High-Efficiency Thermal-Shock Resistance Enabled by Radiative Cooling and Latent Heat Storage.

Radiative cooling technology is well known for its subambient temperature cooling performance under sunlight radiation. However, the intrinsic maximum cooling power of radiative cooling limits the performance when the objects meet the thermal shock. Here, a dual-function strategy composed of radiative cooling and latent heat storage simultaneously enabling the efficient subambient cooling and high-efficiency thermal-shock resistance performance is proposed. The electrospinning and absorption-pressing methods are used to assemble the dual-function cooler. The high sunlight reflectivity and high mid-infrared emissivity of radiative film allow excellent subambient temperature of 5.1 °C. When subjected the thermal shock, the dual-function cooler demonstrates a pinning effect of huge temperature drop of 39 °C and stable low-temperature level by isothermal heat absorption compared with the traditional radiative cooler. The molten phase change materials provide the heat-time transfer effect by converting thermal-shock heat to the delayed preservation. This strategy paves a powerful way to protect the objects from thermal accumulation and high-temperature damage, expanding the applications of radiative cooling and latent heat storage technologies.

MXene-Integrated Solid-Solid Phase Change Composites for Accelerating Solar-Thermal Energy Storage and Electric Conversion.

The high thermal storage density of phase change materials (PCMs) has attracted considerable attention in solar energy applications. However, the practicality of PCMs is often limited by the problems of leakage, poor solar-thermal conversion capability, and low thermal conductivity, resulting in low-efficiency solar energy storage. In this work, a new system of MXene-integrated solid-solid PCMs is presented as a promising solution for a solar-thermal energy storage and electric conversion system with high efficiency and energy density. The composite system's performance is enhanced by the intrinsic photo-thermal behavior of MXene and the heterogeneous phase transformation properties of PCM molecular chains. The optimal composites system has an impressive solar thermal energy storage efficiency of up to 94.5%, with an improved energy storage capacity of 149.5 J g-1 , even at a low MXene doping level of 5 wt.%. Additionally, the composite structure shows improved thermal conductivity and high thermal cycling stability. Furthermore, a proof-of-concept solar-thermal-electric conversion device is designed based on the optimized M-SSPCMs and commercial thermoelectric generators, which exhibit excellent energy conversion efficiency. The results of this study highlight the potential of the developed PCM composites in high-efficiency solar energy utilization for advanced photo-thermal systems.

Realizing the Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Cu3SbSe4 Compound via Sulfur Alloying Effect.

Cu3SbSe4 is a potential p-type thermoelectric material, distinguished by its earth-abundant, inexpensive, innocuous, and environmentally friendly components. Nonetheless, the thermoelectric performance is poor and remains subpar. Herein, the electrical and thermal transport properties of Cu3SbSe4 were synergistically optimized by S alloying. Firstly, S alloying widened the band gap, effectively alleviating the bipolar effect. Additionally, the substitution of S in the lattice significantly increased the carrier effective mass, leading to a large Seebeck coefficient of ~730 µVK-1. Moreover, S alloying yielded point defect and Umklapp scattering to significantly depress the lattice thermal conductivity, and thus brought about an ultralow κlat ~0.50 Wm-1K-1 at 673 K in the solid solution. Consequently, multiple effects induced by S alloying enhanced the thermoelectric performance of the Cu3SbSe4-Cu3SbS4 solid solution, resulting in a maximum ZT value of ~0.72 at 673 K for the Cu3SbSe2.8S1.2 sample, which was ~44% higher than that of pristine Cu3SbSe4. This work offers direction on improving the comprehensive TE in solid solutions via elemental alloying.

Persistent neuroinflammation of the right insular cortex in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a proton MRS study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was to use proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to compare the levels of five neurometabolites in the right and left insular cortexes of subjects in three groups: JIA-active, JIA-inactive, and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: Two inflammation markers and five psychometric scores were determined. 1H-MRS was used to measure the levels of total N-acetylaspartate (NAA), total choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and glutamate (Glu), and the complex of glutamine and glutamate (Glx) relative to total creatine (tCr) in the right and left insular cortexes of participants. RESULTS: Intra-group comparisons indicated that each group had higher levels of NAA/tCr, Glu/tCr, Glx/tCr, and mI/tCr in the right insula, and higher levels of Cho/tCr in the left insula. Inter-group comparisons of the right insula indicated that the JIA-active and JIA-inactive groups had higher levels of Cho/tCr than the HC group, but none of the other inter-group differences were statistically significant. The score of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDCD) had an inverse correlation with the level of Cho/tCr in the right insular cortex of patients in the JIA-inactive group. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to the HC group, the right insular cortex of subjects in the JIA-active and the JIA-inactive groups had greater levels of Cho/tCr, suggesting increased inflammation in this region. The Cho/tCr level in the right insular cortex had an inverse correlation with SDCD score in the JIA-inactive group. Key Points • Healthy controls and JIA patients had higher levels of tNAA/tCr, Glu/tCr, Glx/tCr, and mI/tCr in the right insula, and higher levels of Cho/tCr in the left insula. • A greater level of Cho/tCr in the right insula of JIA-active and JIA-inactive patients indicated neuroinflammation in this region. • The Cho/tCr level in the right insular cortex had an inverse correlation with SDCD score in the JIA-inactive group.

