared to SnO2 nanoparticles, and Co3S4-SnO2 nanocomposites. The photo-stability of nano-structure Co3S4-SnO2/PVPCS composite was characterized using cyclic catalytic experimental. Results demonstrated a substantially stable performance of the nano-structure Co3S4-SnO2/PVPCS composite. The biological properties of Co3S4-SnO2/PVPCS composite were investigated through the antibacterial (versus Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) and antifungal studies (Candida albicans). As the results declared, Co3S4-SnO2 nanocomposites have substantial biological properties as compared to SnO2 nanoparticles, and Co3S4-SnO2 nanocomposites.

Sequestration of toxic congo red dye from aqueous solution using ecofriendly guar gum/ activated carbon nanocomposite.

In the present study, a potential Guar gum/activated carbon nanocomposite as an adsorbent was synthesized and utilized for the sequestration of toxic congo red dye from synthetic wastewater. The nanocomposite was characterized using different techniques such as SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR and XRD. Various physico-chemical parameters such as influence of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial dye concentration were investigated to optimize conditions for maximum adsorption of congo red. Equilibrium data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model having maximum adsorption capacity of 831.82 mgg-1 at 313 K. The kinetic studies demonstrated that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of congo red onto nanocomposite was spontaneous, exothermic with decreased in randomness at solid/liquid interface. The regeneration study indicated that the nanocomposite could be reused successfully upto five consecutive cycles. Therefore, the present material can be effectively and efficiently urilized for the removal of congo red dye from aqueous solution as well as industrial wastewater.

Longitudinal evaluation of the association between Insulin-like growth factor-1, Bone specific alkaline phosphatase and changes in mandibular length.

The aim of the current longitudinal study was to assess the levels of serum Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and serum Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in different cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) stages and observe their association with the mandibular growth. Blood samples and lateral cephalograms of 63 subjects (age group of 11-17 years) were obtained at two time points, 12 months apart. On the basis of CVMI, all subjects were divided into six groups based on whether the subjects remained in same CVMI stage or transitioned to the next CVMI stage. Annual mandibular length was related with serum BALP and serum IGF-1 levels estimated using ELISA. Serum IGF-1 and BALP attained highest levels at CVMI stage 3 with peak BALP levels observed earlier than IGF-1. Although a positive correlation was determined between IGF-1 and BALP but BALP followed skeletal growth pattern more precisely. Overall IGF-1 and BALP were negatively correlated with mandibular length with notable growth in CVMI groups 3-3 (P < 0.01), 3-4 (P < 0.01), 4-4 (P < 0.001) and 5-5 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, BALP is a potential biomarker for skeletal growth assessment. However, the mandibular growth pattern was independent of changes in IGF-1 and BALP.

Adsorption and photocatalysis assisted optimization for drug removal by chitosan-glyoxal/Polyvinylpyrrolidone/MoS2 nanocomposites.

Chitosan-glyoxal/Polyvinylpyrrolidone/MoS2 (CSG/PVP/MoS2) nanocomposites were synthesized via hydrothermal-ultrasonic method. The CSG/PVP/MoS2 nano catalyst was characterized by XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and diclofenac was used for the adsorption and photo-degradation test. SEM revealed the CSG/PVP/MoS2 nanocomposite has coarse and semi-flake structure and UV-vis absorbance spectra indicated its strong UV light response. Additionally, the CSG/PVP/MoS2 presents enhanced adsorption-photocatalytic activities in comparison to CSG/PVP, and the degradation was reaching 94.5%. Kinetic study results demonstrated that the diclofenac photo-degradation could be explained by pseudo-first-order model. The material may have great potential in wastewater treatment applications. The synthesized nanomaterials were tested for their antibacterial properties against microorganisms Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial property CSG/PVP/MoS2 nanocomposite was observed with a maximum of zone inhibition.

Experimental design, modeling and mechanism of cationic dyes biosorption on to magnetic chitosan-lutaraldehyde composite.

