The Transcription Factor Twist1 Has a Significant Role in Mycosis Fungoides (MF) Cell Biology: An RNA Sequencing Study of 40 MF Cases.

The purpose of this RNA sequencing study was to investigate the biological mechanism underlying how the transcription factors (TFs) Twist1 and Zeb1 influence the prognosis of mycosis fungoides (MF). We used laser-captured microdissection to dissect malignant T-cells obtained from 40 skin biopsies from 40 MF patients with stage I-IV disease. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determinate the protein expression levels of Twist1 and Zeb1. Based on RNA sequencing, principal component analysis (PCA), differential expression (DE) analysis, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), and hub gene analysis were performed between the high and low Twist1 IHC expression cases. The DNA from 28 samples was used to analyze the TWIST1 promoter methylation level. In the PCA, Twist1 IHC expression seemed to classify cases into different groups. The DE analysis yielded 321 significant genes. In the IPA, 228 significant upstream regulators and 177 significant master regulators/causal networks were identified. In the hub gene analysis, 28 hub genes were found. The methylation level of TWIST1 promoter regions did not correlate with Twist1 protein expression. Zeb1 protein expression did not show any major correlation with global RNA expression in the PCA. Many of the observed genes and pathways associated with high Twist1 expression are known to be involved in immunoregulation, lymphocyte differentiation, and aggressive tumor biology. In conclusion, Twist1 might be an important regulator in the disease progression of MF.

Comparison of the mutational profiles of neuroendocrine breast tumours, invasive ductal carcinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas.

The pathophysiology and the optimal treatment of breast neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are unknown. We compared the mutational profiles of breast NETs (n = 53) with those of 724 publicly available invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and 98 pancreatic NET (PNET) cases. The only significantly different pathogenetic or unknown variant rate between breast NETs and IDCs was detected in the TP53 (11.3% in breast NETs and 41% in IDCs, adjusted p value 0.027) and ADCK2 (9.4% in breast NETs vs. 0.28% in IDCs, adjusted p value 0.045) genes. Between breast NETs and PNETs, different pathogenetic or unknown variant frequencies were detected in 30 genes. For example, MEN1 was mutated in only 6% of breast NETs and 37% in PNETs (adjusted p value 0.00050), and GATA3 pathogenetic or unknown variants were only found in 17.0% of breast NETs and 0% in PNETs (adjusted p value 0.0010). The most commonly affected oncogenic pathways in the breast NET cases were PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NOTCH and RTK-RAS pathways. Breast NETs had typically clock-like mutational signatures and signatures associated with defective DNA mismatch repair in their mutational landscape. Our results suggest that the breast NET mutational profile more closely resembles that of IDCs than that of PNETs. These results also revealed several potentially druggable targets, such as MMRd, in breast NETs. In conclusion, breast NETs are indeed a separate breast cancer entity, but their optimal treatment remains to be elucidated.

NRF3 Decreases during Melanoma Carcinogenesis and Is an Independent Prognostic Marker in Melanoma.

The prognostic significance of the major redox regulator, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), is recognized in many cancers, but the role of NRF3 is not studied. Analysis from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets showed that NRF3 mRNA levels increased from benign to dysplastic naevi (p = 0.04). We characterized the immunohistochemical expression of NRF3 in 81 naevi, 67 primary skin melanomas, and 51 lymph node metastases. The immunohistochemical expression of cytoplasmic NRF3 decreased from benign to dysplastic naevi (p < 0.001) and further to primary melanomas (p < 0.001). High cytoplasmic NRF3 protein expression in pigment cells of the primary melanomas associated with worse melanoma-specific survival in multivariate analysis, specifically in the subgroup of patients with the lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis (hazard ratio 3.179; 95% confidence interval 1.065-9.493; p = 0.038). Intriguingly, we did not observe associations between NRF3 and the traditional prognostic factors such as Breslow thickness, ulceration, or stage. Together, this data represents the primary description about the role of NRF3 in pigment tumours that is worthy of further explorations.

