Thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of Si-stacked nanosheet transistors using machine learning interatomic potentials.

Thermal and mechanical properties play a key role in optimizing the performance of nanoelectronic devices. In this study, the lattice thermal conductivity (κL) and elastic constants of Si nanosheets at different sheet thicknesses were determined using recently developed machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs). A Si nanosheet with a minimum thickness of 10 atomic layers was used for model training to predict the properties of sheets with greater thicknesses. The training dataset was efficiently constructed using stochastic sampling of the potential energy surface (PES). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to extract the MLIP, which served as the basis for further analysis. The Moment Tensor Potential (MTP) method was used to obtain the MLIP in this study. The results showed that, at sub-6 nm sheet thickness, the thermal conductivity dropped to ∼ 7 % of its bulk value, whereas some stiffness tensor components dropped to ∼ 3 % of the bulk values. These findings contribute to the understanding of heat transport and mechanical behavior of ultrathin Si nanosheets, which is crucial for designing and optimizing nanoelectronic devices. The technological implications of the extracted parameters on nanosheet field-effect transistor (NS-FET) performance at advanced technology nodes were evaluated using TCAD device simulations.

Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking studies of novel triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine derivatives as dual c-Met/Pim-1 potential inhibitors with antitumor activity.

Interest has been piqued in c-Met and Pim-1, potential new cancer treatment targets. A variety of triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine derivatives were synthesized to create powerful dual c-Met/Pim-1 inhibitors having the pharmacophoric elements of both enzyme inhibitors. All derivatives were screened for their cytotoxic effects on 60 cancer cell lines. Compounds 4g and 4a, had strong antiproliferative cytotoxic impacts on tumor cells, with mean GI% values of 55.84 and 29.08%, respectively. Research revealed that 4g has more powerful inhibitory activity against c-Met and Pim-1, with IC50 of 0.163 ± 0.01 and 0.283 ± 0.01 µM, respectively than the reference and derivative 4a. Moreover, compound 4g was the subject of an additional investigation into biological processes. The findings showed that compound 4g caused MCF-7 cells to arrest in the S stage of the cell cycle. Also, it accelerated the progress of apoptosis 29.61-fold more than the control. Compound 4g demonstrated a significantly higher level of caspase-9 and a decreased level of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR compared to staurosporine. Later, analysis of 4g showed good drug-ability and pharmacokinetic properties. A similar mode of interaction at the ATP-binding site of c-Met and Pim-1 compared to the docked ligands was suggested by additional docking studies of compound 4g.

Dexibuprofen enteric film-coated tablets: design, characterization and pharmacokinetic analysis in human volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a stable and scalable enteric film-coated tablet for the gastric irritant dexibuprofen. METHODS: Utilizing direct compression with super-disintegration (crospovidone), the optimal core batches were coated with Opadry white seal coat and enterically coated with Eudragit®L100 with pigment (Talc), demonstrating a 12% weight increase; release and integrity were assessed using specific pH buffers and SEM, with stability testing confirming a six-month shelf life at 40 °C and 75% RH. RESULTS: The optimized formulation achieved 99.87% release in phosphate buffer within 60 min, maintained integrity for 120 min in acidic conditions, and exhibited superior bioavailability compared to Innovifen with relative bioavailability ≈of 121% and elevated Cmax (18.35 µg/ml compared to 11.1 µg/ml). CONCLUSION: These results highlight the potential of this formulation to enhance patient safety and efficacy through delayed enteric technology and fast intestinal release.

Evaluation of filler activation for sustainable FRP composite by studying properties, mechanism, and stability.

The aim is to develop new fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) water pipe by activating fiber glass (FG) by vinyltriethoxysilane (VS) getting vinylsilane-activated FG (AFG) for filling vinylester (VE) via continuous winding to make a novel VE-AFG composite. The novelty of this work is the activation of fiber glass by vinylsilane as a single filler in vinylester and compounding them via a two-dimensional continuous winding process for the first time. The crosslinking occurred in the AFG/VE/curing agent system after activation. The activated composites increased thermal stability; 25% VE-AGF increased the degradation temperatures at 10%, 25%, and 50% weight loss by 73.3%, 10%, and 7.2%. With the activated 20% composite, values of axial strength, hoop strength, and hardness were developed by 6.3%, 2%, and 8.7%, respectively. The decay resistance to different microorganisms was increased with VE-AFG composites as a result of a sharp decrease in biodegradability percentages. The activated composites are stable toward water absorption; the least percentage was recorded by 25% VE-AFG, which minimized the water absorptivity by more than 62%. The reported characterization sentence approves enhancement of thermal, physical, and mechanical stability of sustainable vinylester-fiber glass composites manufactured by continuous winding; this is recommended for application in water pipe systems.

