Localizing and inducing primary nucleation.

Do the differing properties of materials influence their nucleation mechanisms? We present different experimental approaches to study and control nucleation, and shed light on some of the factors affecting the nucleation process.

Monitoring picoliter sessile microdroplet dynamics shows that size does not matter.

We monitor the dissolution of arrayed picoliter-size sessile microdroplets of the aqueous phase in oil, generated using a recently developed fluidic device. Initial pinning of the microdroplet perimeter leads to a nearly constant contact diameter, thus contraction proceeds via microdroplet (micrometer-diameter) height and contact angle reductions. This confirms that picoliter microdroplets contraction or dissolution due to the selective diffusion of water in oil has comparable dynamics with microliter droplet evaporation in air. We observe a constant microdroplet dissolution rate in different aqueous solutions. The application of this simple model to solvent-diffusion-driven crystallization experiments in confined volumes, for instance, would allow us to determine precisely the concentration in the microdroplet during an experiment and particularly at nucleation.

Practical physics behind growing crystals of biological macromolecules.

The aim of this review is to provide biocrystallographers who intend to tackle protein-crystallization with theory and practical examples. Crystallization involves two separate processes, nucleation and growth, which are rarely completely unconnected. Here we give theoretical background and concrete examples illustrating protein crystallization. We describe the nucleation of a new phase, solid or liquid, and the growth and transformation of existing crystals obtained by primary or secondary nucleation or by seeding. Above all, we believe that a thorough knowledge of the phase diagram is vital to the selection of starting position and path for any crystallization experiment.

Predictive nucleation of crystals in small volumes and its consequences.

We propose another way of getting to the bottom of nucleation by using finite volume systems. Here we show, using a sharp tip, that a single nucleation event is launched as soon as the tip touches the supersaturated confined metastable solution. We thus control spatial and temporal location and demonstrate that confinement allows us to carry out predictive nucleation experiments. This control is a major step forward in understanding the factors influencing the nucleation process and its underlying physics.

New approaches on crystallization under electric fields.

This review presents the state of the art in protein crystallization, nucleation and growth under electric fields. Both external and internal applications of Direct Current (DC) and Alternative Current (AC) experiments are discussed. It is shown that competing effects account for the decreased nucleation time and number of crystals observed yielding larger and sometimes better quality crystals.

Lensless electron reflection microscopy using a coaxial point-source structure.

A lensless image of the surface of a crystal is obtained by the reflection on this surface of a low-energy electron beam originated from a point source integrated in a coaxial structure. The point source is a sharp field emission tip and a free propagation of reflected electrons results from the shielding of the tip voltage provided by the coaxial structure. Images are obtained for an incidence angle between 3 and 45 degrees and for nA incident currents with a kinetic energy down to 40 V. On silicon surfaces a magnification up to a few thousands and a spatial resolution of 100 nm are demonstrated.