Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Proliferative Activity of 4-2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-2-carbonyl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl) Hydrazine-1-carbothioamide: Ex-vivo and in vitro Study.

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, stimulates tumor growth and spread by delivering oxygen and nutrients, and is a key component of metastasis. This work aimed to evaluate the anti-angiogenic properties of a new synthesized compound. Rat aorta angiogenesis assay was used to evaluate the ability of the carbothioamide derivative to inhibit blood vessels sprouting. The tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the anti-proliferative effect of the synthetic compound on human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVECs) and A549 lung cancer cells line. The (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH was used to investigate the free radical scavenging action. The study showed that the compound has anti-angiogenic activity with IC50 56.9 µg/mL, moreover the compound managed to inhibit the proliferation of HUVECs and A549 cells (IC50 76.3 µg/mL and 45.5 µg/mL, respectively), and The IC50 concentration for free radical scavenging activity of the compound was 27.8 µg/ml. The study concluded that the compound has significant anti-angiogenic activity may be related to its significant anti-proliferative effect against HUVECs, these pharmacological effect may attributed to its potent free radical scavenging activity.

Novel 5-bromoindole-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as EGFR Inhibitors: Synthesis, Docking Study, and Structure Activity Relationship.

BACKGROUND: The indole backbone is encountered in a class of N-heterocyclic compounds with physiological and pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-HIV. These compounds are becoming increasingly popular in organic, medicinal, and pharmaceutical research. Nitrogen compounds' hydrogen bonding, dipole- dipole interactions, hydrophobic effects, Van der Waals forces, and stacking interactions have increased their relevance in pharmaceutical chemistry due to their improved solubility. Indole derivatives, such as carbothioamide, oxadiazole, and triazole, have been reported to act as anti-cancer drugs due to their ability to disrupt the mitotic spindle and prevent human cancer cell proliferation, expansion, and invasion. OBJECTIVES: To synthesize new 5-bromoindole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives that function as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors as deduced through molecular docking studies. METHODS: Different derivatives of indole (carbothioamide, oxadiazole, tetrahydro pyridazine-3,6-dione, and triazole) were synthesized and evaluated through different chemical, spectroscopic methods (IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and MS) and assessed in silico and in vitro for their antiproliferative activities against A549, HepG2, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. RESULTS: According to molecular docking analyses, compounds 3a, 3b, 3f, and 7 exhibited the strongest EGFR tyrosine kinase domain binding energies. In comparison to erlotinib, which displayed some hepatotoxicity, all of the evaluated ligands displayed good in silico absorption levels, did not appear to be cytochrome P450 inhibitors, and were not hepatotoxic. The new indole derivatives were found to decrease cell growth of three different types of human cancer cell lines (HepG2, A549, and MCF-7), with compound 3a being the most powerful while still being cancer-specific. Cell cycle arrest and the activation of apoptosis were the results of compound 3a's inhibition of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. CONCLUSION: The novel indole derivatives, compound 3a in particular, are promising anti-cancer agents which inhibit cell proliferation by inhibiting EGFR tyrosine kinase activity.