Radiation effect on stagnation point flow of Casson nanofluid past a stretching plate/cylinder.

The exclusive behaviour of nanofluid has been actively emphasized due to the determination of improved thermal efficiency. Hence, the aim of this study is to highlight the laminar boundary layer axisymmetric stagnation point flow of Casson nanofluid past a stretching plate/cylinder under the influence of thermal radiation and suction/injection. Nanofluid comprises water and Fe3O4 as nanoparticles. In this article, a novel casson nanofluid model has been developed and studied on stretchable flat plate or circular cylinder. Adequate rational assumptions (velocity components) are employed for the transformation of the governing partial-differential equations into a group of non-dimensional ordinary-differential formulas, which are then solved analytically. The momentum and energy equations are solved through the complementary error function method and scaling quantities. Using various figures, the effects of essential factors on the nanofluid flow, heat transportation, and Nusselt number, are determined and explored. From obtained results, it is observed that the velocity field diminishes owing to magnification in stretching parameter [Formula: see text] and Casson fluid parameter [Formula: see text]. The temperature field increases by amplifying radiation [Formula: see text], and solid volume fraction parameter [Formula: see text]. The research is applicable to developing procedures for electric-conductive nanomaterials, which have potential applications in aircraft, smart coating transport phenomena, industry, engineering, and other sectors.

Preservation of rooster post-thawed sperm epigenetic modifications, fertility potential and other quality parameters in different extenders using reduced glutathione.

Although rooster semen cryopreservation is an efficient procedure to spread qualified semen samples for reproductive goals, some post-thawed qualified semen samples resulted in poor fertility rate that could be related to epigenetic modifications during the cryopreservation process. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) in different cryopreservation extenders (Lake and Beltsville) on preservation of epigenetic modifications, fertility potential and other quality parameters of rooster sperm after thawing. Semen samples were collected and diluted in Lake and Beltsville extenders as follows: L-0: Lake without GSH, L-G: Lake with GSH, B-0: Beltsville without GSH, and B-G: Beltsville with GSH. After freeze-thawing process, sperm motility, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, viability, apoptosis status, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, ROS concentration, epigenetic modifications and fertility potential were evaluated. In results, the type of extender had no effect (P > 0.05) of post-thawed sperm quality. The treatments containing GSH presented higher (P ≤ 0.05) total motility, progressive motility, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, viability, DNA methylation, fertility as well as lower (P ≤ 0.05) lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and ROS concentration than other treatments. Extender supplementation with GSH had no effect (P > 0.05) on histone methylation, histone acetylation and hatching rate. In conclusion, supplementation of rooster sperm cryopreservation extender with GSH could be an effective strategy to preserve post-thawed sperm DNA methylation, fertility and other quality parameters during reproductive programs.

Electron beam driven ion-acoustic solitary waves in plasmas with two kappa-distributed electrons.

Formation and the basic features of arbitrary amplitude ion-acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) in a plasma consisting of warm positive ions, two [Formula: see text]-distributed electrons and an electron beam are investigated by using the Sagdeev pseudopotential approach. It is shown that the soliton existence domain (Mach number limits) sensitively depends on temperature of ions, spectral index of cool electrons and concentration of hot electron species while spectral index of hot electrons, hot-to-cool electron temperature ratio and also concentration of electron beam do not considerably affect this domain. It is also found that temperature of electron beam only affect the existence domain of rarefactive solitons. Furthermore, it is shown that considered plasma medium supports the coexistence of positive and negative IASWs. Moreover, effect of different plasma parameters such as hot-to-cool electron density ratio, ion-to-cool electron temperature ratio, beam-to-ion density ratio, hot-to-cool electron temperature ratio and superthermality index of electron species on the basic features of positive and negative IASWs is investigated numerically. Finally, the effect of plasma parameters on the parametric regime of coexistence of compressive and rarefactive IASWs is studied and, for example, effect of temperature of positive ions and number density of hot electrons on polarity of IASWs is numerically investigated.

Impact of Navier's slip and MHD on laminar boundary layer flow with heat transfer for non-Newtonian nanofluid over a porous media.

