Very late Magmaris scaffold restenosis: a 6-year serial optical coherence tomography case report.

Background: Bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) have been proposed as an alternative to drug-eluting stents (DES), offering radial support during the early phases of healing, while potentially reducing the risk of long-term complications. A magnesium-based BRS (MgBRS) has shown promising results after implantation. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the long-term outcomes. Case summary: A 62-year-old man with hypertension, dyslipidaemia, family history of ischaemic heart disease, and previous myocardial infarction, presented with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Six years prior, he also had a NSTEMI and a mid-left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesion was treated with a 3.0/25 mm MgBRS. Post-implantation optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed proximal edge dissection, and a second MgBRS 3.0/15 mm was implanted. Optical coherence tomography of the scaffold-treated segment was performed after 6 and 12 months with no sign of restenosis. The current angiogram showed a restenosis in the previously MgBRS-treated segment in LAD. Optical coherence tomography showed a plaque rupture in a thin cap fibro-atheroma and scaffold remnants. The lesion was pre-dilated and stented with a 3.0/20 mm DES and post-dilated with a 3.5 mm non-compliant balloon. Discussion: Most cases of late scaffold failure showed acquired mal-apposition, which also can be related to the degrading process, or uncovered struts, none of which were seen in our case at 6 or 12 months. This case represents an insight into the vascular healing and potential mechanisms for failure of the MgBRS, with serial OCT recording at implantation, and after 6 months, 12 months, and 6 years.

Optimal lesion preparation before implantation of a Magmaris bioresorbable scaffold in patients with coronary artery stenosis: Rationale, design and methodology of the OPTIMIS study.

Introduction: Percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of a bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) provide the vessel support for a limited period allowing the vessel to restore normal vasomotion after degradation of the BRS, opposed to treatment with drug-eluting stents where the metal persist in the vessel wall. Late lumen loss and reduction in lumen area after implantation have been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intense pre-dilatation before BRS implantation resulted in less reduction of minimal lumen area at 6- and 12-month follow-up after implantation of a Magmaris BRS (MgBRS). Coronary imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was assessed to track changes in lumen and vessel dimensions. Methods: The prospective Optimal lesion PreparaTion before Implantation of the Magmaris bioresorbable scaffold In patients with coronary artery Stenosis (OPTIMIS) study randomly assigned eighty-two patients with chronic coronary syndrome to two pre-dilatation treatment strategies. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to pre-dilatation with either a non-compliant scoring balloon or a standard non-compliant balloon prior to implantation of a MgBRS. The treated segment was evaluated with OCT and IVUS at baseline, after 6 and 12 months to assess changes in lumen and vessel dimensions. The hypothesis was that more intense pre-dilatation with a non-compliant scoring balloon before MgBRS implantation can reduce the risk of late lumen reduction compared to standard pre-dilatation. The power calculation used expected MLA after 6 months (6.22 mm2 for the scoring balloon and 5.01 mm2 for the standard non-compliant balloon), power of 80 %, significance level of 0.05 and expected drop-out rate of 15 %, requiring 82 patients to be enrolled. Results: Eighty-two patients were included in the study. Enrollment was from December 2020 to September 2023. Conclusion: The hypothesis was that more intense pre-dilatation with a non-compliant scoring balloon before MgBRS implantation can reduce the risk of late lumen reduction compared to standard pre-dilatation.

Long-term outcomes after coronary intervention with biodegradable polymer stents in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) may have worse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention compared to patients without ACS. AIMS: To compare 5-year efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with and without ACS treated with biodegradable polymers, the ultrathin strut sirolimus-eluting Orsiro stent (O-SES) or the biolimus-eluting Nobori stent (N-BES). METHODS: The Scandinavian Organisation for Randomized Trials with Clinical Outcome VII is a randomized trial comparing O-SES and N-BES in an all-comer setting. Of 2525 patients, 1329 (53%) patients had ACS and 1196 (47%) patients were without ACS. Endpoints were target lesion failure (TLF) (a composite of cardiac death, target lesion myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization) and definite stent thrombosis within 5 years. RESULTS: At 5-year follow-up, TLF did not differ significantly between patients with and without ACS (12.3% vs. 13.2%; rate ratio (RR) 1.00; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.70-1.44), whereas the risk of definite stent thrombosis was increased in patients with ACS (2.3% vs. 1.3; RR: 2.01 [95% CI: 1.01-3.98]). In patients with ACS, the rate of TLF was similar between O-SES and N-BES (12.4% vs. 12.3%; RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.74-1.40). The reduced risk of definite stent thrombosis in O-SES treated ACS patients within the first year (0.2% vs. 1.6%; RR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02-0.93) was not maintained after 5 years (1.8% vs. 2.7%; RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.37-1.63). CONCLUSION: Patients with ACS had an increased risk of stent thrombosis regardless of the stent type used. Long-term outcomes were similar for ACS patients treated with O-SES or N-BES at 5 years.