Incidence and clinicopathological features of Follicular T-cell lymphoma in Finland: a population-based immunohistochemical study.

Follicular T-cell lymphoma (FTCL) is a rare subtype of mature T-cell lymphoma. It was recently recognized as a separate lymphoma entity in the 2017 revised fourth edition of the World Health Organization classification. The main goals of the present study were to gain better knowledge of the incidence and histopathological and clinical features of FTCL in Finland. In this study, we reviewed all angioimmunoblastic T-cell (AITL) and peripheral T-cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified, from the patient records in three hospital districts in Finland over a 10-year period, to identify FTCL cases and estimate its incidence. Five patients rediagnosed with FTCL and 34 with AITL were analyzed. Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS)-like cells were observed in 24 of the 34 AITL cases and four of the five FTCL cases. We found that the main features that differentiated FTCL from AITL were rosetting of T-cells around HRS-like cells, the absence of clear cells, follicular dendritic cell meshwork and T-cell monoclonality. Our estimated incidence of FTCL is 0.20 per 100,000 people in Finland.

Impact of central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis on the incidence of CNS relapse in patients with high-risk diffuse large B cell/follicular grade 3B lymphoma.

Although overall survival in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) has improved, central nervous system (CNS) relapse is still a fatal complication of DLBCL. For this reason, CNS prophylaxis is recommended for patients at high risk of CNS disease. However, no consensus exists on definition of high-risk patient and optimal CNS prophylaxis. Systemic high-dose methotrexate in combination with R-CHOP has been suggested as a potential prophylactic method, since methotrexate penetrates the blood-brain barrier and achieves high concentration in the CNS. In this retrospective analysis, we report treatment outcome of 95 high-risk DLBCL/FL grade 3B patients treated with R-CHOP or its derivatives with (N = 57) or without (N = 38) CNS prophylaxis. At a median follow-up time (51 months), CNS relapses were detected in twelve patients (12.6%). Ten out of twelve (83%) of CNS events were confined to CNS system only. Median overall survival after CNS relapse was 9 months. Five-year isolated CNS relapse rates were 5% in the prophylaxis group and 26% in the group without prophylaxis. These findings suggest that high-dose methotrexate-containing prophylaxis decreases the risk of CNS failure.

Prognostic significance of Twist, ZEB1 and Slug in peripheral T-cell lymphomas.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the protein expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-inducing transcription factors (TFs) Twist, ZEB1 and Slug in peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) and their correlation with clinical parameters. Methods: The expression of these TFs was studied in 53 diagnostic biopsy specimens of several different PTCL subtypes with immunohistochemistry. Patient data were retrospectively collected from patient records and a statistical analysis was performed. Results: All three TFs were widely expressed. ZEB1 and Slug had correlations with clinical outcome. In all PTCL cases, high nuclear ZEB1 percentage correlated with a favorable progression-free survival (PFS) (3-year PFS: 70% vs. 34%; P = 0.010) and strong nuclear Slug intensity correlated with an unfavorable PFS (3-year PFS: 17% vs. 62%; P = 0.036). Discussion: The correlations between PFS and ZEB1 or Slug protein expression have not previously been established in PTCLs. The impact of ZEB1 and Slug expression on prognosis differed from our findings in DLBCL and the impact of ZEB1 expression was in line with current studies on mycosis fungoides and sézary syndrome. The findings may be explained by the roles these TFs play in hematopoiesis. Conclusion: ZEB1 and Slug may have potential clinical value for evaluating prognosis in PTCLs. The study size was small and heterogenous, and larger studies are warranted.

Early progression of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy may predict poorer prognoses.