The current studies analytically summarize the impact of magnetohydrodynamic and thermal radiation on the non-Newtonian continuous uniform motion of viscid non-compressible nanofluid across a penetrable stretching/shrinking sheet, even though accomplish Navier's first and second order slips along mass transpiration. Blood-bearing silver and copper nanomaterials have distinct flow and heat transfer properties when exposed to heat. Silver (Ag) as well as copper (Cu) nanoparticles are assumed to be present in blood as the non-Newtonian liquid; this fluid serves as the base. We anticipate that the current study will be useful in fields including food, petrochemical products, and medicines, as well as blood circulation, and highly beneficial for patients who are dealing with blood clotting in the uterus, which may result in infertility or cancer, to evaluate the blood flow in the tube. Employing the similarity conversion technique, the ruling partial differential equations are modified into a couple of non-linear ordinary differential equations. Then the transformed ordinary differential equations are analytically solved with the Laplace transformation and expressed in terms of an incomplete gamma function. The current analytical results are compared to previous studies. It is addressed how several physical features such as magnetic field M, Navier's first and second order slip, permeability, Prandtl number Pr, and radiation parameter affect non-dimensional velocity as well as temperature patterns through graphs. The results obtained reveal that there is an enhancement in the rate of heat transfer with the rise in nanoparticle volume fraction and radiation. The temperature distribution is also influenced by the presence of Prandtl numbers, radiation, solid volume fraction, permeability, and slip conditions. This shows that the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles can be used to control the behaviour of heat transfer and nanofluid flows.

Impacts of organic manganese supplementation on blood mineral, biochemical, and hematology in Afshari Ewes and their newborn lambs in the transition period.

OBJECTIVE: Maternal mineral status, including manganese (Mn), is critical for fetal growth as well as the health of the newborn lamb. Consequently, it is essential to supply minerals at sufficient levels for the pregnant animal to achieve the development of the embryo and fetus during gestation. METHODS: The current research was conducted to investigate the impact of organic Mn supplementation on blood biochemical, other mineral and, hematology in Afshari ewes and their newborn lambs in the transition period. Twenty-four ewes were randomly divided into three groups with eight replications. The control group was fed with a diet without organic Mn. The other groups were fed a diet supplemented with 40 (recommended by the NRC) and 80 (twice-recommended by the NRC) mg/kg of DM organic Mn. RESULTS: In this study, the consumption of organic Mn caused a significant increase in ewes and lambs plasma Mn concentration. Moreover, in the groups mentioned, levels of glucose, insulin, and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased in both ewes and lambs. Concentrations of total protein and albumin were higher in ewes fed whit organic Mn. In both ewes and newborn lambs, the levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular concentration in groups fed with organic Mn raised. CONCLUSION: In general, the nutrition of organic Mn, improved factors of blood biochemical and hematology in ewes and their newborn lambs, and since the twice-recommended NRC level did not cause poisoning, it was recommended to supplement the diet with 80 mg of organic Mn per kg of DM.

Heat and mass transfer of micropolar liquid flow due to porous stretching/shrinking surface with ternary nanoparticles.

The present investigation is carried out to predict the flow characteristics of a micropolar liquid that is infused with ternary nanoparticles across a stretching/shrinking surface under the impact of chemical reactions and radiation. Here, three dissimilarly shaped nanoparticles (copper oxide, graphene and copper nanotubes) are suspended in H2O to analyse the characteristics of flow, heat and mass transfer. The flow is analysed using the inverse Darcy model, while the thermal analysis is based on the thermal radiation. Furthermore, the mass transfer is examined in light of the impact of first order chemically reactive species. The considered flow problem is modelled resulting with the governing equations. These governing equations are highly non linear partial differential equations. Adopting suitable similarity transformations partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. The thermal and mass transfer analysis comprises two cases: PST/PSC and PHF/PMF. The analytical solution for energy and mass characteristics is extracted in terms of an incomplete gamma function. The characteristics of a micropolar liquid are analysed for various parameters and presented through graphs. The impact of skin friction is also considered in this analysis. The stretching and rate of mass transfer have a large influence on the microstructure of a product manufactured in the industries. The analytical results produced in the current study seem to be helpful in the polymer industry for manufacturing stretched plastic sheets.

MHD Casson carbon nanotube flow with mass and heat transfer under thermosolutal Marangoni convection in a porous medium: analytical solution.

Current work portrays the flow of Marangoni convection Magneto hydrodynamics Casson fluid with carbon nanotubes under the effect of transpiration and radiation. The carbon nanotube particles namely water-single wall carbon nanotubes are inserted in the fluid to enhance better thermal efficiency. This type of flow problems is applicable for real life situations such as drying of silicon wafers, glues, crystal growth and heat exchangers and so on. The ordinary differential equations (ODEs) form of the result is yield to convert partial differential equations of the given equation by using similarity variables. Then this resulting ODEs are solved analytically, firstly using momentum equation to get solution domain and then by using this domain the energy equation solved to get the temperature profile in terms of Laguerre polynomial. Additionally, mass transpiration is also solved to get the concentration profile in terms of Laguerre polynomial. By using the different controlling parameters, the results can be discussed. And the effect of this parameters are discussed by using graphical arrangements. The newness of the present work is to explain the physically flow problem on the basis of chemically radiative thermosolutal Marangoni convective fluid.