Phase-change materials reinforced intelligent paint for efficient daytime radiative cooling.

Passive cooling of buildings has become increasingly important for green and low-carbon development, especially in the near decade where daytime radiative cooling technology (DRCT) has drawn attention with big breakthroughs. However, irresistibly importing heat from sunlight and surroundings results in notable temperature rise, thus limiting the cooling effect. Here, we report a radiative paint with latent heat storage capacity to store imported heat by coupling randomly-distributed phase-change materials (PCMs) based microcapsules with acrylic resin to enhance cooling performance. The bifunctional paint shows good performance in selected-suitable phase transition temperature, high enthalpy, high reflectivity in the sunlight region and strong emissivity in the atmospheric window region. The temperature measurements demonstrate that the paint possesses enhanced cooling performance of temperature drop and time buffering effect compared with the pure radiative cooling paint. This work offers the potential to broaden the applications of PCMs and DRCT for energy saving and environment protection.

Evidence of persistent glial cell dysfunction in the anterior cingulate cortex of juvenile idiopathic arthritis children: a proton MRS study.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate whether the neurometabolites of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were distinct in patients with active and inactive juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) using the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS: We measured the levels of total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (ml), glutamate (Glu) and the complex of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) relative to total creatine (tCr) in ACC of each participant. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy controls, a significant decrease of total Cho/tCr and Glx/tCr ratio in ACC occurred in active and inactive JIA group. The tCho/Cr level was negatively associated with the serum level of ESR in active JIA patients. There was no difference in NAA/tCr ratio among the three groups, which may imply that no neuron and axonal losses occurred in either active or inactive JIA patients. CONCLUSIONS: The abnormal neurometabolites in tCho/tCr and Glx/tCr in ACC may indicate that persistent dysfunction of glial cell, while neither neuron nor axonal losses occurred in active and inactive JIA patients.

The Brain Structural-Functional Vulnerability in Drug-Naive Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Insights From the Hippocampus.

Objective: Leveraging an integrative multimodal MRI paradigm to elaborate on the hippocampus-derived structural and functional changes in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to explore potential correlations within the "joint-inflammation-brain" axis during the period of central neural system (CNS) development. Methods: Twenty-one patients with JIA all completed the multimodal MRI scanning, laboratory tests, and neuropsychological assessments; meanwhile, 23 matched controls were recruited. We then harnessed the spherical harmonics with a point distribution model (SPHARM-PDM) and the ROI-to-voxel functional connectivity (FC) to measure the hippocampal shape and hippocampo-cortical FC patterns. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the potential links in neuroimaging features with disease-related indices. Results: Compared to controls, JIA patients only presented an atrophic tendency in the posterior part of the bilateral hippocampus. The hippocampo-cortical FC revealed the between-group divergences mainly located at the pain matrix, striatum, and temporal lobe. Remarkably, the enhanced FC between the right hippocampus and postcentral cortex is positively correlated with the disability index, while the weakened FC of right anterior hippocampus with right insula and that of left posterior hippocampus with left superior temporal gyrus was inversely related to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and anxiety status, separately. Conclusion: As with macroscopic damages, the altered functional-connectome patterns of the hippocampus in JIA patients might be more sensitive to detect the early neuropathological changes. Moreover, the functional disturbances were demonstrated associated with the physical disability, inflammation, and emotional status. These findings may enlighten us on the underlying neuropathological mechanism of CNS comorbidities in JIA.