Background: In Finland, breast cancers treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) are usually locally advanced and/or have an inflammatory phenotype. We evaluated early NACT responses in breast tumours and lymph nodes and their correlation with survival.Material and methods: We collected a retrospective dataset of 145 patients with very high-risk but non-metastasised breast cancers that were treated with NACT in a Finnish University Hospital between September 2013 and January 2019. The patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans before beginning NACT and after every second NACT cycle thereafter.Results: The total pathological complete response rate was only 10.7% and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) at 24 months was 93.0%. The 2-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) rate was 93.0%, but this varied from 86.5% for the triple-negative subtype to 100.0% for the luminal A-like subtype. Enlargement of the malignant axillary lymph nodes during the first two NACT cycles was associated with poor BCSS rates in HER2-negative patients (p = .00003 in the univariate analysis; hazard ratio = 26.3; 95% confidence interval = 2.66-259.6; p = .005 in the multivariate analysis). Furthermore, progression in the combined diameters of the breast tumours and axillary lymph nodes during the period between a patient's pre-treatment MRI and her MRI after two NACT cycles was also correlated with worse BCSS rates in both univariate and multivariate analyses.Conclusions: An early MRI assessment after two NACT cycles, specifically of the tumour's axillary lymph nodes, has the potential to predict short-term BCSS in patients with locally advanced HER2-negative breast cancers.

Thioredoxin-1 as a biological predictive marker for selecting diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients for etoposide-containing treatment.

OBJECTIVE: In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), there is an unmet medical need to select patients who would benefit from intensified frontline treatments such as adding etoposide to an R-CHOP regimen. METHODS: The present work included a retrospective clinical analysis of two patient cohorts and an in vitro study. Primary biopsy samples from DLBCL patients treated with an etoposide-containing high-dose regimen (n = 37) and etoposide-containing frontline treatment (n = 69, R-CHOEP) were studied using immunohistochemical thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) staining. Two DLBCL cell lines expressing Trx1 were cultured, and their expression was silenced using the small interfering RNA knockdown technique. Chemoresistance was tested with doxorubicin, etoposide, vincristine, prednisolone and carboplatin. RESULTS: Thioredoxin-1 knockdown sensitised DLBCL cells to doxorubicin (P < .0001) but decreased etoposide-induced cell death (P < .00001). In DLBCL patients who received etoposide-containing frontline treatment, low cytoplasmic Trx1 expression was associated with inferior 5-year overall survival (46% vs 76%, P = .026) and disease-specific survival (68% vs 90%, P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: Strong Trx1 expression appears to increase drug resistance to doxorubicin but sensitises cells to etoposide. This implies that Trx1 expression might be the first predictive biological marker to select the patients who might benefit from adding etoposide to R-CHOP immunochemotherapy.

NRF1 and NRF2 mRNA and Protein Expression Decrease Early during Melanoma Carcinogenesis: An Insight into Survival and MicroRNAs.

The prognostic significance of the major redox regulator nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (NRF2) is recognized in many cancers, but the role of NRF1 is not generally well understood in cancer. Our aim was to investigate these redox transcription factors in conjunction with redox-related microRNAs in naevi and melanoma. We characterized the immunohistochemical expression of NRF1 and NRF2 in 99 naevi, 88 primary skin melanomas, and 67 lymph node metastases. In addition, NRF1 and NRF2 mRNA and miR-23B, miR-93, miR-144, miR-212, miR-340, miR-383, and miR-510 levels were analysed with real-time qPCR from 54 paraffin-embedded naevi and melanoma samples. The immunohistochemical expression of nuclear NRF1 decreased from benign to dysplastic naevi (p < 0.001) and to primary melanoma (p < 0.001) and from primary melanoma to metastatic lesions (p = 0.012). Also, NRF1 mRNA levels decreased from benign naevi to dysplastic naevi (p = 0.034). Similarly, immunopositivity of NRF2 decreased from benign to dysplastic naevi (p = 0.02) and to primary lesions (p = 0.018). NRF2 mRNA decreased from benign to dysplastic naevi and primary melanomas (p = 0.012). Analysis from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets supported the mRNA findings. High nuclear immunohistochemical NRF1 expression in pigment cells associated with a worse survival (p = 0.048) in patients with N0 disease at the time of diagnosis, and high nuclear NRF2 expression in pigment cells associated with a worse survival (p = 0.033) in patients with M0 disease at the time of diagnosis. In multivariate analysis, neither of these variables exceeded the prognostic power of Breslow. The levels of miR-144 and miR-212 associated positively with ulceration (p = 0.012 and p = 0.027, respectively) while miR-510 levels associated positively with lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.004). Furthermore, the miRNAs correlated negatively with the immunohistochemical expression of NRF1 and NRF2 but positively with their respective mRNA. Together, this data sheds new light about NFE2L family factors in pigment tumors and suggests that these factors are worth for further explorations.