Effect of Cattaneo-Christov approximation for viscoelastic fluid with carbon nanotubes on flow and heat transfer.

The current work studies the motion of viscoelastic liquid saturated with carbon nanotubes over a stretching surface in a Darcy porous medium analytically below an influence of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) act as nanoparticles which are then appended into the base fluid. Water and kerosene are used as a base fluid with two types of CNTs, namely, Single-wall carbon nanotubes and Multiwall carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes possess a wide range of industrial and biomedical applications including energy production, nuclear reactor cooling, and galaxy cooling applications because they can expand the thermal and mechanical properties of base things. As a result, the carbon nanotubes used in the mentioned fields are being investigated for their potential in heat transfer applications. Governing equations formulated using the Partial differential equations have converted to Ordinary differential equations exhausting the appropriate comparison transformation process. An influence of some relevant constraints on velocity and temperature is evaluated in details. The Cattaneo-Christov heat transfer model is utilized to investigate the heat transfer individualities with varying thermal conductivity consuming the attributes of the Appell hypergeometric function. The impacts of the emerging parameters on the profiles are depicted through graphical representations and analytically constructed tables. Considering its usefulness in modulating temperature distribution in different industrial application, including solar collector design, electronic cooling, building ventilation, etc. According to our findings, the temperature profile exhibits an enhancement with the thermal radiation parameter and the viscous-elastic fluids. In addition, when compared to the classical Fourier's law of heat conduction, the temperature profile and thermal boundary layer thickness for the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model are lower.

Improving the performance of mini-channel heat sink by using wavy channel and different types of nanofluids.

The combination of nano fluid and changing cross-section mini-channel heat sink effects have become a remarkable choice for the use of thermal devices such as miniature electronic devices to be effectively cooled. In this paper, the comparison of three dimensional straight and wavy channel configuration with using different types nano fluids are numerically investigated. The effects of wave amplitude and A particular type of volume fraction of (Copper Oxide CuO, Dimond Al2O3, Iron Oxide Fe3O4, Titanium Oxide TiO2 and Silver Ag-nano fluids are offered. Three amplitudes of waves (0.15 mm, 0.2 mm and 0.25 mm) and Reynold's number from 200 to 1000 and concentration volume varieties from 0 to 0.075 are used. The effect on thermal resistance, pressures drop, factor of friction of the mini channel is displayed. It is observed that the mini-channel sink's heat transfer efficiency is greatly enhanced compared to the straight channel in an event of adding distilled water as accoolant. The results indicate that nano fluid and wavy mini-channel can boost the heat sink's hydrothermal efficiency and Ag- water nano fluid in term of heat transfer, it outperforms other nanofluids an enhancement in the Nusselt number reached to 54% at concentration volume 0.075.

Characteristics of plasma sheath in multi-component plasmas with three-ion species.

The plasma sheath of a three ion species plasma is studied numerically, relying on the results of the experiment by Yip et al. (Phys. Plasmas 23:050703 (2016) to measure the positive ion velocities at the sheath edge. The positive ion species ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) are assumed to be singly charged and to be characterized by the same temperature. It is shown that the sheath characteristics, viz. the particle number densities, the electrostatic potential and the space charge density profile in the sheath all depend on the [Formula: see text] concentration that is gradually added to the argon-xenon plasma as the third positive ion species. Also, the effect of ion-neutral collisions on the sheath properties is investigated numerically. Our results may be extended to a multi-ion plasma with more than two species of positive ions.

Investigation of sheath properties in a warm plasma with two kappa-distributed electrons and monoenergetic electron beam.

Sheath formation criterion of an electropositive plasma consisting of singly charged positive ions, two kappa-distributed electron species with different effective temperatures and a monoenergetic electron beam is investigated by the Sagdeev potential approach. Using this criterion, effects of electron beam, superthermality of electron species as well as temperature and concentration of positive ions on the sheath properties are studied numerically. It is shown that the temperature of positive ions, concentration and superthermality of electron species and presence of electron beam affect Bohm velocity of positive ions. Also, it is observed that density distribution of the charged particles and sheath thickness increase in the presence of electron beam. In addition, it is found that with increasing the ion temperature, the sheath width and density distribution of the charged particles in the sheath area decrease.

MHD mixed convection and entropy generation of CNT-water nanofluid in a wavy lid-driven porous enclosure at different boundary conditions.