Association between intrahepatic triglyceride content in subjects with metabolically healthy abdominal obesity and risks of pre-diabetes plus diabetes: an observational study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the association of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content in subjects with metabolically healthy abdominal obesity (MHAO) on risks of pre-diabetes plus diabetes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Lianqian community, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. PARTICIPANTS: Among 1523 community-living healthy adults aged 40 years or older with abdominal obesity recruited at baseline, 428 subjects who underwent IHTG content measurement were selected. OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of pre-diabetes plus diabetes. RESULTS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was diagnosed as 203 (69.1%) in MHAO and 121 (90.3%) in metabolically unhealthy abdominal obesity (MUAO) (p<0.001). The prevalence rates of pre-diabetes plus diabetes were 81.1%, 88.8% and 90.9% across the tertiles of IHTG content (p=0.037). Both MUAO (vs MHAO) and NAFLD (vs non-NAFLD) were independently associated with increased risks of pre-diabetes plus diabetes, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) were 10.90 (3.15 to 37.69, p<0.001) and 3.02 (1.47 to 6.20, p=0.003), respectively. Higher IHTG content was significantly associated with increased risk of pre-diabetes plus diabetes with the adjusted OR (95% CI) of per SD increase of IHTG content of 1.62 (1.07 to 2.46, p=0.024). And there was a significantly positive trend between increasing categories of IHTG content tertiles and excessive risks of pre-diabetes plus diabetes (trend test p value=0.011). Stratified analyses showed similar results on the associations of NAFLD and IHTG content with risks of pre-diabetes plus diabetes for subjects with MHAO but not for those with MUAO. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD and higher IHTG content were independently associated with increased risks of pre-diabetes plus diabetes in MHAO subjects. NAFLD or quantity of liver fat should be considered as additional criterion when defining and diagnosing MHO. Screening of NAFLD and intervention to reduce liver fat should be strengthened even for those seemly metabolically healthy obese.

Whole brain volume and cortical thickness abnormalities in Wilson's disease: a clinical correlation study.

Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism, and its neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations are associated with copper accumulation in brain. A few neuroimaging studies have shown that gray matter atrophy in WD affects both subcortical structures and cortex. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the morphometric brain abnormalities in patients with WD in terms of whole brain volume and cortical thickness and their associations with clinical severity of WD. Thirty patients clinically diagnosed as WD with neurological manifestations and 25 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. 3D T1-weighted images were segmented into 276 whole-brain regions of interest (ROIs) and 68 cortical ROIs. WD-vs-HC group comparisons were then conducted for each ROI. The associations between those morphometric measurements and the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) score for WD were analyzed. Compared with HC, significant WD-related volumetric decreases were found in the bilateral subcortical nuclei (putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus and thalamus), diffuse white matter and several gray matter regions. WD patients showed reduced cortical thickness in the left precentral gyrus and the left insula. Further, the volumes of the right globus pallidus, bilateral putamen, right external capsule and left superior longitudinal fasciculus were negatively correlated with GAS. Our results indicated that significant WD-related morphometric abnormalities were quantified in terms of whole-brain volumes and cortical thicknesses, some of which correlated significantly to the clinical severity of WD. Those morphometrics may provide a potentially effective biomarker of WD.

An adult case of diffuse midline glioma with H3 K27M mutation.

Cartilaginous metaplasia is rare in primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms and has not been described in the histone 3 (H3) gene (H3) with a substitution of lysine to methionine (H3 K27M mutant) diffuse midline glioma before. Here, we report a case of H3 K27M mutant diffuse midline glioma with cartilaginous metaplasia in a 56-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a ring-enhanced lesion located in the medulla oblongata and extended superiorly into the fourth ventricle. The tumor was macroscopically completely resected. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a gliomatous component and a well-differentiated cartilaginous component. Microvascular proliferation and necrosis were noted. According to immunohistochemical staining, glial cells were diffusely and strongly positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (Olig2), H3 K27M, and S-100 protein but negative for H3K27me3. The chondrocytes also were positive for GFAP and S-100 protein. The H3 K27M mutation was confirmed by sequencing in both the gliomatous and cartilaginous components, suggesting a common origin from the same progenitor cells. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a diffuse midline glioma with H3 K27M mutation with widespread cartilaginous metaplasia, corresponding to WHO grade IV. This is an extremely rare H3 K27M mutant diffuse midline glioma with cartilaginous metaplasia, and reporting this unusual case adds to the understanding of this tumor type.

The assessment of mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) using high b-value DWI.

