Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccine in chronic hepatitis B patients.

AIM: The aim was to compare SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in chronic hepatitis B patients and healthcare personnel selected as the control group and to determine factors such as age, gender, vaccine type, and number of vaccines that may affect the antibody levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 87 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients followed in Ankara Training and Research Hospital Infectious Diseases Clinic and Mamak State Hospital Infectious Diseases outpatient clinic and 89 healthcare personnel selected as the control group were included in the study.SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in the serum samples of patients and healthcare personnel who received the COVID-19 vaccine were studied with the ELISA method in the Microbiology Laboratory of Ankara Training and Research Hospital, using a commercial ELISA kit (Abbott, USA) in line with the recommendations of the manufacturer. In the study, SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were compared in CHB patients and healthcare personnel. In addition, the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 antibody level, gender, average age, natural history of the disease, number of vaccinations, vaccine type (Coronavac TM vaccine alone, BNT162b2 vaccine alone or Coronavac TM and BNT162b2 vaccine (heterologous vaccination)), treatment duration of CHB was investigated. Statistical analyses were made in the SPSS program. A value of p≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. FINDINGS: A total of 167 people, including 87 CKD patients and 80 healthcare personnel as the control group, were included in the study. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels were detected above the cut-off level in the entire study group, regardless of the vaccine type. No difference was detected in SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers after COVID-19 vaccination between CHB patients and healthcare personnel. There was a statistically significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels among individuals participating in the study according to vaccine types. Compared to those who received Coronavac TM vaccine alone, the average SARS-CoV-2 IgG level was found to be statistically significantly higher in those who received BNT162b2 vaccine alone or heterologous vaccination with Coronavac TM + BNT162b2 vaccine. There was no difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, number of vaccinations, natural transmission of the disease, and duration of antiviral therapy in the CHD patient group. CONCLUSION: As a result, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels above the cut-off value were achieved with Coronavac TM and BNT162b2 vaccines in both CHD patients and healthy control groups. however, both CHD patients and healthcare personnel had higher antibody levels than those who received BNT162b2 alone or those who received heterologous vaccination had higher antibody levels than those with Coronavac TM alone. Therefore, if there are no contraindications, BNT162b2 vaccine may be preferred in CHB and health personnel (Tab. 2, Ref. 14).

Headache caused by the use of personal protective equipment in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

Objective: Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), the cause of the ongoing pandemic, is an acute respiratory tract infection, which has made it necessary for healthcare personnel to use protective equipment such as N95 masks, protective goggles and visors. External compression headaches caused by the compression of the pericranial soft tissues by wearing hats, helmets, or goggles (worn during swimming or diving) have been previously described. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the presence and characteristics of personal protective equipment-associated headaches in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic period and to determine the effects of such headaches. Materials and methods: A face-to-face questionnaire was delivered to 300 male and female healthcare personnel between the ages of 18-56 working in healthcare units where COVID-19 patients were evaluated and treated. The data from 296 completed questionnaires was evaluated. Results: We included 296 participants (166 females and 130 males) in our study; the mean age was 33.98 ± 8.52 years (range 18-56). One hundred ninety-six (66.22%) participants indicated that they had new onset personal protective equipment-associated headaches. Percentages of those with newly emergent headaches because of protective equipment were higher in the following participant groups: females (p = 0.045), those with COVID-19 disease history (p < 0.001), and those diagnosed with headaches before the pandemic (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Our study showed the presence of new-onset headaches associated with personal protective equipment in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal protective equipment-related headaches were associated with the following factors: female sex, a history of COVID-19 disease, and the presence of primary headaches diagnosed before the pandemic.

