RESUMO
Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.
Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.
RESUMO
Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.
Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.
Assuntos
Animais , Vespas , Borboletas , Himenópteros , PupaRESUMO
Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.
Assuntos
Borboletas , Himenópteros , Vespas , Animais , PupaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder carries a high risk of suicide. Identification of risk factors is important. The aim of this study was to study risk factors for suicide in a large cohort of men and women with bipolar disorder. METHOD: A prospective cohort study using clinical data from the Swedish National Quality Register for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BipoläR). The outcome variable was suicide captured in the Cause of Death Register between 2004 and 2014. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Of 12 850 persons (4844 men and 8006 women) with bipolar disorder, 90 (55 men and 35 women) died by suicide during the follow-up period (between 1 and 10 years). Male sex (HR 2.56), living alone (HR 2.45), previous suicide attempts (HR 4.10), comorbid psychiatric disorder (HR 2.64), recent affective episodes (HR 2.39), criminal conviction (HR 4.43), psychiatric inpatient care (HR 2.79), and involuntary commitment (HR 3.50) were significant risk factors for suicide. Several of the statistically significant risk factors for suicide in bipolar disorder differed between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for suicide in bipolar disorder include factors associated with suicide in general, but also diagnosis-specific factors.
Assuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/epidemiologia , Internação Compulsória de Doente Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros/estatística & dados numéricos , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Tentativa de Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds are of environmental concerns, since they are toxic to humans and other mammals, and are widespread, and exposure is hard to avoid. Understanding and improving methods to reduce the amount of the substances are important. We present an atomic-scale calculational study of the adsorption of chlorine-based substance chloroform (CHCl3) on graphene oxide, as a step in estimating the capacity of graphene oxide for filtering out such substances, e.g., from drinking water. The calculations are based on density functional theory, and the recently developed consistent-exchange functional for the van der Waals density-functional method is employed. We obtain values of the chloroform adsorption energy varying from roughly 0.2 to 0.4 eV per molecule. This is comparable to previously found results for chloroform adsorbed directly on clean graphene, using similar calculations. In a wet environment, like filters for drinking water, the graphene will not stay clean and will likely oxidize, and thus adsorption onto graphene oxide, rather than clean graphene, is a more relevant process to study.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the vacuum assisted wound closure (VAC) system (negative pressure wound therapy; NPWT) and alginate wound dressings in terms of quality of life (QoL), pain resource use and cost in patients with deep peri-vascular groin infection after vascular surgery. METHOD: Patients with deep peri-vascular groin infection (Szilagyi grade III) were included and randomised to NPWT or alginate therapy. EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D) and brief pain inventory (BPI) were used to evaluate QoL and pain, respectively. RESULTS: Wound healing time until complete skin epithelialisation was shorter in the NPWT (n=9) compared to the alginate group (n=7), median 57 and 104 days, respectively (p=0.026). No difference was recorded in QoL and pain between the groups at study start and the second assessment. QoL analysis within groups between time points, showed that patients in NPWT groups improved in EQ-5D domains, 'self-care' (p= 0.034), 'usual activities' (p=0.046); EQ-5D index value (p=0.046) and EQ-VAS (p=0.028). Patients in the NPWT group reported significantly less pain 'affecting their relations with other people' and 'sleep' between time points. The NPWT group had significantly fewer dressing changes compared to the alginate group (p<0.001). The median frequency of wound dressing changes outside hospital was 20 (IQR 6-29) in the NPWT group (n=9), compared to 48 (IQR 42-77) in the alginate group (n=8; p=0.004). The saved personnel time for wound care in the first week for the NPWT group, compared with the alginate group, was 4.5 hours per week per nurse. The total hospitalised care cost was 83-87% of the total cost in both groups. CONCLUSION: NPWT therapy in patients with deep peri-vascular groin infection can be regarded as the dominant strategy due to improved clinical outcome with equal cost and quality of life measures.