INTRODUCTION: Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) was shown to have a transient reduction in diffusion. Such changes would be used as an early detection to reduce excessive treatments and promote recovery without sequelae. The current research evaluated the high b-value (b = 3000 s/mm) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) assessment in MERS. METHODS: Sixteen pediatric patients showed MERS used DWI (b = 1000 and 3000 s/mm). To record number of lesions, the signal intensities, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs), contrast ratios (CRs), the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were measured in the normal parenchyma and lesions. RESULTS: Lesions were more apparent with high b-value. The ADC values and CNR in the lesions and surrounding normal brain parenchyma were relatively low at a high compared to standard b-value DWI (SNR: 144.67 ±â€Š33.03, 85.72 ±â€Š31.50; CNR: 20.82 ±â€Š17.64, 49.62 ±â€Š33.06; for b = 1000 and 3000 s/mm). The CR was significantly higher at a high compared to low b-value DWI (CR: 0.06 ±â€Š0.07 versus 0.40 ±â€Š0.14). CONCLUSION: High b-value DWI could detect more lesions and could obviously improve the detection of lesions in pediatric patients with MERS.

Preoperative grading of supratentorial nonenhancing gliomas by high b-value diffusion-weighted 3 T magnetic resonance imaging.

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in discrimination between high- and low-grade supratentorial nonenhancing gliomas (HGGs and LGGs, respectively) when using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values with high or standard b-value. Thirty-nine patients underwent conventional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with standard and high b-values (b = 1000 and 3000 s/mm2, respectively). Minimum, maximum, and mean ADC values (ADCMIN, ADCMAX, and ADCMEAN, respectively) were measured from ADC maps with both b-values. Receiver operating curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff ADC values for distinguishing between nonenhancing HGGs and LGGs. ADCMIN, ADCMAX, and ADCMEAN values for the nonenhancing HGGs were lower than those for LGGs. These differences were much larger when a high b-value was used (all P < 0.0001) than when a standard b-value was used (P = 0.0001, <0.0001, and <0.0001, respectively). Discriminant analysis indicated that the greatest likelihood for discriminating HGGs and LGGs when ADCMEAN was obtained with a high b-value, with cutoff value of 0.814 × 10-3 mm2/s. ADC values obtained with a high b-value can be useful for grading and surgical management of nonenhancing HGGs and LGGs. The lowest degree of overlap was obtained when ADCMEAN was determined with a b-value of 3000 s/mm2.

Effects of Moderate and Vigorous Exercise on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent risk factor for chronic liver disease and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on intrahepatic triglyceride content and metabolic risk factors among patients with NAFLD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this randomized clinical trial, participants with central obesity and NAFLD were recruited from community-based screening in Xiamen, China, from December 1, 2011, through December 25, 2013. Data analysis was performed from August 28, 2015, through December 15, 2015. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to vigorous-moderate exercise (jogging 150 minutes per week at 65%-80% of maximum heart rate for 6 months and brisk walking 150 minutes per week at 45%-55% of maximum heart rate for another 6 months), moderate exercise (brisk walking 150 minutes per week for 12 months), or no exercise. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcome, change in intrahepatic triglyceride content measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 6 and 12 months; secondary outcomes, changes in body weight, waist circumference, body fat, and metabolic risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 220 individuals (mean [SD] age, 53.9 [7.1] years; 149 woman [67.7%]) were randomly assigned to control (n = 74), moderate exercise (n = 73), and vigorous-moderate exercise (n = 73) groups. Of them, 211 (95.9%) completed the 6-month follow-up visit; 208 (94.5%) completed the 12-month follow-up visit. Intrahepatic triglyceride content was reduced by 5.0% (95% CI, -7.2% to 2.8%; P < .001) in the vigorous-moderate exercise group and 4.2% (95% CI, -6.3% to -2.0%; P < .001) in the moderate exercise group compared with the control group at the 6-month assessment. It was reduced by 3.9% (95% CI, -6.0% to -1.7%; P < .001) in the vigorous-moderate exercise group and 3.5% (95% CI, -5.6% to -1.3%; P = .002) in the moderate exercise group compared with the control group at the 12-month assessment. Changes in intrahepatic triglyceride content were not significantly different between vigorous-moderate and moderate exercise at the 6- or 12-month assessment. Body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were significantly reduced in the vigorous-moderate exercise group compared with the moderate exercise and control groups at the 6-month assessment and in the vigorous-moderate and moderate exercise groups compared with the control group at the 12-month assessment. In addition, body fat was significantly reduced in the vigorous-moderate exercise group compared with the moderate exercise and control groups at the 12-month assessment. After adjusting for weight loss, the net changes in intrahepatic triglyceride content were diminished and became nonsignificant between the exercise and control groups (except for the moderate exercise group at the 6-month assessment). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Vigorous and moderate exercise were equally effective in reducing intrahepatic triglyceride content; the effect appeared to be largely mediated by weight loss. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01418027.