Cytoplasmic Mineralocorticoid Receptor Expression Predicts Dismal Local Relapse-free Survival in Non-triple-negative Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the prognostic role of androgen receptor (AR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor ß (GRß) expression in HER-2 negative breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population (n=152) was enriched with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) (n=96; 63.2%). The median follow-up time was 100 months. AR, MR and GRß immunocytochemical staining was compared with that of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (vimentin, SIP1, ZEB1). RESULTS: High expression of cytoplasmic MR was associated with dismal local relapse-free survival (RR=13.923; 95%CI=1.071-181.045; p=0.044) in tumours with non-TNBC phenotype. AR and GRß were more frequently expressed in ER+/PR+/HER2- tumours, while cytoplasmic MR was more often expressed in TNBC tumours (for all, p<0.0005). GRß and AR were associated with decreased vimentin expression (p<0.005), indicating their association with attenuated EMT. CONCLUSION: Cytoplasmic MR expression is a strong predictor of local recurrence in non-metastatic breast cancer patients with non-TNBC tumour phenotype.

Peroxiredoxin 6 Serum Levels and Risk of Neutropenic Infections in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive malignancy where antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx6) has previously been associated with adverse outcomes. Its systemic effects in DLBCL are unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 53 patients with DLBCL, five patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and 20 healthy controls. The expression of Prx6 was evaluated immunohistochemically in DLBCL tissue samples and compared to its expression in blood serum. RESULTS: Prx6 expression was the highest in healthy controls, followed by DLBCL patients and PCNSL patients. Febrile neutropenic infection after the first treatment course was associated with low pre-treatment Prx6 serum levels (<14 ng/ml) (p=0.025, OR=8.615, 95% confidence interval=1.032-71.933). Serum levels of Prx6 recovered after treatment (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Patients with low Prx6 levels might be more prone to treatment-related adverse effects through elevated levels of oxidative stress.

Elevated preoperative serum levels of collagen I carboxyterminal telopeptide predict better outcome in early-stage luminal-B-like (HER2-negative) and triple-negative subtypes of breast cancer.

Type 1 collagen is an important part of the extracellular matrix and changes in its metabolism and distribution are essential in breast cancer induction and progression. Serum concentrations of type 1 collagen synthesis (aminoterminal propeptide (PINP)) and degradation markers (carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP)) have previously been studied in early and metastatic breast cancer, but no data are available on specific breast cancer subtypes. We assayed 662 preoperative serum samples for PINP and ICTP and 109 postoperative serum samples for ICTP. The results were linked to prospectively collected clinical data and the cases were divided into breast cancer subtypes for survival analyses. The concentrations of both pre- and postoperative ICTP serum levels increased linearly from ductal in situ carcinoma to stage I-II tumors, stage III tumors, and finally to those with concomitant primary metastases (preoperative ICTP, p = 0.009; postoperative ICTP, p = 0.016). High-preoperative ICTP levels were associated with better breast cancer-specific survival in connection with luminal-B-like (HER2-negative) tumors (p = 0.017), which was confirmed in Cox regression analysis (relative risk = 3.127; 95% confidence interval = 1.081-9.049, p = 0.035), when T-class (relative risk = 4.049; 95% confidence interval = 1.263-12.981; p = 0.019) and nodal status (relative risk = 3.896; 95% confidence interval = 1.088-13.959; p = 0.037) were included in the analysis. In patients with triple-negative breast cancer, a high-preoperative ICTP level was a significant predictor of local relapse-free survival in univariate (p = 0.0020) and multivariate analyses (relative risk = 13.04; 95% confidence interval = 1.354-125.5; p = 0.026; for T-class, relative risk = 2.128 and 95% confidence interval = 0.297-15.23; p = 0.452; for N-class, relative risk = 0.332 and 95% confidence interval = 0.033-3.307; p = 0.347). A preoperatively elevated serum ICTP level appears to be an important marker of better prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer and luminal-B-like (HER2-negative) subtypes.