Assuntos
Alginatos/uso terapêutico , Curativos Hidrocoloides/economia , Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Tratamento de Ferimentos com Pressão Negativa/economia , Manejo da Dor/economia , Qualidade de Vida , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Custos e Análise de Custo , Feminino , Ácido Glucurônico/uso terapêutico , Virilha/cirurgia , Ácidos Hexurônicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/etiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/efeitos adversos , Cicatrização/fisiologiaRESUMO
Ghrelin, a circulating orexigenic stomach-derived hormone, has recently been implicated in extra-homeostatic feeding, increasing food reward and food-motivated behavior. The precise target site(s) for ghrelin's effects on food reward have yet to be elucidated. The neurocircuitry underpinning food-motivated behavior involves, in particular, the dopamine cells of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that project to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Ghrelin stimulation in both of these mesolimbic reward areas increases chow intake. Here we sought to determine if ghrelin acts directly within these mesolimbic reward areas to increase food reward/motivation in studies that combine feeding behavior, pharmacology, and neuroanatomy. We found that motivated behavior for a sucrose reward, assessed in an operant conditioning paradigm in rats, was increased when ghrelin was microinjected directly into the VTA but not into the NAcc. By contrast, ghrelin administration to both areas increased the free feeding of chow. Importantly, in a state of overnight food restriction, where endogenous levels of ghrelin are increased, ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) blockade in the VTA was sufficient to decrease the motivation to work for a sugar reward. Blockade of the GHS-R1A in VTA or NAcc was not sufficient to reduce fasting-induced chow hyperphagia. Taken together our data identify the VTA but not the NAcc as a direct, necessary, and sufficient target site for ghrelin's action on food motivation.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Grelina/metabolismo , Motivação/fisiologia , Área Tegmentar Ventral/metabolismo , Animais , Condicionamento Operante , Alimentos , Grelina/farmacologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Área Tegmentar Ventral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The orexigenic and pro-obesity hormone ghrelin targets key hypothalamic and mesolimbic circuits involved in energy balance, appetite and reward. Given that such circuits are closely integrated with those regulating mood and cognition, we sought to determine whether chronic (>2 weeks) CNS exposure to ghrelin alters anxiety- and depression-like behaviour in rats as well as some physiological correlates. Rats bearing chronically implanted i.c.v. catheters were treated with ghrelin (10 µg/d) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Tests used to assess anxiety- and depression-like behaviour were undertaken during weeks 3-4 of the infusion. These revealed an increase in anxiety- and depression-like behaviour in the ghrelin-treated rats relative to controls. At the end of the 4-week infusion, brains were removed and the amygdala dissected for subsequent qPCR analysis that revealed changes in expression of a number of genes representing key systems implicated in these behavioural changes. Finally, given the key role of the dorsal raphe serotonin system in emotional reactivity, we examined the electrophysiological response of dorsal raphe neurons after a ghrelin challenge, and found mainly inhibitory responses in this region. We demonstrate that the central ghrelin signalling system is involved in emotional reactivity in rats, eliciting pro-anxiety and pro-depression effects and have begun to explore novel target systems for ghrelin that may be of importance for these effects.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Grelina/metabolismo , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletrofisiologia , Emoções/efeitos dos fármacos , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Grelina/administração & dosagem , Injeções Intraventriculares , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Here we sought to determine whether ghrelin's central effects on food intake can be interrupted by nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) blockade. Ghrelin regulates mesolimbic dopamine neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens, partly via cholinergic VTA afferents originating in the laterodorsal tegmental area (LDTg). Given that these cholinergic projections to the VTA have been implicated in natural as well as drug-induced reinforcement, we sought to investigate the role of cholinergic signaling in ghrelin-induced food intake as well as fasting-induced food intake, for which endogenous ghrelin has been implicated. We found that i.p. treatment with the non-selective centrally active nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine decreased fasting-induced food intake in both mice and rats. Moreover, central administration of mecamylamine decreased fasting-induced food intake in rats. I.c.v. ghrelin-induced food intake was suppressed by mecamylamine i.p. but not by hexamethonium i.p., a peripheral nAChR antagonist. Furthermore, mecamylamine i.p. blocked food intake following ghrelin injection into the VTA. Expression of the ghrelin receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1A, was found to co-localize with choline acetyltransferase, a marker of cholinergic neurons, in the LDTg. Finally, mecamylamine treatment i.p. decreased the ability of palatable food to condition a place preference. These data suggest that ghrelin-induced food intake is partly mediated via nAChRs and that nicotinic blockade decreases the rewarding properties of food.
