The many faces of takotsubo syndrome: A review.

Takotsubo syndrome is a state of an acute heart failure featuring reversible left ventricular dysfunction. In recent years, the incidence of Takotsubo syndrome has risen 8-fold. In this case series and literature review, we present the rare presentations or complications of Takotsubo syndrome and highlight diagnostic or management strategies. We aim to raise the awareness on the pathologic spectrum of takotsubo syndrome for the clinicians encountering this challenging diagnosis.

A radon chamber specifically designed for environmentally relevant exposures of small animals.

In order to facilitate direct testing of the biological effects of radon, we designed and constructed a 3.1 m3 radon chamber specifically for radon exposures to small animals. The chamber is designed to operate as a sealed enclosure with a controlled atmosphere containing a known concentration of radon and its radioactive decay products. Sensors for air flow rate, temperature, humidity, HEPA filter and differential pressure ensure an optimal environment for exposure subjects. The radon gas is supplied to the chamber from a generator containing Radium-226 in a dilute acid solution. Air containing radon can be pumped continuously using a constant flow rate to maintain a steady state supply. The source flow rate was partitioned to achieve a chamber concentration at 200 Bq/m3 (R2 = 0.9341) or 1000 Bq/m3 (R2 = 0.9715). Small particles are injected into the re-circulating air stream via a particle generator to provide condensation nuclei for attachment of radon decay products as they form in the chamber atmosphere. Particles measured at 0.3 µm, 0.5 µm and 5.0 µm averaged concentrations 5.7 ± 0.6 × 107/m3, 2.5 ± 0.7 × 107/m3 and 2.3 ± 2.4 × 103/m3, respectively. A desired Equilibrium Factor can easily be achieved by varying the air circulation rate through the chamber. The Equilibrium Factor ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 at 200 Bq/m3 and 0.5 to0.6 at 1000 Bq/m3. The chamber was designed to conduct short term exposures to assess the acute cellular changes induced by radon exposure. To our knowledge, this is currently the only radon chamber designed specifically to investigate environmentally relevant exposure time and doses of radon gas and decay products in small animal models.