Comprehensive analysis of optimal power flow using recent metaheuristic algorithms.

This paper provides six metaheuristic algorithms, namely Fast Cuckoo Search (FCS), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Dynamic control Cuckoo search (DCCS), Gradient-Based Optimizer (GBO), Northern Goshawk Optimization (NGO), Opposition Flow Direction Algorithm (OFDA) to efficiently solve the optimal power flow (OPF) issue. Under standard and conservative operating settings, the OPF problem is modeled utilizing a range of objectives, constraints, and formulations. Five case studies have been conducted using IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus standard test systems to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithms. A performance evaluation procedure is suggested to compare the optimization techniques' strength and resilience. A fresh comparison methodology is created to compare the proposed methodologies with other well-known methodologies. Compared to previously reported optimization algorithms in the literature, the obtained results show the potential of GBO to solve various OPF problems efficiently.

Kinetic studies on optimized extracellular laccase from Trichoderma harzianum PP389612 and its capabilities for azo dye removal.

BACKGROUND: Azo dyes represent a common textile dye preferred for its high stability on fabrics in various harsh conditions. Although these dyes pose high-risk levels for all biological forms, fungal laccase is known as a green catalyst for its ability to oxidize numerous dyes. METHODS: Trichoderma isolates were identified and tested for laccase production. Laccase production was optimized using Plackett-Burman Design. Laccase molecular weight and the kinetic properties of the enzyme, including Km and Vmax, pH, temperature, and ionic strength, were detected. Azo dye removal efficiency by laccase enzyme was detected for Congo red, methylene blue, and methyl orange. RESULTS: Eight out of nine Trichoderma isolates were laccase producers. Laccase production efficiency was optimized by the superior strain T. harzianum PP389612, increasing production from 1.6 to 2.89 U/ml. In SDS-PAGE, purified laccases appear as a single protein band with a molecular weight of 41.00 kDa. Km and Vmax values were 146.12 µmol guaiacol and 3.82 µmol guaiacol/min. Its activity was stable in the pH range of 5-7, with an optimum temperature range of 40 to 50 °C, optimum ionic strength of 50 mM NaCl, and thermostability properties up to 90 °C. The decolorization efficiency of laccase was increased by increasing the time and reached its maximum after 72 h. The highest efficiency was achieved in Congo red decolorization, which reached 99% after 72 h, followed by methylene blue at 72%, while methyl orange decolorization efficiency was 68.5%. CONCLUSION: Trichoderma laccase can be used as an effective natural bio-agent for dye removal because it is stable and removes colors very well.

Efficient Connectivity in Smart Homes: Enhancing Living Comfort through IoT Infrastructure.

Modern homes are experiencing unprecedented levels of convenience because of the proliferation of smart devices. In order to improve communication between smart home devices, this paper presents a novel approach that particularly addresses interference caused by different transmission systems. The core of the suggested framework is an intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) system designed to reduce interference. By using adaptive communication protocols and sophisticated interference management algorithms, the framework minimizes interference caused by overlapping transmissions and guarantees effective data sharing. This can be accomplished by creating an optimization model that takes into account the dynamic nature of the smart home environment and intelligently allocates resources. By maximizing the signal quality at the destination and optimizing the distribution of frequency channels and transmission power levels, the model seeks to minimize interference. A deep learning technique is used to augment the optimization model by adaptively learning and predicting interference patterns from real-time observations and historical data. The experimental results show how effective the suggested hybrid strategy is. While the deep learning model adjusts to shifting interference dynamics, the optimization model efficiently controls resource allocation, leading to better data reception performance at the destination. The system's robustness is assessed in various kinds of situations to demonstrate its flexibility in responding to changing smart home settings. This work not only offers a thorough framework for interference reduction but also clarifies how deep learning and mathematical optimization can work together to improve the dependability of data reception in smart homes.