Assuntos
Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Grelina/farmacologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Área Tegmentar Ventral/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Colina O-Acetiltransferase/metabolismo , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Vias de Administração de Medicamentos , Interações Medicamentosas , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Jejum/fisiologia , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Hexametônio/farmacologia , Masculino , Mecamilamina/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Antagonistas Nicotínicos/farmacologia , Núcleo Accumbens/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Grelina/deficiência , Receptores Nicotínicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Área Tegmentar Ventral/citologiaRESUMO
In the present study, we explore the central nervous system mechanism underlying the chronic central effects of ghrelin with respect to increasing body weight and body fat. Specifically, using a recently developed ghrelin receptor antagonist, GHS-R1A (JMV2959), we investigate the role of GHS-R1A in mediating the effects of ghrelin on energy balance and on hypothalamic gene expression. As expected, in adult male rats, chronic central treatment with ghrelin for 14 days, when compared to vehicle-treated control rats, resulted in an increased body weight, lean mass and fat mass (assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry), dissected white fat pad weight, cumulative food intake, food efficiency, respiratory exchange ratio and a decrease of energy expenditure. Co-administration of the ghrelin receptor antagonist JMV2959 suppressed/blocked the majority of these effects, with the notable exception of ghrelin-induced food intake and food efficiency. The hypothesis emerging from these data, namely that GHS-R1A mediates the chronic effects of ghrelin on fat accumulation, at least partly independent of food intake, is discussed in light of the accompanying data regarding the hypothalamic genes coding for peptides and receptors involved in energy balance regulation, which were found to have altered expression in these studies.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos dos fármacos , Grelina/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Hormônios/farmacologia , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Receptores de Grelina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Grelina/administração & dosagem , Grelina/efeitos adversos , Grelina/antagonistas & inibidores , Hormônios/sangue , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Injeções Intraventriculares , Masculino , Obesidade/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Larval therapy (LT) is known to be a gentle and effective method for removing necrotic tissue and bacteria and reducing the accompanying unpleasant odour. Ischaemia has been considered a relative contraindication for LT. We report a patient with ischaemia treated with LT. Inguinal revascularization was performed on a 69-year-old man with critical limb ischaemia, diabetes mellitus, heart failure and end-stage renal disease. Areas of dry black malodorous gangrene remained on the distal areas of the feet after surgery and the patient's poor health did not allow any additional surgery. The patient was referred to the dermatology department for LT. Although patients are usually given this treatment as inpatients, the patient requested treatment at home. After the first LT, there was a marked reduction in odour. The gangrene needed repeated applications of larvae to remove the dead tissue. After eight treatments, the result was more positive than we had expected, with total lack of odour and initiation of healing. Larvae cannot penetrate eschar, thus free-range larvae were used because they can move beneath the hard necrotic tissue and dissolve it.
Assuntos
Arteriosclerose/complicações , Desbridamento/métodos , Doenças do Pé/terapia , Isquemia/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Idoso , Animais , Pé/irrigação sanguínea , Doenças do Pé/etiologia , Doenças do Pé/patologia , Gangrena/terapia , Humanos , Larva , Masculino , Odorantes , Cuidados PaliativosRESUMO
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe and identify risk factors associated with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers among adults in an acute care hospital compared with patients with pre-existing pressure ulcers present on admission. A further aim was to identify the preventive measures performed with both groups respectively. BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcers occur most often in older and immobile persons with severe acute illness and neurological deficits. However, few studies have addressed risk factors that are associated with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers compared with patients with pre-existing pressure ulcers. DESIGN: A point prevalence study with a cross-sectional survey design was conducted at a Swedish university hospital. METHOD: Data on 535 patients were recorded using a modified version of the protocol developed and tested by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, including the Braden scale for risk assessment. RESULTS: The prevalence of pressure ulcers was 27% (95% confidence interval, 23-31%). Higher age and a total Braden score below 17 were significantly associated with the presence of pressure ulcers. Among individual risk factors higher age, limited activity level and friction and shear while seated or lying down were associated with hospital-acquired pressure ulcers, whereas only higher age and friction and shear were associated with the presence of pressure ulcers in the overall sample. There was an overall sparse use of preventive measures to relieve pressure. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study revealed that pressure ulcers and the insufficient use of preventive measure to relieve pressure is still a problem in acute care settings. A continued focus must be placed on staff training in identifying patients at risk for pressure ulcers development. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Increasing the ability to identify patients who are at risk for pressure ulcer development can assist in preventing unnecessary complications and suffering as well as reduce costs.