A comparison of high b-value vs standard b-value diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 T for medulloblastomas.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utility of diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI using high b-value vs standard b-value for patients with medulloblastoma (MB). Minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCMIN) values were also compared with tumour cellularity. METHODS: High and standard b-value DW images were obtained for 17 patients with MB. The number and location of the lesions, signal intensities (SIs), signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), contrast-to-noise ratios, contrast ratios (CRs) and ADCs of the lesions were compared. Tumour cellularity was also measured and compared with ADCMIN values. RESULTS: All 20 lesions were hyperintense on the DW MR images with high and standard b-values. Four additional lesions were revealed on high b-value, and all 24 lesions were more conspicuous at high b-value. SI, SNR and ADC values for the lesions were lower in the high b-value images than in the standard b-value images. The ADCMIN value at b = 3000 s mm(-2) was more significantly associated with tumour cellularity than that at b = 1000 s mm(-2). CR values were significantly higher in the high b-value images than in the standard b-value images. CONCLUSION: DW imaging using high b-value may be beneficial for detecting additional, less prominent lesions and may improve the contrast between MB lesions and normal tissue. A stronger inverse correlation with tumour cellularity was identified using the ADCMIN values at high b-value. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This study demonstrates the superiority of high b-value DW imaging compared with standard b-value imaging for the detection of MB lesions, especially those with subtle foci.

Use of a high b-value for diffusion weighted imaging of peritumoral regions to differentiate high-grade gliomas and solitary metastases.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values obtained using a b-value of 3000 s/mm(2) can be used to differentiate high-grade glioma (HGG) from solitary metastases (SM). METHODS: Forty patients underwent conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and standard and high b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Minimum, maximum, and mean ADC values (ADCMIN , ADCMAX , and ADCMEAN , respectively) were measured from ADC maps obtained for the two b-values for each subject. ADC ratios were also measured. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff ADC value for distinguishing between HGG and SM. RESULTS: All ADC values for the peritumoral region of the HGGs examined were lower than those for the SM. Furthermore, a larger statistical difference was observed for ADCMIN , ADCMAX , and ADCMEAN values at a b-value of 3000 s/mm(2) versus 1000 s/mm(2) (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0010, and P = 0.0001 versus P = 0.0001, 0.0030, and 0.0002, respectively). A discriminant analysis identified the greatest log likelihood for the ADCMIN values obtained at a b-value of 3000 s/mm(2) , and the cutoff value for differentiating HGG and SM was 0.890 × 10(-3) mm/s(2) . CONCLUSION: ADC values from DWI using a high b-value were found to distinguish HGG and SM. The lowest degree of overlap was obtained when an ADCMIN value was obtained at a b-value of 3000 s/mm(2) .

Irisin is inversely associated with intrahepatic triglyceride contents in obese adults.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Obesity is closely related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which has become an important public health problem because of its high prevalence and association with metabolic syndromes. Irisin was recently identified as a novel peptide to improve obesity and glucose homeostasis, and considered to be therapeutic for human metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the association of serum irisin concentration and liver triglyceride contents in obese Chinese adults. METHODS: Serum irisin levels were measured and liver fat contents determined by (1)H MRS in 296 obese adults. Anthropometric parameters and blood biochemical indexes including liver enzymes, glucose, and lipid profiles were detected. The liver triglyceride contents of subjects were measured by (1)H MRS. The protein levels of irisin were determined by quantitative ELISA. RESULTS: We found that serum irisin levels were reduced in obese adults with NAFLD. By dividing the distribution of intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) contents into quartiles, serum irisin levels were reduced gradually with the increase of IHTG contents (p<0.01). Higher serum irisin levels were associated with preferable TG levels. Serum ALT and AST concentrations were inversely correlated with serum irisin levels. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that serum irisin levels were independently associated with liver fat (p<0.01). By logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for higher IHTG contents was reduced by 12.4% per 1 SD increase in serum irisin concentrations after adjustment for multivariate metabolic factors [OR (95% CI); 0.876 (0.777-0.987)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that serum irisin concentrations were inversely associated with the triglyceride contents in the liver and liver enzymes in obese Chinese adults.