Grey water footprint for evaluating Zefta wastewater treatment plant: a case study.

The numbers of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Egypt are increasing, yet the general level of pollution associated with wastewater discharge after treatment has not been evaluated. Grey water footprint (GWF) was used to assess the effluent discharges from Zefta WWTP. GWF, before and after treatment, was calculated and followed up to determine its impact on the receiving freshwater body. 150 samples were collected and analysed for BOD5 to determine the optimum operating conditions. Averages values were DO = 2.2, SV30 = 500, SVI = 167, SA = 9.3 d, MLVSS = 2392 mg/L, f/m = 0.16, MLSS in RAS = 7922 mg/L, WAS = 140 m3/d and the HRT = 12 h. The removal efficiency of COD and TSS in the primary settling tank reached 39% and 69%, respectively. Average calculations of removal efficiency percentile reached 90-93%. Average freshwater quantities required to reduce pollutants in the receiving body stream were seasonally determined for Zefta WWTP as 5.3 × 107 m3/year. The average influent BOD5 was 376 mg/L, it was reduced to 47 mg/L in the effluent, wherever the Cmin is 6 mg/L and Cnat is 10 mg/L. Statistical analysis has shown a significant direct relation between ΔWFG,mef and WFG,ref reached 0.952 and a significant inverse relation with Cef -0.982. WFG,T has shown a significant direct relation with Cr 0.974. WFG,T- ref has shown a significant direct relation with Cr as 0.971 and WFG,T as 0.803. It can be concluded that ΔWF is effective in evaluating the efficiency of wastewater treatment and its effect on the quality of receiving water bodies.

Hilfer-Katugampola fractional stochastic differential inclusions with Clarke sub-differential.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the existence of mild solutions and optimal controls for a class of stochastic Hilfer-Katugampola fractional differential inclusions (SHKFDIs) with non-instantaneous impulsive (NIIs) that is strengthened by Brownian motion (BM) and the Clarke sub-differential. First, we establish a new set of sufficient conditions for the existence of mild solutions of the aforementioned fractional systems by using stochastic analysis, the Clarke sub-differential's characteristics, and the multi-valued fixed point theorem. Subsequently, by employing Balder's theorem, the existence of optimal control pairs for the considered system is investigated. Eventually, an example is provided to validate the obtained results.

Expression profiles of four Nile Tilapia innate immune genes during early stages of Aeromonas veronii infection.

OBJECTIVE: During Egypt's hot summer season, Aeromonas veronii infection causes catastrophic mortality on Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus farms. Egypt is ranked first in aquaculture production in Africa, sixth in aquaculture production worldwide, and third in global tilapia production. This study aimed to investigate, at the molecular level, the early innate immune responses of Nile Tilapia to experimental A. veronii infection. METHODS: The relative gene expression, co-expression clustering, and correlation of four selected immune genes were studied by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in four organs (spleen, liver, gills, and intestine) for up to 72 h after a waterborne A. veronii challenge. The four genes studied were nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), natural killer-lysin (NKL), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß). RESULT: The four genes showed significant transcriptional upregulation in response to infection. At 72 h postchallenge, the highest NOD1 and IL-1ß expression levels were recorded in the spleen, whereas the highest LBP and NKL expression levels were found in the gills. Pairwise distances of the data points and the hierarchical relationship showed that NOD1 clustered with IL-1ß, whereas LBP clustered with NKL; both genes within each cluster showed a significant positive expression correlation. Tissue clustering indicated that the responses of only the gill and intestine exhibited a significant positive correlation. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that NOD1, LBP, NKL, and IL-1ß genes play pivotal roles in the early innate immune response of Nile Tilapia to A. veronii infection, and the postinfection expression profile trends of these genes imply tissue-/organ-specific responses and synchronized co-regulation.

Enhancing in vitro regeneration via somatic embryogenesis and Fusarium wilt resistance of Egyptian cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars.

