Simulation training on respectful emergency obstetric and neonatal care in north-western Madagascar: a mixed-methods evaluation of an innovative training program.

BACKGROUND: The rates of maternal and neonatal deaths in Madagascar are among the highest in the world. In response to a request for additional training from obstetrical care providers at the Ambanja district hospital in north-eastern Madagascar, a partnership of institutions in Switzerland and Madagascar conducted innovative training on respectful emergency obstetric and newborn care using e-learning and simulation methodologies. The training focused on six topics: pre-eclampsia, physiological childbirth, obstetric maneuvers, postpartum hemorrhage, maternal sepsis, and newborn resuscitation. Cross-cutting themes were interprofessional communication and respectful patient care. Ten experienced trainers participated in an e-training-of-trainers course conducted by the Swiss partners. The newly-trained trainers and Swiss partners then jointly conducted the hybrid remote/in-person training for 11 obstetrical care providers in Ambanja. METHODS: A mixed methods evaluation was conducted of the impact of the training on participants' knowledge and practices. Trainees' knowledge was tested before, immediately after, and 6 months after the training. Focus group discussions were conducted to elicit participants' opinions about the training, including the content and pedagogical methods. RESULTS: Trainees' knowledge of the six topics was higher at 6 months (with an average of 71% correct answers) compared to before the training (62%), although it was even higher (83%) immediately after the training. During the focus group discussions, participants highlighted their positive impressions of the training, including its impact on their sense of professional effectiveness. They reported that their interprofessional relationships and focus on respectful care had improved. Simulation, which was a new methodology for the participants native to Madagascar, was appreciated for its engaging and active format, and they enjoyed the hybrid delivery of the training. Participants (including the trainers) expressed a desire for follow-up engagement, including additional training, and improved access to more equipment. CONCLUSION: The evaluation showed improvements in trainees' knowledge and capacity to provide respectful emergency care to pregnant women and newborns across all training topics. The hybrid simulation-based training method elicited strong enthusiasm. Significant opportunity exists to expand the use of hybrid onsite/remote simulation-based training to improve obstetrical care and health outcomes for women and newborns in Madagascar and elsewhere.

Rethinking communications for governance of malaria programs.

Malaria has, to a great extent, become normalized and accepted as inevitable. To resume global progress on malaria elimination, national malaria programs in many malaria-endemic countries urgently need to add new tactics. The global COVID-19 experience has demonstrated that it is possible to rapidly shift health programming and governance. In this essay we argue that a key to transforming malaria programming is stronger and more strategic communications to bring malaria to the forefront. Our concept of communications goes beyond the typical malaria behavior change communication or information, education and communication campaigns; to truly have an impact on improving the malaria situation in the countries where it is most entrenched, malaria program staff and advocates must also focus more on strategic communications to rally the full range of stakeholders to prioritize malaria. We searched two databases of peer-reviewed literature and one malaria-focused journal for examinations of strategic communications for malaria governance and found no publications that deal directly with the topic. This paper therefore proposes a framework for strategic communications for malaria governance that involves five key elements: knowing the audience, defining the message, designing a medium, identifying a messenger, and selecting the timing. Throughout the essay, we draw on experiences from Uganda, where one of the authors leads the country's National Malaria Control Division. Strategic communications can trigger improvements in malaria control by driving and supporting decision-making by individuals and leaders. Further, strategic communications is a tool used to improve policy, mobilize resources, and serve as the management glue that holds a malaria program and team together as they move their nations towards malaria elimination.