Evaluating the relationship between adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and riding behavior of motorcyclists.

BACKGROUND: Motorcycling is one of the main causes of injury, and motorcyclists are vulnerable to road traffic injuries. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults is presumably one of the determinants of road traffic injuries and motorcyclists' risky behavior. Despite the few studies on the relationship between motorcycle injuries and adult ADHD, their association has not been investigated using standardized instruments. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between motorcyclists' adult ADHD and risky riding behaviors. METHODS: This community-based, cross-sectional study was performed on 340 motorcyclists in Bukan city, west Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2015 and 2016 using a cluster-random sampling in seven areas of the city. According to the city map used by Bukan's Health Centers, the city was divided into 14 clusters. Then, seven clusters (out of 14) were selected randomly. To reach the anticipated sample size, the data were collected from these seven clusters. In this study, the data collection instruments were: standard Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ), Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) questionnaire and a checklist designed by the researchers. The Stata 13 software package was used to analyze the collected data. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were performed to study the linear relationship between ADHD screening and MRBQ scores. RESULTS: All 340 participants were male and the mean age was 30.2 years (SD=9.1). In addition, 22.1% of motorcyclists had a history of motorcycle crash. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between risky riding behaviors and age, motorcycling records, and mean of riding hours per day (P-value less than 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed the correlation between ADHD and risky riding behaviors in all subscales (A, B, D) (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Those with a high ADHD screening score are more likely to have risky riding behaviors.

3-(3-Chloro-2-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde.

In the title compound, C(16)H(11)ClN(2)O(2), the pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 11.88 (13) and 22.33 (13)° with the 3-chloro-2-hy-droxy-benzene group and phenyl rings, respectively. The phenolic hy-droxy group forms an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond with the imine N atom of the pyrazole unit. The formyl group is virtually coplanar with the pyrazole ring [dihedral angle = 4.5 (19)°] and acts as an acceptor in an intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond closing seven-membered ring. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked through C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into infinite chains along the b axis.

8-Chloro-6-iodo-2-phenyl-chromeno[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one N,N-dimethyl-formamide monosolvate.

In the title compound, C(16)H(8)ClIN(2)O(2)·C(3)H(7)NO, the fused tricyclic pyrazolo-coumarin ring and the N-phenyl ring are almost coplanar, the dihedral angle between them being 1.86 (9)°. In the crystal, these rings stack on top of each other via π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.489 (2), 3.637 (2), 3.505 (2) and 3.662 (2) Å], forming infinite chains along the a axis. The chains are connected into layers parallel to ac plane through I⋯O inter-actions [3.0011 (18) Å] between pairs of symmetry-related mol-ecules. The DMF solvent mol-ecules are C-H⋯O bonded to this network.