BACKGROUND: Somatic embryogenesis offers a reliable method for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) regeneration and genetic enhancement against Fusarium wilt. This study aimed to establish a tailored somatic embryogenesis system for Egyptian cultivars, fostering genetic improvements and Fusarium wilt-resistance lines. RESULTS: Employing the Optimal Arbitrary Design (OAD) approach, we optimized the induction medium, initiating prolific embryogenic calli (53.3 %) at 1 mg/L 2,4-D. The cotyledonary leaf (CL) was the preferred explant, showing 60 % embryogenic callus development. Bieth Alpha exhibited higher responsiveness, generating âˆ¼ 18 somatic embryos per explant compared to Prince's âˆ¼ 10. Somatic embryogenesis system validation used quantitative RT-PCR, showing Cucumis sativus splicing factor 3B subunit (CUS1) and an embryogenesis marker gene expression exclusively within embryogenic calli and mainly during embryogenesis initiation. Evaluating fungal toxin filtrate concentrations for selecting embryogenic calli, the S2 selection (25 % filtrate, four subculture cycles) was chosen for somatic embryo development. To gauge the ramifications of selection at the genetic stratum, an in-depth analysis was executed. A cluster analysis grounded in ISSR banding patterns revealed a distinct separation between in vivo-cultivated plants of the two cultivars and regenerated plants devoid of pathogen filtrate treatment or those regenerated post-filtrate treatment. This segregation distinctly underscores the discernible genetic impact of the selection process. CONCLUSIONS: The highest embryogenic capacity (53.3%) was achieved in this study by optimizing the induction stage, which demonstrated the optimal concentrations of BA and 2,4-D for induced proembryonic masses. Moreover, consistent gene expression throughout both stages of embryogenesis suggests that our system unequivocally follows the somatic embryogenesis pathway.

Quinazoline-chalcone hybrids as HDAC/EGFR dual inhibitors: Design, synthesis, mechanistic, and in-silico studies of potential anticancer activity against multiple myeloma.

Two new series of quinazoline-chalcone hybrids were designed, synthesized as histone deacetylase (HDAC)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dual inhibitors, and screened in vitro against the NCI 60 human cancer cell line panel. The most potent derivative, compound 5e bearing a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl chalcone moiety, showed the most effective growth inhibition value against the panel of NCI 60 human cancer cell lines. Thus, it was selected for further investigation for NCI 5 log doses. Interestingly, this trimethoxy-substituted analog inhibited the proliferation of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)-8226 cells by 96%, at 10 µM with IC50 = 9.09 ± 0.34 µM and selectivity index = 7.19 against normal blood cells. To confirm the selectivity of this compound, it was evaluated against a panel of tyrosine kinase enzymes. Mechanistically, it successfully and selectively inhibited HDAC6, HDAC8, and EGFR with IC50 = 0.41 ± 0.015, 0.61 ± 0.027, and 0.09 ± 0.004 µM, respectively. Furthermore, the selected derivative induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by raising the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activating caspases 3, 7, and 9. Also, the flow cytometry analysis of RPMI-8226 cells showed that the trimethoxy-substituted analog produced cell cycle arrest in the G1 and S phases at 55.82%. Finally, an in silico study was performed to explore the binding interaction of the most active compound within the zinc-containing binding site of HDAC6 and HDAC8.

Benzimidazole-Based Derivatives as Apoptotic Antiproliferative Agents: Design, Synthesis, Docking, and Mechanistic Studies.

A new class of benzimidazole-based derivatives (4a-j, 5, and 6) with potential dual inhibition of EGFR and BRAFV600E has been developed. The newly synthesized compounds were submitted for testing for antiproliferative activity against the NCI-60 cell line. All newly synthesized compounds 4a-j, 5, and 6 were selected for testing against a panel of sixty cancer cell lines at a single concentration of 10 µM. Some compounds tested demonstrated remarkable antiproliferative activity against the cell lines tested. Compounds 4c, 4e, and 4g were chosen for five-dose testing against 60 human tumor cell lines. Compound 4c demonstrated strong selectivity against the leukemia subpanel, with a selectivity ratio of 5.96 at the GI50 level. The most effective in vitro anti-cancer assay derivatives (4c, 4d, 4e, 4g, and 4h) were tested for EGFR and BRAFV600E inhibition as potential targets for antiproliferative action. The results revealed that compounds 4c and 4e have significant antiproliferative activity as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors. Compounds 4c and 4e induced apoptosis by increasing caspase-3, caspase-8, and Bax levels while decreasing the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 protein. Moreover, molecular docking studies confirmed the potential of compounds 4c and 4e to act as dual EGFR/BRAFV600E inhibitors.