Magnetic separation of toxic dyes has become a potential and effective method in wastewater treatments. In present research, a facile in situ one step co-precipitation synthetic approach is used to develop water-dispersible Fe3O4/Chitosan/Glutaraldehyde nanocomposites (MCS-GA) as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Crystal Violet (CV) from aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the MCS-GA were investigated using FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, and VSM techniques. 5-level and 3-factors central composite design (CCD) combined with the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the statistical relationships between independent variables i.e. initial pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and adsorption process as response. The optimal values of the parameters for the best efficiency (99.99%) were as follows: pH of 11, the initial dye concentration of 60 mg L-1 and MCS-GA dosage of 0.817 g L-1, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were fitted with the Langmuir monolayer isotherm model (qmax: 105.467 mg g-1, R2: 0.996) and pseudo-second order kinetics (R2: 0.960). Thermodynamic parameters (R2 > 0.941, ΔH°: 690.609-896.006 kJ mol-1, ΔG°: -1.6849 to -13.4872 kJ mol-1, ΔS°: 0.168-0.232 kJ mol-1 K-1) also indicated CV adsorption is feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Overall, taking into account the excellent efficiency, good regeneration and acceptable performance in real terms, MCS-GA can be introduced as a promising absorbent for dyes removal from the textile wastewater.

Heterostructures of mesoporous TiO2 and SnO2 nanocatalyst for improved electrochemical oxidation ability of vitamin B6 in pharmaceutical tablets.

The detection of water soluble vitamins using electrochemical method is widely established in pharmaceutical quality control laboratories, and especially the recent advances in hybrid heterostrucure nanomaterials has devoted to enhance the significant analytical parameters like sensitivity, selectivity and fast response time. Herein, we report the synthesis of a hybrid heterostructure comprising SnO2 nanoparticles supported mesoporous TiO2, and the obtained nanocomposite were fabricated over glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical oxidation of vitamin B6 in pharmaceutical tablets. The designed SnO2-TiO2/GC modified electrode exhibits well-defined oxidation peak with lowering over-potential and larger signal response compared to the pristine counterparts, and it is mainly due to the formation of abundant active surface layer offered by SnO2 cocatalyst, and thus significantly enhances the electrochemical surface area. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements revealed a sharp increase in the anodic peak current upon addition of increasing concentration of vitamin B6. The analytical performance of the modified electrode displayed a wide linear range (0.1-31.4 µM), high selectivity, and excellent sensitivity (759.73 µA mM-1 cm-2) with low detection limit (35 nM). Thus, the resultant mesoporous hybrid nanocatalyst provides an efficient electrochemical platform for determination of various potential analytes.

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Anticancer Drug by a Zirconia Nanoparticle-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite.

Because of their large surface area and conductivity, some inorganic materials have emerged as good candidates for the trace-level detection of pharmaceutical drugs. In the present work, we demonstrate the detection of an anticancer drug (regorafenib, REG) by using an electrochemical sensor based on a nanocomposite material. We synthesized a zirconia-nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide composite (ZrO2/rGO) using a one-pot hydrothermal method. Reduction of the graphene oxide supports of the Zr2+ ions with hydrazine hydrate helped in preventing the agglomeration of the zirconia nanoparticles and in obtaining an excellent electrocatalytic response of the nanostructure ZrO2/rGO-based electrochemical sensor. Structural and morphological characterization of the nanostructure ZrO2/rGO was performed using various analytical methods. A novel regorafenib (REG) electrochemical sensor was fabricated by immobilizing the as-prepared nanostructure ZrO2/rGO on to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The resulting ZrO2/rGO/GCE could be used for the rapid and selective determination of REG in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid. The ZrO2/rGO/GCE showed a linear response for the REG analysis in the dynamic range 11-343 nM, with a remarkable lower detection limit and limit of quantifications of 17 and 59 nM, respectively. The newly developed sensor was used for the accurate determination of REG in both serum samples and pharmaceutical formulations, with satisfactory results.