Elucidation of the genetic determination of clutch traits in Chinese local chickens of the Laiwu Black breed.

BACKGROUND: Egg laying rate (LR) is associated with a clutch, which is defined as consecutive days of oviposition. The clutch trait can be used as a selection indicator to improve egg production in poultry breeding. However, little is known about the genetic basis of clutch traits. In this study, our aim was to estimate genetic parameters and identify quantitative trait single nucleotide polymorphisms for clutch traits in 399 purebred Laiwu Black chickens (a native Chinese breed) using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). METHODS: In this work, after estimating the genetic parameters of age at first egg, body weight at first egg, LR, longest clutch until 52 week of age, first week when the longest clutch starts, last week when the longest clutch ends, number of clutches, and longest number of days without egg-laying until 52 week of age, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and potential candidate genes associated with clutch traits in Laiwu Black chickens. The restricted maximum likelihood method was used to estimate genetic parameters of clutch pattern in 399 Laiwu Black hens, using the GCTA software. RESULTS: The results showed that SNP-based heritability estimates of clutch traits ranged from 0.06 to 0.59. Genotyping data were obtained from whole genome re-sequencing data. After quality control, a total of 10,810,544 SNPs remained to be analyzed. The GWAS revealed that 421 significant SNPs responsible for clutch traits were scattered on chicken chromosomes 1-14, 17-19, 21-25, 28 and Z. Among the annotated genes, NELL2, SMYD9, SPTLC2, SMYD3 and PLCL1 were the most promising candidates for clutch traits in Laiwu Black chickens. CONCLUSION: The findings of this research provide critical insight into the genetic basis of clutch traits. These results contribute to the identification of candidate genes and variants. Genes and SNPs potentially provide new avenues for further research and would help to establish a framework for new methods of genomic prediction, and increase the accuracy of estimated genetic merit for egg production and clutch traits.

Di-aqua-bis-(4-ferrocenyl-1,1,1-tri-fluoro-4-oxobutan-2-olato)cobalt(II).

In the title compound, [CoFe2(C5H5)2(C9H5F3O2)2(H2O)2], the central Co atom has an octa-hedral coordination geometry defined by two chelating tri-fluoro-methyl-ß-diketone ferrocene ligands and two aqua ligands, with the latter in a cis disposition. The Cp rings in both ferrocene groupings are close to eclipsed. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into [100] chains.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active molecules bearing singlet oxygen generation activities: the tunable singlet-triplet energy gap matters.

Herein, a series of photosensitizers were constructed of α, ß and γ-isomers of terpyridine and the corresponding N-methylation derivatives. Benefiting from the tunable singlet-triplet energy gap and aggregation-induced emission characteristics, two-photon active photosensitizers L2b and L2c showed relatively strong intersystem crossing facilitating 1O2 generation and cell apoptosis with near-infrared excitation.