Assuntos
Hospitais Universitários , Úlcera por Pressão/prevenção & controle , Úlcera por Pressão/terapia , Humanos , Úlcera por Pressão/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Suécia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
A prototype X-ray colour imaging system has been assembled using the principle of tomographic energy-dispersive diffraction imaging (TEDDI). The new system has been tested using samples of nylon-6, aluminium powder and deer antler bone. Non-destructive three-dimensional images of the test objects have been reconstructed on a 300 microm scale with an associated diffraction pattern at each voxel. In addition, the lattice parameters of the polycrystalline material present in the sampled voxels have been determined using full pattern refinement methods. The use of multiple diffracted parallel colour X-ray beams has allowed simultaneous spatially resolved data collection across a plane of the sample. This has simplified the sample scan motion and has improved data collection times by a factor scaling with the number of detector pixels. The TEDDI method is currently limited to thin samples (approx. 1-2mm) with light atoms owing to the very low detection efficiency of the silicon detector at X-ray energies above 25 keV. We describe how these difficulties can be removed by using semiconductor detectors made from heavier atomic material.
Assuntos
Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/instrumentação , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , CorRESUMO
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method developed for analysis of zinc dithiocarbamates was validated and used to perform a survey of disposable medical gloves used in southern Sweden. The gloves were extracted with acetone at room temperature for 10 min by shaking. The extracts were injected into a polyether ether ketone lined HPLC column, and peaks were analysed by a diode-array detector. The survey shows that of 19 gloves analysed, 10 contained zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (0.070-3.5 mg/g), 3 contained zinc pentamethylenedithiocarbamate (1.0-4.3 mg/g), 4 contained zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (0.9-1.1 mg/g), and 2 contained 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (0.005-0.008 mg/g). None of them contained thiurams.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Dermatite Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Luvas Protetoras , Dermatoses da Mão/prevenção & controle , Hipersensibilidade ao Látex/prevenção & controle , Borracha/química , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Tiocarbamatos/químicaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate patients' experiences of living with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and the influence on activities of daily living. Twenty-four patients with various degrees of PAD were interviewed. The transcribed texts were analysed using manifest and latent content analysis. Living with PAD meant carrying a hard-to-bear physical, social and emotional burden, and struggling for relief. The experience of burden was interpreted in the following themes representing consequences and strategies for gaining control in daily life: (I) "being limited by the burden" (II) "striving to relieve the burden" (III) "accepting and adapting to the feeling of burden". The use of different coping strategies was crucial to achieve some relief. Pain and sleep disturbance emerged as a major feature of living with PAD, and by combining both analgesics and non-pharmacological methods some pain relief was received. To provide optimal alleviation of pain for these patients, education about pain and pain management is of great importance followed by regular evaluations of the pain and pain management. Furthermore, the study underlines the importance of preventing the progression of the vascular disease and from the individual power and knowledge support and preserve as independent life as possible.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Arteriopatias Oclusivas/psicologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Doenças Vasculares Periféricas/psicologia , Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Arteriopatias Oclusivas/complicações , Arteriopatias Oclusivas/terapia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Dor/etiologia , Dor/prevenção & controle , Doenças Vasculares Periféricas/complicações , Doenças Vasculares Periféricas/terapia , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/psicologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Qualidade de Vida , Fatores de Risco , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/prevenção & controle , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Suécia , Listas de EsperaRESUMO