Assessment of Pulmonary Arterial Hemodynamic and Vascular Changes by Pulmonary Pulse Transit Time in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary arterial hypertension and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a well-known association. Pulmonary pulse transit time (pPTT) is a recent echocardiographic marker that might be used for evaluation of pulmonary arterial stiffness (PAS) in patients with HIV infection. We aimed to investigate whether pPTT elevated in patients with HIV infection compared to healthy controls and its association with echocardiographic indices of right ventricular functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty HIV (+) patients from infectious disease outpatient clinics and fifty age- and sex-matched HIV (-) healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. pPTT was measured from pulmonary vein flow velocity as the time interval between the R-wave in the electrocardiography and corresponding peak late systolic was then calculated as the mean from two separate pw-Doppler measurements. RESULTS: pPTT, tricuspid annular peak systolic excursion (TAPSE) and right ventricle fractional area change (FAC) were significantly lower in patients with HIV than control patients (177.1 ± 34.9 vs. 215.7 ± 35.7 msn, P < 0.001; 2.33 ± 0.28 vs. 2.19 ± 0.22, P = 0.039; 45 [4.25] vs. 41.1 [4.0], P = 0.032, respectively). pPTT was positively correlated with FAC, TAPSE and cluster of differentiation 4 count (r = 0.210; P = 0.036, r = 0.256; P = 0.041, r = 0.304; P = 0.044, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that pPTT, TAPSE, and right ventricle FAC levels were lower in patients with HIV infection. pPTT is an important predictor in patients with HIV expected to develop pulmonary vascular pathology.

Changes in antimicrobial resistance and outcomes of health care-associated infections.

To describe the change in the epidemiology of health care-associated infections (HAI), resistance and predictors of fatality we conducted a nationwide study in 24 hospitals between 2015 and 2018. The 30-day fatality rate was 22% in 2015 and increased to 25% in 2018. In BSI, a significant increasing trend was observed for Candida and Enterococcus. The highest rate of 30-day fatality was detected among the patients with pneumonia (32%). In pneumonia, Pseudomonas infections increased in 2018. Colistin resistance increased and significantly associated with 30-day fatality in Pseudomonas infections. Among S. aureus methicillin, resistance increased from 31 to 41%.

Comparison of colistin monotherapy and non-colistin combinations in the treatment of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter spp. bloodstream infections: a multicenter retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of colistin (COL) monotherapy versus non-COL based combinations in the treatment of bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to multidrug resistant Acinetobacter spp.(MDR-A). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective data of 107 MDR-A BSI cases from 27 tertiary centers in Turkey were included. PRIMARY END-POINT: 14-day mortality. SECONDARY END-POINTS: Microbial eradication and clinical improvement. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients in the COL monotherapy (CM) group and 71 in the non-COL based combinations (NCC) group were included in the study. Mean age was 59.98 ± 20 years (range: 18-89) and 50.5% were male. Median duration of follow-up was 40 days (range: 9-297). The 14-day survival rates were 52.8% in CM and 47.23% in NCC group (P = 0.36). Microbiological eradication was achieved in 69% of CM and 83% of NCC group (P = 0.13). Treatment failure was detected in 22.9% of cases in both CM and NCC groups. Univariate analysis revealed that mean age (P = 0.001), Charlson comorbidity index (P = 0.03), duration of hospital stay before MDR-A BSI (P = 0.04), Pitt bacteremia score (P = 0.043) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = 0.05) were significant in terms of 14-day mortality. Advanced age (P = 0.01) and duration of hospital stay before MDR-A BSI (P = 0.04) were independently associated with 14-day mortality in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was detected between CM and non-COL based combinations in the treatment of MDR-A BSIs in terms of efficacy and 14-day mortality.

Sonographic findings in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

OBJECTIVES: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has been endemic in Turkey since 2002. Some radiologic findings are considered common by clinicians and radiologists. In this regard, we aimed to assess the sonographic findings in patents with CCHF in a pilot study to obtain basic knowledge for planning further controlled studies. METHODS: An observational descriptive study was planned. Patients with a CCHF diagnosis monitored by the infectious diseases department of a tertiary care hospital were included. Sonographic examinations were conducted by 2 radiologists for each patient, and the findings were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with CCHF were included. Hepatomegaly (40%), splenomegaly (28%), paraceliac lymphadenopathy (48%), gallbladder wall thickening (36%), increased echogenicity in the renal parenchyma (40%), and fluid/effusion in the perihepatic, perisplenic, pleural, and hepatorenal recesses of the subhepatic space (Morison pouch) as well as between the intestinal loops (52%) were the primary findings. A decrease in the gallbladder wall thickening and limited resorption of intraperitoneal and pleural effusion were noted during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatosplenomegaly, paraceliac lymphadenopathy, and gallbladder wall thickening as well as intraperitoneal and pleural effusion were the primary findings in CCHF, and they became prominent on the third day of the disease in some patients. The relationship between sonographic findings and disease severity will be investigated in an upcoming study.

