Economic growth, financial development, and trade in nexuses of CO2 emissions for Southeast Asia.

In energy economics literature, we found few studies on the association between environmental quality energy consumption and financial development. The current study is an attempt to contribute in literature by examining the link between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, financial development, energy consumption, and economic growth, in South East Asian economies for the period 1980-2017 using annual time series data. For empirical analysis, Bound tests for cointegration and error correction approach are used. The estimated results confirm that financial development has positive impact on environmental quality. On the other hand, in the long run, the rise in energy consumption economic growth and trade openness is unfavorable for environment quality. Our results confirm U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental quality that is a proof of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Additionally, the government needs to design different modes of energy consumption to solve the problem of environmental degradation. Moreover, the major conclusion extends new insight for authority to make a comprehensive trade and financial policies to improve environmental quality.

Revealing the environmental pollution in nexus of aviation transportation in SAARC region.

The environmental degradation has put serious concern among the nations at global level, yet contented measures are still lagged behind the prospective outcomes. This study is aimed at analyzing the existence of "aviation transportation Kuznets curve" together with "environmental Kuznets curve" in perspective of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the SAARC region during 1980 to 2018. The panel unit root test summary applied to panel data indicates the first difference order while panel fisher cointegration shows long-run association among the considered variables. The econometric results by fully modified least square (FMOLS) validate the existence of "inverted U-shaped" Kuznets curve for environment as (EKC) and aviation transported carriage (ATC) while "U shaped" aviation transported passenger (ATP) is observed in context to greenhouse gas (GHG). In addition, the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) exhibits "inverted U shaped" for aviation transportation while GDP has an increasing trend of "U-shaped" curve. The pairwise Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality shows unidirectional association from economic growth, trade openness, and aviation sector to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, it is an urgent need of the hour for the SAARC region to consider the sustainability of the environment by key sector. This analysis suggests that SAARC nations must focus on exploiting renewable energy means along with implementing fuel-saving traveler and merchandise expertise that thoroughly cuts the diesel fuel.