Immune cell score in pancreatic cancer-comparison of hotspot and whole-section techniques.

An immune cell score (ICS) was introduced for predicting survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Few studies have compared different methods of evaluating immune infiltrate. This study compared ICSs determined in whole sections or tissue microarray-like hotspots for predicting survival after PDAC surgery. We included in 79 consecutive patients from a single geographical area that underwent surgery for PDAC (R0/R1, stages I-III). We performed digital image analyses to evaluate CD3 and CD8 staining. ICSs were classified as low, moderate, or high, based on the numbers of immune cells in the tumour core and invasive margin. We compared ICS groups determined with the hotspot and whole-section techniques. Associations between ICS and survival were analysed with Cox regression models, adjusted for sex, age, tumour stage, differentiation grade, perineural invasion, and resection radicality. In hotspot ICS analysis, 5-year overall survival rates for low, moderate, and high groups were 12.1%, 26.3%, and 26.8%, respectively (p = 0.193). In whole-section analyses, overall survival rates were 5.3%, 26.4%, and 43.8%, respectively (p = 0.030). In the adjusted Cox model, whole-section ICS groups were inversely associated with the overall mortality hazard ratio (HR): low, moderate, and high ICS groups had HRs of 1.00, 0.42 (95% CI 0.20-0.88), and 0.27 (95% CI 0.11-0.67), respectively. The number of immune cells per square millimetre in the tumour core and the invasive margin were significantly higher and had a wider range in hotspots than in whole-tissue sections. Accordingly, ICS could predict survival in patients with PDAC after surgery. Whole tissue section ICSs exhibited better prognostic value than hotspot ICSs.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factors 1 and 2 are able to define the worst prognosis group among high-risk diffuse large B cell lymphomas treated with R-CHOEP.

AIMS: Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes have previously been shown to have prognostic value and associate with adverse outcome in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) and factor 2 (Nrf2) are among the principal inducers of antioxidant enzyme production. Kelch ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1) is a negative regulator of Nrf2, and BTB (BR-C, ttk and bab) domain and CNC homolog 1 (Bach1) represses the function of both factors. Their significance in DLBCL prognosis is unknown. METHODS: Diagnostic biopsy samples of 76 patients with high-risk DLBCL were retrospectively stained with immunohistochemistry for Nrf1, Nrf2, Keap1 and Bach1, and correlated with clinical data and outcome. RESULTS: Nuclear Nrf2 and nuclear Bach1 expression were associated with adverse clinical features (anaemia, advanced stage, high IPI, high risk of neutropaenic infections), whereas cytoplasmic Nrf1 and Nrf2 were associated with favourable clinical presentation (normal haemoglobin level, no B symptoms, limited stage). None of the evaluated factors could predict survival alone. However, when two of the following parameters were combined: high nuclear score of Nrf2, low nuclear score of Nrf1, high cytoplasmic score of Nrf1 and low cytoplasmic score of Keap1 were associated with significantly worse overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Nrf1 and Nrf2 are relevant in disease presentation and overall survival in high-risk DLBCL. Low nuclear expression of Nrf1, high cytoplasmic expression of Nrf1, high nuclear expression of Nrf2 and low cytoplasmic expression of Keap1 are associated with adverse outcome in this patient group.

Systemic inactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in mice protects from alcohol-induced fatty liver disease.