The Influence of Microcirculatory Dysfunction on the Resting Full Cycle Ratio Compared to Fractional Flow Reserve.

BACKGROUND: The relation between the resting full cycle ratio (RFR) and fractional flow reserve (FFR) is not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the influence of coronary microvascular dysfunction, assessed by the index of microvascular resistance (IMR), on RFR compared to FFR in patients undergoing functional assessment for coronary stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-hundred patients with borderline stenosis underwent functional assessment of RFR, FFR, coronary flow reserve (CFR) and IMR. Retriever operator curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic value of RFR in patients with (IMR ≥ 24) and (IMR < 24). RESULTS: Median RFR did not differ significantly in patients with IMR ≥ 24 compared to patients with IMR < 24: 0.89 (interquartile range (IQR) 0.84, 0.95) vs. 0.90 (IQR 0.84, 0.92), p = 0.29). FFR was significantly higher in patients with IMR ≥ 24 compared to patients with IMR < 24: median FFR 0.85 (IQR (0.76, 0.92)) vs. 0.82 (IQR 0.73, 0.86), p = 0.009, and median CFR was significantly lower 1.80 (IQR 1.40, 2.55) vs. 2.70 (IQR 1.80, 3.95), p < 0.001. The diagnostic value of RFR was high (Area under the curve (AUC) 0.89 95 % Confidence Interval: [0.85, 0.93]) and AUC did not differ between patients with IMR ≥ 24 compared to patients with IMR < 24: 0.89 vs. 0.90, p = 0.89. An overall optimal cut off of 0.88 was identified. The cut off did not differ significantly between patients with IMR ≥ 24 compared to patients with IMR < 24: 0.88 vs. 0.90, p = 0.397. CONCLUSION: In patients with coronary borderline stenosis, the coronary microvascular function did not influence on the cut off values or AUC of RFR compared to FFR.

Five-Year Clinical Outcome of the Biodegradable Polymer Ultrathin Strut Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Compared to the Biodegradable Polymer Biolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: From the SORT OUT VII Trial.

BACKGROUND: Biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents were developed to improve safety and efficacy outcomes for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, few long-term follow-up efficacy studies are available. The study sought to investigate 5-year results from the SORT OUT VII trial (Scandinavian Organization for Randomized Trials With Clinical Outcome) comparing the biodegradable polymer ultrathin-strut sirolimus-eluting Orsiro stent (O-SES) versus the biodegradable polymer biolimus-eluting Nobori stent (N-BES). METHODS: This registry-based, randomized, multicenter, single-blinded, noninferiority trial compared O-SES and N-BES in an all-comer population. The composite primary end point, target lesion failure, consisted of cardiac death, myocardial infarction related to the target lesion, or target lesion revascularization within 1 year. Follow-up was extended to 5 years. RESULTS: Five-year follow-up was completed for 2521 patients (99.8%). Five-year target lesion failure did not differ between O-SES (12.4%) and N-BES (13.1%; rate ratio [RR], 0.94 [95% CI, 0.75-1.18]). Cardiac death (RR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.67-1.34]), target myocardial infarction (RR, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.76-1.71]), target lesion revascularization (RR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.67-1.21]), and definite stent thrombosis rates (RR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.41-1.33]) did not differ significantly between the 2 stents. Within the first year, definite ST was significantly lower for O-SES (0.4%) compared to N-BES (1.2%; RR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.12-0.92]), but no difference was from 1 through 5 years: O-SES 1.2% and N-BES 0.9% (RR, 1.28 [95% CI, 0.58-2.82]). CONCLUSIONS: Five years after treatment with biodegradable polymer stents, target lesion failure did not differ among O-SES and N-BES. Definite stent thrombosis was less often seen within the first year in the O-SES but the difference was not maintained after 5 years. REGISTRATION: URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01879358.