Pushing the limits of PLA by exploring the power of MWCNTs in enhancing thermal, mechanical properties, and weathering resistance.

The present study focuses on enhancing the mechanical, thermal, and degradation behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) by adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5%. The CNTs were prepared using catalytic chemical vapor deposition, and the prepared PLA/CNTs nanocomposite films were characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, and XRD. The distinct diffraction patterns of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at 2θ angles of 25.7° and 42.7° were no longer observed in the prepared nanocomposites, indicating uniform dispersion of MWCNTs within the PLA matrix. The presence of MWCNTs enhanced the crystallinity of PLA as the CNT loading increased. Mechanical tests demonstrated that incorporating CNTs positively influenced the elongation at the break while decreasing the ultimate tensile strength of PLA. The PLA-3%CNTs composition exhibited the highest elongation at break (51.8%) but the lowest tensile strength (64 MPa). Moreover, thermal gravimetric analysis confirmed that the prepared nanocomposites exhibited greater thermal stability than pure PLA. Among the nanocomposites, PLA-5% CNTs exhibited the highest thermal stability. Furthermore, the nanocomposites demonstrated reduced surface degradation in accelerated weathering tests, with a more pronounced resilience to UV radiation and moisture-induced deterioration observed in PLA-3% CNTs.

Serum aldosterone in right ventricular failure versus left ventricular failure before and after mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: case-control clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a global growing health threat. This case-control clinical trial aimed to detect the predictive value and difference in aldosterone level between right side heart failure, heart failure with decreased ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and compare the efficacy and safety of adding mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) for treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We recruited 151 participants, 135 HF patients divided equally into 45 patients in each group:(1) right side HF (2) HFrEF and (3) HFpEF and 16 healthy controls. Serum aldosterone, troponin and echocardiography were evaluated at the beginning of the study, three and six months after administration of MRA. RESULTS: Aldosterone level was significantly greater in HF patients relative to controls. Aldosterone level can detect HF with excellent accuracy. There were significantly lower levels of aldosterone in right side HF compared to left side HF. There was a significant decrease in right ventricle dimensions, pulmonary artery systolic pressure and pulmonary artery size and significant increase in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion after treatment in patients with right side HF. In the HFrEF group, there was a significant decrease in left ventricular end diastolic dimension and a significant increase in left ventricular EF after treatment. In the HFpEF group, there was a significant decrease in E/A and E/e' after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Aldosterone may have pathogenic role in HF. Measuring and follow-up of aldosterone levels should be considered in HF patients. MRA treatment gives a significant improvement in right side HF group.

Effect of Polymer Waste Mix Filler on Polymer Concrete Composites.

The hazards of polymer waste and emitted gas on the environment pose a global challenge. As a trial to control this, the current work aims to reuse the polymer waste mix (PM) as fillers in calcium silicate to prepare new composites of environmentally friendly polymer concrete. PM was first subjected to treatment to obtain treated PM (TPM) and then was filled in new dicalcium silicate cement with different concentrations. The microstructural characterizations declare the successful preparation of the dicalcium silicate base material. After the curing reaction, the precipitated carbonate main product is responsible for the gained properties. The CO2 uptake% in the proposed composites reached 16.6%, referring to the successful storage of CO2 gas during curing. The treatment reaction led to an increase in the flexural and compression strengths due to the strengthening of the polymer waste mix-cement interface; the strengths were increased gradually with more contents of TPM fillers. 7% TPM-cement concentration achieved the highest flexural strength and compression strength of10.2 and 12.7%, respectively, compared with blank cement. The used polymer improved slightly the pull-off force of the prepared cement, and 7 and 5% TPM-cement composites have the maximum values. All the proposed composites passed the impact testing without failure, where the combination between the polymer waste and silicate cement resulted in a stable composite surface. Compared with the blank, the different concentrations of TPM-cement composites show more stability against water absorption. In addition, the proposed composites and blank cement have a very low carbon dioxide emission. The ability to recycle the polymer waste, form new type of low-energy silicate, improve the mechanical and surface properties, uptake CO2 gas, and reduce gas emission makes the proposed polymer waste mix-cement composites as environmentally friendly construction products.