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is a growing health problem for which no targeted therapy is available. We set out to study whether systemic inactivation of the main hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase, HIF-P4H-2 (PHD2/EglN1), whose inactivation has been associated with protection against metabolic dysfunction, could ameliorate it. HIF-P4H-2-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice or HIF-P4H inhibitor-treated WT mice were subjected to an ethanol diet for 3-4 weeks and their metabolic health, liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) were analyzed. Primary hepatocytes from the mice were used to study cellular ethanol metabolism. The HIF-P4H-2-deficient mice retained a healthier metabolic profile, including less adiposity, better lipoprotein profile and restored insulin sensitivity, while on the ethanol diet than the WT. They also demonstrated protection from alcohol-induced steatosis and liver damage and had less WAT inflammation. In liver and WAT the expression of the key lipogenic and adipocytokine mRNAs, such as Fas and Ccl2, were downregulated, respectively. The upregulation of metabolic and antioxidant hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) target genes, such as Slcs 16a1 and 16a3 and Gclc, respectively, and a higher catalytic activity of ALDH2 in the HIF-P4H-2-deficient hepatocytes improved handling of the toxic ethanol metabolites and oxidative stress. Pharmacological HIF-P4H inhibition in the WT mice phenocopied the protection against AFLD. Our data show that global genetic inactivation of HIF-P4H-2 and pharmacological HIF-P4H inhibition can protect mice from alcohol-induced steatosis and liver injury, suggesting that HIF-P4H inhibitors, now in clinical trials for renal anemia, could also be studied in randomized clinical trials for treatment of AFLD.

Tenascin C, Fibronectin, and Tumor-Stroma Ratio in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by abundant stroma with increased expression of tenascin C and fibronectin. Their role and tumor-stroma ratio in PDAC are not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate tenascin C and fibronectin expression and tumor-stroma ratio and their prognostic relevance in PDAC. METHODS: Ninety-five resected PDACs were immunohistochemically stained for tenascin C and fibronectin, and the expression was separately assessed in tumor bulk and front. Tumor-stroma ratio was determined with sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin. RESULTS: Tenascin C and fibronectin were abundantly expressed in the stroma of PDAC, but absent in adjacent normal pancreatic tissue. Fibronectin expression of the bulk was associated with high T class (P = 0.045). In the main analysis, tenascin C and fibronectin expression and tumor-stroma ratio were not associated with patient survival. In a subgroup analysis of early-stage PDAC (T1-T2 tumors), high tenascin C expression in the tumor bulk was associated with poor prognosis (hazard ratio, 8.23; 95% confidence interval, 2.71-24.96). CONCLUSIONS: Tenascin C and fibronectin are abundantly expressed in PDAC, but they seem to have no major association with patient survival. However, in early-stage PDAC, tenascin C expression of the tumor bulk may have prognostic impact. Tumor-stroma ratio has no prognostic value in PDAC.

Neuroendocrine Breast Carcinomas Share Prognostic Factors with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Putative Prognostic Role of Menin, p27, and SSTR-2A.

OBJECTIVES: Due to the rarity of breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine features (NEBC), the knowledge on their biology is very limited but the identification of their biology and prognostic factors is essential to evaluate both pathogenesis and possible targeted treatment options. We assessed the expression of the well-characterized prognostic factors of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) in NEBC. METHODS: We assessed the immunohistochemical expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), thymidylate synthase (TS), p27, CD56, menin, and somatostatin receptor type 2A (SSTR-2A) in a series of 36 NEBC and 45 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). RESULTS: Nuclear and cytoplasmic TS, nuclear and cytoplasmic NSE, and nuclear p27 had significant overexpression in NEBC compared with IDC (for all, p < 0.01). In NEBC, cytoplasmic SSTR-2A expression was associated with excellent distant disease-free survival (p = 0.013), cytoplasmic menin expression with poorer relapse-free survival (p = 0.022), and nuclear p27 with longer breast cancer-specific survival (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: There is a striking similarity in GEP-NET and NEBC regarding prognostic factors. GEP-NET and NEBC also appear to show similar expression patterns of the studied markers, while there are notable differences compared to IDC. Due to the wide expression of SSTR-2A, the treatment option with somatostatin analogs in NEBC should be evaluated.

Expression Levels of microRNAs miR-93 and miR-200a in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma with Special Reference to Differentiation and Relapse-Free Survival.