Haptens causing type I allergy have been shown to predominantly form lysine adducts in the carrier protein, while many haptens giving rise to type IV allergy preferentially form adducts with cysteine residues. Hexahydrophthalic anhydride derivatives are strong sensitizers capable of inducing allergic rhinitis, asthma and urticaria (type I allergy) and allergic contact dermatitis (type IV allergy). The ability of hexahydrophthalic anhydride (HHPA) to form adducts with nucleophilic amino acids and a model peptide in vitro is presented. Adduct formation was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet light/vis detection (LC-UV/vis) and high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC/MS). The characterization was obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS and MS/MS). It was found that HHPA formed adducts with N(alpha)-acetylated lysine and cysteine and the non-acetylated alpha-amino group of proline and, to some extent, also with other nucleophilic amino acids. The adducts with lysine and proline were chemically stable. Addition of one HHPA to a model carrier peptide with all important nucleophilic amino acid residues showed N-terminal proline to be the major site of reaction. The addition of a second hapten gave a lysine adduct, but a minor cysteine adduct was also found. The cysteine-HHPA adducts were shown to be chemically unstable and participated in further reactions with lysine forming lysine-HHPA adducts. The results will be useful for understanding the formation of HHPA-protein adducts with the capability of being markers of exposure, and also to a deeper understanding of the chemical structures causing types I and IV allergy.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/química , Resinas Epóxi/química , Hipersensibilidade/etiologia , Anidridos Ftálicos/química , Aminoácidos/imunologia , Cromatografia Líquida , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hipersensibilidade/classificação , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , Anidridos Ftálicos/imunologia , Pele/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
We studied host selection and exploitation, two crucial aspects of parasite ecology, in Achrysocharoides parasitoid wasps, which show remarkable host specificity and unusual offspring sex allocation. We estimated a molecular phylogeny of 15 Achrysocharoides species and compared this with host (plant and insect) phylogenies. This tri-trophic phylogenetic comparison provides no evidence for cospeciation, but parasitoids do show phylogenetic conservation of the use of plant genera. Patterns of sequence divergence also suggest that the parasitoids radiated more recently (or evolved much faster) than their insect hosts. Three main categories of brood production occur in parasitoids: (1) solitary offspring, (2) mixed sex broods and (3) separate (split) sex broods. Split sex broods are very rare and virtually restricted to Achrysocharoides, while the other types occur very widely. Our phylogeny suggests that split sex broods have evolved twice and provides evidence for a transition from solitary to mixed sex broods, via split sex broods, as predicted by theory.
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Variação Genética , Mariposas/parasitologia , Filogenia , Plantas/parasitologia , Vespas/genética , Vespas/fisiologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Citocromos b/genética , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Funções Verossimilhança , Modelos Genéticos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mariposas/genética , Plantas/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Reprodução/fisiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Razão de Masculinidade , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Allergic contact dermatitis is often caused by solid products such as rubber gloves. Patch testing with the product as is often gives negative results. Extraction of the haptens into an organic solvent is commonly performed to achieve a more correct investigation. The technique used for extraction of haptens from solid materials is only sporadically described. In this study, we investigated and optimized the yields of dithiocarbamates obtained by extraction from rubber gloves. The influence of solvent, extraction time and the procedures for extraction are evaluated. The delivery of zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate from the patch test preparation to the skin is determined.
Assuntos
Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/diagnóstico , Ditiocarb/análise , Luvas Protetoras/efeitos adversos , Haptenos/análise , Hipersensibilidade ao Látex/diagnóstico , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Dermatoses da Mão/diagnóstico , Humanos , Testes do Emplastro/métodosRESUMO
Ethylbutylthiourea (EBTU) is an accelerator used in the production of chloroprene (neoprene) rubber. EBTU occurs in a mixture with diethylthiourea (DETU) and dibutylthiourea (DBTU) in the accelerator. An analytical method originally developed for analysis of zinc dithiocarbamates in rubber has been used to analyse EBTU, DETU and DBTU in a knee brace responsible for an allergic contact dermatitis in a gardener suffering from arthrosis. EBTU was isolated and gave positive reactions when tested as a pure compound. The test reaction was accompanied by positive reactions to DETU and DBTU.