The association between health-related quality of life, self-reported characteristics and 1- and 3-year mortality amongst cardiac patients with and without type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: The objectives amongst cardiac patients with and without type 2 diabetes were to (i) describe self-reported characteristics as health-related quality of life (HRQoL), health behaviour, body mass index (BMI) and physical shape and to (ii) investigate the association between self-reported characteristics and 1- and 3-year mortality. METHODS: Adult patients (≥ 18 years) discharged with a cardiac diagnosis were invited to participate in a national survey, DenHeart. Self-reported characteristics included HRQoL (EQ-5D-5L and HeartQol), health behaviour (alcohol and smoking), BMI and physical shape. Data were linked to national registries. The association between self-reported characteristics and 1- and 3-year mortality were investigated using the Cox Proportional Hazard Regression model, reported as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: In total, 16,659 cardiac responders were included (n = 2,205 with type 2 diabetes, n = 14,454 without type 2 diabetes). Self-reported characteristics were worse amongst cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes compared to those without. After three years, the mortality rate was 14% amongst responders with diabetes and 7% amongst responders without type 2 diabetes (p ≤ 0.001). Better HRQoL was associated with a reduced risk of mortality amongst both groups. "Never been smoking" significantly reduced the risk of 1- and 3-year mortality amongst cardiac patients without diabetes, whereas good physical shape was associated with a reduced risk across both groups. CONCLUSION: HRQoL, health behaviour, BMI and physical shape are significantly worse amongst cardiac patients with type 2 diabetes. Better HRQoL was associated with a reduced risk of mortality amongst both groups, whereas other self-reported characteristics and the mortality risk varied.

Impact of diabetes on 1-year clinical outcome in patients undergoing revascularization with the BioFreedom stents or the Orsiro stents from the SORT OUT IX trial.

This sub-study of the SORT OUT IX trial sought to compare clinical outcomes between patients with diabetes randomized to implantation of either the polymer-free biolimus A9-coated BioFreedom stent (BF-BES) or the ultra-thin strut, biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting Orsiro stent (O-SES). Patients with diabetes have an increased risk of target lesion failure (TLF) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The impact of different stent types in patients with diabetes is still discussed. A total of 607 of the 3151 patients (19.3%) enrolled in the SORT OUT IX study had diabetes. Randomization was stratified by patients with/without diabetes; 304 received BF-BES and 303 O-SES. The primary endpoint was TLF, which was a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (not related to other than the index lesion) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) within 1 year. After 1 year, patients with diabetes had higher TLF (7.2% vs. 3.7%, incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-2.50), than patients without diabetes. TLF did not differ significantly between BF-BES and O-SES in patients with diabetes (8.2% vs. 6.3%, IRR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.63-2.20). In patients with diabetes, cardiac death occurred in 2.3% of BF-BES and in 3.6% of O-SES (IRR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.23-1.45) and TLR occurred in 5.3% and 2.3% of BF-BES and O-SES, respectively (IRR: 2.12; 95% CI: 0.81-5.56). Definite stent thrombosis rates of 1.3% were found in both stent types. Patients with diabetes had higher 1-year TLF rate after PCI compared to patients without diabetes, whereas TLF did not differ significantly between the two stent types BF-BES and O-SES in patients with diabetes.

Optical Coherence Tomography- Versus Angiography-Guided Magnesium Bioresorbable Scaffold Implantation in NSTEMI Patients.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of a bioresorbable scaffold (BRS) is to provide radial support during coronary healing. In this study, coronary artery healing after optical coherence tomography (OCT)- versus angiography-guided magnesium BRS (MBRS) implantation in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is compared. METHODS: 75 patients were randomized 1:1 to OCT- or angiography-guided implantation of a MBRS with protocolled pre- and post-dilation. In the OCT-guided group, prespecified criteria indicating additional intervention were (1) scaffold under-expansion, (2) strut malapposition, (3) edge dissection, and (4) residual stenosis at distal or proximal reference segments. The primary endpoint was OCT-derived healing stage at 6 months. RESULTS: At 6 months, there was no difference in average healing stage between OCT- and angiography-guided intervention (4.6 [interquartile range (IQR): 4.5-4.7] versus 4.5 [IQR: 4.3-4.7]; p = 0.54). The MBRSs were completely resolved in 77.0% [IQR: 68.5-85.5] versus 76.5% [IQR: 67.9-85.5]; (p = 0.97). Minimal lumen area (MLA) was reduced at 6 months in both the OCT- (32.3%; p < 0.01) and the angiography-guided group (21.3%; p < 0.01), however OCT-guided implantation was associated with a greater reduction of total lumen volume (-27.1 ± 32.5 mm3 versus -5.0 ± 32.9 mm3; p < 0.01) and MLA (-2.3 ± 1.6 mm2 vs. -1.4 ± 1.4 mm2; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In NSTEMI patients, OCT-guidance with protocolled pre- and post-dilation of MBRS implantation showed similar healing pattern at 6 months compared to angiography-guidance alone. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Coronary Artery Healing Process after Optical Coherence Tomography Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Magmaris Bioresorbable Scaffold in Patients with Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: (HONEST) trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03016624.