OBJECTIVES: Protein levels of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and its inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) have been proposed as prognostic factors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). These cellular redox-state-regulating enzymes are targeted by several microRNAs, including miR-93 and miR-200a. METHODS: We assessed mRNA levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 and tissue expression of miR-93 and miR-200a in 51 patients with surgically treated PDAC. Expression levels were separately measured in malignant cells and adjacent benign cells. RESULTS: Keap1 and Nrf2 mRNA expression levels in cancer cells were lower than in adjacent benign tissue (Wilcoxon's test; p = 0.0015 and p = 0.000032, respectively). Conversely, miR-93 expression was higher in cancer cells than in adjacent benign tissue (p = 0.00082). Low levels of miR-93 and miR-200a in cancer cells were associated with poorer differentiation (p = 0.004 and p = 0.002, respectively). In univariate survival analysis, benign-tissue levels of miR-200a above the median predicted better relapse-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: High miR-93 and miR-200a levels in cancer cells of PDAC were associated with better differentiation, and miR-200a expression in benign tissue with excellent RFS. Keap1 and Nrf2 mRNA levels showed prominent down-regulation in cancerous versus benign tissue, but they were not associated with disease aggressiveness or outcome.

Mutation of TP53, translocation analysis and immunohistochemical expression of MYC, BCL-2 and BCL-6 in patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive lymphoma with diverse outcomes. Concurrent translocation of MYC and BCL-2 and/or BCL-6, and concurrent immunohistochemical (IHC) high expression of MYC and BCL-2, have been linked to unfavorable treatment responses. TP53-mutated DLBCL has also been linked to worse outcome. Our aim was to evaluate the aforementioned issues in a cohort of 155 patients uniformly treated with R-CHOP-like therapies. We performed direct sequencing of TP53 exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 as well as fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) of MYC, BCL-2 and BCL-6, and IHC of MYC, BCL-2 and BCL-6. In multivariate analysis, TP53 mutations in L3 and loop-sheet helix (LSH) associated with a risk ratio (RR) of disease-specific survival (DSS) of 8.779 (p = 0.022) and a RR of disease-free survival (DFS) of 10.498 (p = 0.011). In IHC analysis BCL-2 overexpression was associated with inferior DFS (p = 0.002) and DSS (p = 0.002). DLBCL with BCL-2 and MYC overexpression conferred inferior survival in all patients (DSS, p = 0.038 and DFS, p = 0.011) and in patients with non-GC phenotype (DSS (p = 0.013) and DFS (p = 0.010). Our results imply that in DLBCL, the location of TP53 mutations and IHC analysis of BCL-2 and MYC might have a role in the assessment of prognosis.

Toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 and hypoxia markers HIF-1alpha and CAIX in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

Pancreatic cancer arises from precursor lesions called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) characterized by inflammatory microenvironment. In pancreatic cancer, strong innate immunity and hypoxia responses are typical. Occurrence and relationship of these responses in human PanINs is unknown. We have studied the expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9, and hypoxia markers HIF-1alpha and Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) in normal and inflamed pancreatic ducts, in PanINs and in cancers. The samples of 69 surgically resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients were stained using immunohistochemistry. We found TLR2, TLR9, HIF-1alpha and CAIX to be prominently expressed in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Expression of TLR2 showed a linear increase from PanIN1 to PanIN3, while the highest TLR4 expression was detected in inflamed ducts, and TLR9 expression in PanIN1 lesions. Within the PanIN1-group, nuclear HIF-1alpha correlated with membranous and cytoplasmic TLR2 expression (ρ = 0.982 and 0.815; p < 0.001 and p = 0.025, respectively), and in the PanIN2-group nuclear HIF-1alpha correlated with nuclear TLR9 expression 0.636, p = 0.026). Our findings show that the expression of TLRs 2, 4 and 9, and hypoxia markers HIF-1alpha and CAIX is abnormal in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia suggesting that both the innate immunity activation and hypoxia response are involved in early pancreatic carcinogenesis. However, these processes might be independent.