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1.
J Environ Manage ; 319: 115691, 2022 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35839646

RESUMO

Chondrichthyans are threatened worldwide due to their life-history traits combined with a plethora of anthropogenic impacts that are causing populations to collapse. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a conservation option, but their efficacy for chondrichthyans is still unclear. Conservation efforts might be challenging especially in developing countries, due to a lack of resources and monitoring and limited data and stakeholder support. Here Baited Remote Underwater Stereo-Video systems (stereo-BRUVs) were deployed inside and outside a small partially protected MPA (Robberg MPA, Western Cape, South Africa) to assess the status of cartilaginous fishes' assemblages and to investigate the potential benefits derived from the presence of a marine reserve. Overall, 19 chondrichthyan species in 11 different families were observed. Chondrichthyans were observed in 78.5% of the sites and, of these, 89.7% of the MPA sites showed at least one chondrichthyan, while only in the 67.5% of surrounding exploited sites a cartilaginous fish was sighted. The presence of the MPA had a significant effect on the relative abundance of batoids, threatened species and local endemics, with more observations inside the MPA than outside, indicating the potential benefit of marine reserves on species that are more vulnerable to fishing pressure. Relative abundance was generally higher inside the bay than in the exposed area, and both relative abundance and species richness decreased significantly with depth. The analysis of the body length showed that the 35.5% of species had an average body length below maturity length, indicating that the area might be used as nursery ground for different species. This study provides evidence that MPAs, even though small and partially protected, can provide benefits for chondrichthyans, specifically to threatened species, endemic species and lesser-known species. Importantly, different environmental parameters must be considered to maximize the benefits an MPA can provide.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Animais , Ecossistema , Pesqueiros , Peixes , África do Sul
2.
Science ; 373(6560): eabf0861, 2021 Sep 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34516798

RESUMO

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are conservation tools intended to protect biodiversity, promote healthy and resilient marine ecosystems, and provide societal benefits. Despite codification of MPAs in international agreements, MPA effectiveness is currently undermined by confusion about the many MPA types and consequent wildly differing outcomes. We present a clarifying science-driven framework­The MPA Guide­to aid design and evaluation. The guide categorizes MPAs by stage of establishment and level of protection, specifies the resulting direct and indirect outcomes for biodiversity and human well-being, and describes the key conditions necessary for positive outcomes. Use of this MPA Guide by scientists, managers, policy-makers, and communities can improve effective design, implementation, assessment, and tracking of existing and future MPAs to achieve conservation goals by using scientifically grounded practices.

4.
PLoS One ; 13(7): e0192582, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29969441

RESUMO

This study proposes and discusses a multi-scale spatial planning method implemented simultaneously at local and national level to prioritize ecosystem management actions across landscapes and seascapes. Mismatches in scale between the occurrence of biodiversity patterns and ecological processes, and the size and nature of the human footprint, and the different levels and scope of governance, are a significant challenge in conservation planning. These scale mismatches are further confounded by data resolution disparities across and amongst the different scales. To address this challenge, we developed a multi-resolution scale-linked marine spatial planning method. We tested this approach in the development of a Conservation Plan for a significant portion of South Africa's exclusive economic zone, adjacent to the east coast province of KwaZulu-Natal (the SeaPlan project). The study's dataset integrated the geographic distribution of 390 biodiversity elements (species, habitats, and oceanographic processes) and 38 human activities. A multi-resolution system of planning unit layers (PUL), with individual PUs ranging in resolution from 0.2 to 10 km, was designed to arrange and analyse these data. Spatial priorities for conservation were selected incrementally at different scales, contributing conservation targets from the fine-, medium- and large-scale analyses, and from the coast to the offshore. Compared to a basic single-resolution scale-unlinked plan, our multi-resolution scale-linked method selects 6% less conservation area to achieve the same targets. Compared to a multi-resolution scale-unlinked plan, our method requires only an additional 5% area. Overall, this method reflects the multi-scale nature of marine social-ecological systems more realistically, is relatively simple and replicable, and serves to better connect fine-scale and large-scale spatial management policies. We discuss the impacts of this study on protected area expansion planning processes in South Africa. This study showcases a methodological advance that has the potential to impact marine spatial planning practices and policies.


Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Pesqueiros/organização & administração , Atividades Humanas/ética , Biologia Marinha/métodos , Oceanografia/métodos , Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Ecossistema , Humanos , Oceano Índico , África do Sul
5.
Bioscience ; 68(5): 359-370, 2018 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29731514

RESUMO

Designated large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs, 100,000 or more square kilometers) constitute over two-thirds of the approximately 6.6% of the ocean and approximately 14.5% of the exclusive economic zones within marine protected areas. Although LSMPAs have received support among scientists and conservation bodies for wilderness protection, regional ecological connectivity, and improving resilience to climate change, there are also concerns. We identified 10 common criticisms of LSMPAs along three themes: (1) placement, governance, and management; (2) political expediency; and (3) social-ecological value and cost. Through critical evaluation of scientific evidence, we discuss the value, achievements, challenges, and potential of LSMPAs in these arenas. We conclude that although some criticisms are valid and need addressing, none pertain exclusively to LSMPAs, and many involve challenges ubiquitous in management. We argue that LSMPAs are an important component of a diversified management portfolio that tempers potential losses, hedges against uncertainty, and enhances the probability of achieving sustainably managed oceans.

8.
Aust Nurs J ; 15(6): 3, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18159723
10.
Schizophr Res ; 92(1-3): 103-7, 2007 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17337161

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The treatment of psychotic disorders with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) has been linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Lowering low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) to individualized targets of 100, 130 or 160 mg/dl reduces the risk of CHD. We determined the prevalence of above-target LDL-C and its management during psychiatric hospitalization. METHODS: 364 hospitalized adults receiving SGAs underwent LDL-C target assessments. Records of patients with above-target LDL-C were searched for dietary or pharmacologic treatments and referrals for medical consultation. RESULTS: Above-target LDL-C levels were present in 100 (27.5%) patients and were associated with higher total cholesterol, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, older age, higher systolic blood pressure, smoking and male gender (r(2): 0.53; p<0.0001). Only 32.0% of these patients received appropriate interventions during hospital stays of 27.6+/-23.3 days. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of SGA-treated patients have above-target LDL-C, but do not receive interventions to reduce the risk of CHD.


Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Dislipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Doença das Coronárias/induzido quimicamente , Doença das Coronárias/epidemiologia , Demografia , Feminino , Humanos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Fatores de Risco
13.
Ann Surg ; 241(6): 929-38; discussion 938-40, 2005 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15912042

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: We will review the contribution to the Medicare Fee Schedule (MFS) by the techniques of intensity of work per unit of time (IWPUT), the building block methodology (BBM), and the work accomplished by the American College of Surgeons General Surgery Coding & Reimbursement Committee (GSCRC) in using IWPUT/BBM to detect undervalued surgical procedures and recommend payment increases. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The MFS has had a major impact on surgeons' income since its introduction in 1992 by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) and additionally has been adopted for use by many commercial insurers. A major component of MFS is physician work, measured as the relative value of work (RVW), which has 2 components: time and intensity. These components are incorporated by: RVW = time x intensity. METHODS: This work formula can be rearranged to give the IWPUT, which has become a powerful tool to calculate the amount of RVW performed by physicians. Most procedures are valued by the total RVW in the global surgical package, which includes pre-, intra-, and postoperative care for a time after surgery. Summing these perioperative components into RVW is called the building block methodology (BBM). RESULTS: Using these techniques, the GSCRC increased the values for 314 surgery procedures during a recent CMS 5-year review, resulting in an increase to general surgeons of roughly 76 million dollars annually. CONCLUSIONS: The use of IWPUT/BBM has been instrumental to correct payment for undervalued surgical procedures. They are powerful methods to measure RVW across specialties and to solve reimbursement, compensation, and practice management problems facing surgeons.


Assuntos
Tabela de Remuneração de Serviços , Cirurgia Geral/economia , Medicare Part B/economia , Escalas de Valor Relativo , Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. , Humanos , Médicos/economia , Mecanismo de Reembolso , Estados Unidos
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