Culprit lesion morphology in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction assessed by optical coherence tomography.

AIMS: This study sought to evaluate the incidence of ruptured plaques and nonruptured plaques (NRP) and to compare patient characteristics and detailed plaque morphology features between the two culprit types in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Using OCT, the culprit lesions in patients with STEMI were assessed prior to stent implantation. The culprit lesion was categorized as ruptured plaques or NRP, and the plaque components were evaluated. Fifty-two patients (69.3%) presented with ruptured plaques and 23 (30.7%) with NRP. Patients with NRP were younger (58.0 ± 10.4 vs 64.7 ± 9.9 years, P = 0.01) and more often smokers (72.7% vs 37.1%, P = 0.001), compared to ruptured plaques. NRP contained significantly more fibrotic plaque (20.0% [interquartile range (IQR) 13.7-29.8] vs 11.3% [IQR 6.9-18.1], P = 0.005), but less lipidic plaque (44.0% ± 13.7 vs 59.3% ± 13.6, P < 0.001), less superficial [5.0% (IQR 2.8-7.5) vs 8.1% (IQR 5.7-11.0), P = 0.005] and profound macrophages [0.9% (IQR 0.0-1.7) vs 2.2% (IQR 0.9-4.7), P = 0.003]. The prevalence, numbers and lengths of thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) were significantly lower in NRP, compared to ruptured plaques [47.8% vs 88.5%, 0 (IQR 0-1) vs 1 (IQR 1-2) and 0 mm (IQR 0-2.7) vs 4.5 mm (IQR 2.3-7.7), P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: One-third of STEMI patients had culprit lesions without an OCT-detectable ruptured plaque. Culprit lesions with NRP contained less vulnerable plaque components, such as lipid plaque, TCFAs and macrophages compared to ruptured plaques.

One-year rehospitalisation after percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective analysis.

AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and causes of rehospitalisation within one year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a country where the National Health Service provides universal tax-supported healthcare, guaranteeing residents free hospital access. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 2010 and September 2014, 17,111 patients were treated with PCI in two University Hospitals in Western Denmark. Patients who were readmitted within one year after PCI were identified. The overall one-year readmission rate was 50.4%. The cause was angina/myocardial infarction (MI) in 4,282 patients (49.7%), and other reasons in 4,334 (50.3%). Predictors of angina/MI-related readmissions were female gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.25), diabetes (OR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.26), age (per 10-year increase) (OR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83-0.88), and indication for index PCI (stable angina pectoris as reference): ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.23-1.47) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.29). Predictors for other readmissions were female gender (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18), diabetes (OR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18-1.42), age (OR 1.30, 95% CI: 1.26-1.34) and Charlson comorbidity index ≥3 (OR 3.03, 95% CI: 2.71-3.27). CONCLUSIONS: In an unselected patient cohort treated with PCI, half of the patients were rehospitalised within one year, highlighting the impact of comorbidity in patients with ischaemic heart disease.

Stent implantation and vascular healing of a spontaneous coronary artery dissection assessed by optical coherence tomography in a patient with acute coronary syndrome.

A 60-year old woman with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, underwent coronary angiogram combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealing a long dissection in the right coronary artery. The patient experienced peri-procedural chest pain, the electrocardiogram showed ST-segment elevations, and compromised coronary blood flow, why mechanical revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was indicated. At 1-month follow-up, OCT revealed early, competent vascular healing, and a distal stenosis was treated with PCI. The patient has been asymptomatic since the procedure for three years.