Evaluation of Hyoid Position in Children of 7-11 Years Old with Ankyloglossia in Lateral Cephalometic Radiographs.

INTRODUCTION: Ankyloglossia is an anatomic developmental anomaly determining by thick and short, fi brotic ferenum. Tongue changes have severe eff ects on occlusion and oropharyngeal structures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the position of hyoid in children 7-11 years` old with ankyloglossia in lateral cephalometric radiographs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 30 radiographs of children with ankyloglossia with mean age of 9.8 and 30 radiographs of control group were chosen and matched in terms of age, sex, class of malocclusion and growth pattern. The measurements of hyoid position were done (C3-RGN, C3-H, H-RGN, HP) and analyzed with paired t-test under SPSS-15 software. RESULT: The means of C3-RGN, C3-H, H-RGN, HP were 66.2, 30.9, 33.4, 3.2 and 7.45, 36.8, 34.1, 68.6 in ankyloglossia and control groups respectively. Lower amount of measurements were statistically signifi cant (p-value<0.05). CONCLUSION: Size and position of hyoid in children with ankyloglossia show more posterior- superior Position than healthy children.

Antimicrobial Resistant Pattern and Capsular Typing of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Isolated from Children in Sistan -Baluchestan.

BACKGROUND: Ankyloglossia is an anatomic developmental anomaly determining by thick and short, fi brotic ferenum. Tongue changes have severe eff ects on occlusion and oropharyngeal structures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the position of hyoid in children 7-11 years` old with ankyloglossia in lateral cephalometric radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this study 260 nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from non-vaccinated healthy children between 6 months to 6 years old at medical centers in Sistan-Baluchestan during August 2013 to January 2014. These samples were cultured on blood agar. Primary identifi cation of bacterial isolated was determined by biochemical analysis and molecular tests. Capsular typing was performed by Multiplex PCR using primers targeting cps locus that is highly conserved among diff erent capsular types. The master mixes for PCR were grouped them into six multiplex reactions. RESULTS: Out of 260 nasopharyngeal swabs, 42 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected and identifi ed. The overall pneumococcal carriage rate was 16.1%. The most frequently isolated capsular types were: 6A/B, 19A, 19F and 23F. These capsular types accounted for 49.9% of all strains detected. CONCLUSION: We found that the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage among non-vaccinated children under six years old is about 16%. Our study provides much data about carriage rate and pneumococcal capsular types in preschool children, which is necessary for predicting the diff erent valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccines in Iran.

Comparison of Radiography, Laser Fluorescence and Visual Examination for Diagnosing Incipient Occlusal Caries of Permanent First Molars.

OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis of incipient and non-cavitated carious lesions is crucial for performing preventive treatments. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of three diagnostic methods of bitewing radiography, DIAGNOdent, and visual examination in diagnosing incipient occlusal caries of permanent first molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this diagnostic cross-sectional study, 109 permanent first molar teeth of 31 patients aged 7-13 years were examined visually, on bitewing radiographs, and using DIAGNOdent. Scoring of visual and radiographic examinations was based on Ekstrand's classification. Visual examination after pit and fissure opening served as the gold standard. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to define the best cutoff point for DIAGNOdent compared with the gold standard. Inter-examiner reproducibility of visual and radiographic examinations was assessed using Kappa test and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for DIAGNOdent values. RESULTS: The sensitivity of detecting caries that had extended into the enamel was 81.4%, 86.3%, and 81.4% for visual examination, DIAGNOdent and radiography, respectively. Moreover, the specificity was 100%, 71.4%, and 100% for visual observation, DIAGNOdent and radiography, respectively in the enamel. The Kappa index for inter-examiner reliability was 0.7 and 0.8 for visual examination and radiography, respectively. The ICC was 0.98 for the values read by DIAGNOdent. CONCLUSION: Visual examination is the first choice for diagnosis of incipient caries. In suspicious cases, radiography and laser DIAGNOdent can be used as adjunct procedures.