In this study, Galerkin Finite Element Method or GFEM is used for the modeling of mixed convection with the entropy generation in wavy lid-driven porous enclosure filled by the CNT-water nanofluid under the magnetic field. Two different cases of boundary conditions for hot and cold walls are considered to study the fluid flow (streamlines) and heat transfer (local and average Nusselt numbers) as well as the entropy generation parameters. Richardson (Ri), Darcy (Da), Hartmann angle (γ), Amplitude (A), Number of peaks (N), Volume fraction (φ), Heat generation factor (λ), Hartmann number (Ha) and Reynolds number (Re) are studied parameters in this study which results indicated that at low Richardson numbers (< 1) increasing the inclined angle of magnetic field, decreases the Nu numbers, but at larger Richardson numbers (> 1) it improves the Nu numbers.

Peracetic acid activity on biofilm formed by Escherichia coli isolated from an industrial water system.

One of the major problems in industrial water systems is the generation of biofilm, which is resistant to antimicrobial agents and causes failure of sanitization policy. This work aimed to study the anti-biofilm activity of peracetic acid (PAA) at contact times and temperatures combinations. To this end, a 96-well microtiter-based calorimetric method was applied in in vitro biofilm production using Escherichia coli, isolated from the water supply system of a pharmaceutical plant. The phenotypic and phylogenetic tests confirmed that the isolated bacteria belong to strains of Escherichia coli. The anti-biofilm activity of peracetic acid on formed biofilm was investigated at concentrations of 0·15-0·5% for a contact time of 5-15 min at 20-60°C. The maximum biofilm formation by MTP method using an Escherichia coli isolate was achieved in 96-h incubation in TSB containing wells at 37°C. Biofilm formation rate shown to be high by the environmental isolate compared with that of standard strain. PAA at concentrations above 0·25%, the temperature of 40°C and a minimum of 10 min of contact time was effective in the eradication of biofilm in an MTP-based system.

The MHD Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow and mass transfer analysis due to super-linear stretching sheet embedded in porous medium.

The steady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) incompressible hybrid nanofluid flow and mass transfer due to porous stretching surface with quadratic velocity is investigated in the presence of mass transpiration and chemical reaction. The basic laminar boundary layer equations for momentum and mass transfer, which are non-linear partial differential equations, are converted into non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformation. The mass equation in the presence of chemical reaction is a differential equation with variable coefficients, which is transformed to a confluent hypergeometric differential equation. The mass transfer is analyzed for two different boundary conditions of concentration field that are prescribed surface concentration (PSC) and prescribed mass flux (PMF). The asymptotic solution of concentration filed for large Schmidt number is analyzed using Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin (WKB) method. The parameters influence the flow are suction/injection, superlinear stretching parameter, porosity, magnetic parameter, hybrid nanofluid terms, Brinkman ratio and the effect of these are analysed using graphs.

Sheath properties in active magnetized multi-component plasmas.

Multi-component active plasmas are modeled in the presence of a constant oblique magnetic field by using the hydrodynamics equations. Assuming the electrons and negative ions have Boltzmann distribution and the positive ions have finite temperature, the sheath formation criterion is derived by analyzing the Sagdeev potential. It is found that the Bohm velocity of positive ions depends sensitively on the plasma parameters such as ion-neutral collision frequency, electron impact ionization frequency, positive and negative ion temperatures, initial densities of the charged particles and direction of the applied magnetic field. Also, using our obtained Bohm criterion, the sheath properties of an active magnetized plasma consisting of electrons and positive and negative ion species are investigated numerically and the results are compared with the results of a similar quiescent plasma.

Magnetic nanofluid behavior including an immersed rotating conductive cylinder: finite element analysis.

In this paper, numerical Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM) is applied for conjugate heat-transfer of a rotating cylinder immersed in Fe3O4-water nanofluid under the heat-flux and magnetic field. The outer boundaries of the cavity were maintained at low temperatures while beside the cylinder were insulated. It is assumed that the cylinder rotates in both clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. The dimensionless governing equations such as velocity, pressure, and temperature formulation were analyzed by the GFEM. The results were evaluated using the governing parameters such as nanoparticles (NPs) volume fraction, Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers, magnetic field angle and NPs shapes. As a main result, the average Nusselt number increases by increasing the NPs volume fraction, inclination angle and thermal conductivity ratios, while increasing the Hartmann number decreased the Nusselt number. Furthermore, platelet NPs had the maximum average Nusselt number and spherical NPs made the minimum values of Nusselt numbers among examined NPs shapes.

Fabrication and characterization of hybrid sodium montmorillonite/TiO2 reinforced cross-linked wheat starch-based nanocomposites.