Insights into fourth generation selective inhibitors of (C797S) EGFR mutation combating non-small cell lung cancer resistance: a critical review.

Lung cancer is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer types worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) representing the majority of most cases. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs) are among the most commonly used targeted therapy to treat NSCLC. Recent years have seen the evaluation of many synthetic EGFR TKIs, most of which showed therapeutic activity in pertinent models and were classified as first, second, and third-generation. The latest studies have concluded that their efficacy was also compromised by additional acquired mutations, including C797S. Because second- and third-generation EGFR TKIs are irreversible inhibitors, they are ineffective against C797S containing EGFR triple mutations (Del19/T790M/C797S and L858R/T790M/C797S). Therefore, there is an urgent unmet medical need to develop next-generation EGFR TKIs that selectively inhibit EGFR triple mutations via a non-irreversible mechanism. This review covers the fourth-generation EGFR-TKIs' most recent design with their essential binding interactions, the clinical difficulties, and the potential outcomes of treating patients with EGFR mutation C797S resistant to third-generation EGFR-TKIs was also discussed. Moreover, the utilization of various therapeutic strategies, including multi-targeting drugs and combination therapies, has also been reviewed.

Environmentally Friendly Polymer Concrete: Polymer Treatment, Processing, and Investigating Carbon Footprint with Climate Change.

Climate change is being currently faced globally; controlling the plastic waste and gas emission is aimed to reduce their hazardous effects. In this work, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer wastes are used as fillers to calcium silicate. Chemical treatment was performed to get the best efficiency of the binder material with the treated PET (TPET) and treated PVC (TPVC). The used silicate, new nonhydraulic dicalcium silicate, was synthesized by sintering. A new environmentally friendly polymer concrete, based on different concentrations of PET-/TPET-/PVC-/TPVC-dicalcium silicate composites, was prepared and cured by carbonation. FTIR analysis confirms that the treatment gave functional groups on the polymer surface; also, the hydrophilicity was increased after treatment. SEM photos show that the treated polymers have a rougher surface, which led to improved attachment with cement. The structures of the prepared and cured cement materials are proved by XRD, FTIR analysis, and SEM, through the change of calcium silicate to carbonate. Carbon footprint is used to analyze the environmental implications of the prepared composites. After the treatment reaction, the TPET-cement and TPVC-cement composites showed improved compression and flexural properties and more stability against water absorption. The novelty arises from recycling this plastic waste in the proposed low-energy dicalcium silicate cement, for the first time, to give improved environmentally friendly composites after converting CO2 gas to carbonates, with the reduced carbon footprint.

Dietary Effects of Nanopowder Eggshells on Mineral Contents, Bone Turnover Biomarkers, and Regulators of Bone Resorption in Healthy Rats and Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis Rat Model.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a critical issue for female health worldwide. This current study was designed to evaluate the role of nanopowder eggshell (NPES) in healthy and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats. Fifty-six female rats were divided into healthy rats (35) and ovariectomized rats (21). The healthy rats were subdivided into five groups (G1-G5) and received one of the following treatments: saline, 20 or 40 mg/kg of calcium carbonate, and 20 or 40 mg/kg of NPES. The 21 ovariectomized rats were divided into three groups (G6-G8) and received either saline, 40 mg/kg of calcium carbonate, or 40 mg/kg of NPES. Biochemical and histopathological assessments of bone formation and resorption were performed. Biomarkers of bone formation (calcium and osteocalcin (OCN)) and calcium content in left femur ashes were significantly higher in healthy rats given 40-mg/kg NPES than in healthy control rats and healthy rats given 40-mg/kg calcium carbonate. The ovariectomized groups had significantly lower levels of vitamin D3, OCN, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) than the healthy control. Alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) were significantly increased in the ovariectomized group than in the healthy control group. Treatment with NPES and calcium carbonate reduced liver enzymes in ovariectomized rats. NPES treatment significantly increased Vit D3, OCN, OPG, and bone ash mineral content (calcium, magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus) in ovariectomized rats. NPES also increased femur cortical thickness, osteoblast number, and collagen fiber. The current study suggests that NPES can modulate bone turnover biomarkers and increase bone trace elements. Moreover, NPES alleviates bone resorption in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.