In this work, a novel cross-linked wheat starch (CLWS)-based ternary nanocomposite films with incorporation of sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) (3%-7% wt.) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) (1%-4% wt.) nanoparticles were fabricated using casting method. CLWS film exhibited better physical, mechanical and thermal properties compared with the native wheat starch (NWS) film. Incorporation of the nanoparticles into the film solution resulted in a decrease in water vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility (WS), moisture content (MC) of the films, whereas density increased. Nano-TiO2 blocked the UV light effectively and >99% of UV was removed by the film containing 4% TiO2. Affecting by the addition of nanomaterials, the amounts of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Young's modulus (YM) values enhanced, while elongation at break (EB) ones diminished. By the Furrier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, the creation of new hydrogen bonds between the starch's hydroxyl groups and nanomaterials was confirmed. Formation of a completely exfoliated structure for CLWS/Na-MMT/TiO2 nanocomposites was proved by XRD. SEM micrographs exhibited appropriate dispersion of nanomaterials through the films surface particularly at lower concentrations. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that the addition of nanomaterials especially TiO2 improved the thermal stability of the nanocomposite films.

Computer simulation of MHD blood conveying gold nanoparticles as a third grade non-Newtonian nanofluid in a hollow porous vessel.

In this paper, heat transfer and flow analysis for a non-Newtonian third grade nanofluid flow in porous medium of a hollow vessel in presence of magnetic field are simulated analytically and numerically. Blood is considered as the base third grade non-Newtonian fluid and gold (Au) as nanoparticles are added to it. The viscosity of nanofluid is considered a function of temperature as Vogel's model. Least Square Method (LSM), Galerkin method (GM) and fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical method (NUM) are used to solve the present problem. The influences of the some physical parameters such as Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters on non-dimensional velocity and temperature profiles are considered. The results show that increasing the thermophoresis parameter (N(t)) caused an increase in temperature values in whole domain and an increase in nanoparticles concentration just near the inner wall of vessel. Furthermore by increasing the MHD parameter, velocity profiles decreased due to magnetic field effect.

Family history of diabetes modifies the effect of blood pressure for incident diabetes in Middle Eastern women: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Elevated blood pressure (BP) may lead to incident diabetes. However, data about the effect of different BP components on incident diabetes in Middle Eastern women is lacking. We evaluated systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) as independent predictors of diabetes in Iranian women. We performed a population-based prospective study among 3028 non-diabetic women, aged ≥20 years. Odds ratios (ORs) of diabetes were calculated for every 1 s.d. increase in SBP, DBP, PP and MAP. During ≈6 years of follow-up, 220 women developed diabetes. There were significant interactions between family history of diabetes and SBP, PP and MAP (P≤0.01) in predicting incident diabetes. In women without a family history of diabetes, all BP components were significantly associated with diabetes in the age-adjusted model; the risk factor-adjusted ORs were significant (P<0.05) for SBP, PP and MAP (1.30, 1.34 and 1.27, respectively) with similar predictive ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ≈83%). In women with family history of diabetes, in the age-adjusted model, SBP, DBP and MAP were associated with diabetes; in multivariable model, they were not independent predictors of diabetes. In conclusion, in women without family history of diabetes, SBP, PP and MAP, were independent predictors of diabetes with almost similar predictive ability; hence, in the evaluation of the risk of BP components for prediction of diabetes, the presence of family history of diabetes should be considered.

Triglycerides and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio are strong predictors of incident hypertension in Middle Eastern women.

Dyslipidemia has been reported as a risk factor for incident hypertension in a few prospective studies, however, no study has specifically assessed different lipid measures including the lipid ratios, that is, total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs)/HDL-C as predictors of hypertension among Middle Eastern women with high prevalences of dyslipidemia and hypertension. The study population consisted of 2831 non-hypertensive women, aged ≥ 20 years. We measured lipoproteins, and calculated non-HDL-C and the lipid ratios. The risk-factor-adjusted odds ratios for incident hypertension were calculated for every 1 standard deviation (s.d.) change in TC, log-transformed TG, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C and log-transformed TG/HDL-C using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Over a mean follow-up of 6.4 years, 397 women developed hypertension. An increase of 1 s.d. in TG, TC/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C increased the risk of incident hypertension by 16, 19 and 18%, respectively, and 1 s.d. increase in HDL-C decreased the risk of hypertension by 14% in the multivariable model (all P ≤ 0.05). In models excluding women with diabetes and central or general obesity, TG, TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C remained as independent predictors of incident hypertension. In conclusion, dyslipidemia, using serum TG and TG/HDL-C, in particular, may be useful in identification of women at risk of hypertension, even in those without diabetes and central or general obesity.