A case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever with normal laboratory findings.

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by Nairovirus, of the family Bunyaviridae. This is the first case report of a confirmed CCHF case without laboratory abnormality. A 36-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with the complaints of fever, chills, myalgia and vomiting. She was living in a CCHF-endemic region and had received a tick bite ten days previously. Her complaints had started five days after the tick bite, and bleeding of the nose and vagen followed. Under laboratory analysis, serum white blood cell (WBC) was 7300/mm3, haemoglobin (Hb)11.9 gr/dL, platelet (Plt) count 293000/mm3, aspartate transaminase (AST) was 23 U/L, alanine transaminase (ALT) 14 U/L, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 139 U/L, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) 39 U/L, INR 0.8 and APTT 26.2 seconds. Based on these clinical and epidemiological findings, a diagnosis of CCHF infection was suspected, and the diagnosis of CCHF was confirmed with a blood sample tested by TaqMan-based one-step RT-PCR positivity and IgM antibody positivity. We suggest that patients from an endemic region who have typical epidemiological and clinical findings should be evaluated as a possible case for CCHF even if the laboratory findings are not compatible.

Plasmodium falciparum malaria case originating from Uganda.

Malaria is the fifth infection leading to death in the world. Plasmodium species is the malarial parasite that infects human cells. The five species of the human Plasmodium parasites are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. Recently, the World Health Organization reported that Uganda has the world's highest malaria incidence, with a rate of 478 cases per 1000 population per year. In this article, a patient who had specific clinical signs and symptoms of malaria after work-related travel to Uganda has been evaluated. The major clinical findings of the patient were chills and fever. After examination of thin and thick blood smears prepared from the peripheral blood of the patient, P. falciparum parasites were observed. Cerebral malaria was suspected as the patient's consciousness, orientation and cooperation had deteriorated. No Plasmodium was seen in control blood smears after treatment.

Evaluation of clinical and laboratory predictors of fatality in patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in a tertiary care hospital in Turkey.

The fatality rate of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) disease has been reported as 5.4-80%. In this prospective study our aim was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory predictors of fatality in patients with CCHF. Among probable CCHF patients admitted to our clinic between 2005 and 2008, patients with positive IgM antibodies and/or polymerase chain reaction for CCHF virus were included in the study. To determine the predictors of fatality, we compared epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings of the fatal cases with survivors. Ninety-three confirmed CCHF patients were included in the study; 56 (60.2%) of them were female. Mean patient age was 48.4+/-17.7 y and mean hospital stay was 7.9+/-3.0 days. Five patients died (5.4%). The rates of haemorrhage, diarrhoea and confusion were higher in fatal cases compared with non-fatal cases (p<0.05). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein levels were higher in fatal cases; the international normalized ratio (INR) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were longer and mean platelet counts were lower (p<0.05). By multivariate analysis, diarrhoea, melena, haematemesis, haematuria, elevated ALT and LDH, and prolongation of aPTT were independent clinical and laboratory predictors associated with fatality. We suggest that for patients who have diarrhoea, melena, haematemesis, haematuria, elevated AST and LDH, and a prolonged aPTT, physicians should be aware of the high fatality risk.

[A case of vancomycin resistant Leuconostoc meningitis]. / Vankomisine dirençli bir Leuconostoc menenjiti olgusu.

Although Leuconostoc species are rarely pathogenic for humans, they may sometimes give rise to serious infections. In this report, a case of meningitis caused by vancomycin resistant Leuconostoc spp. was reported. Fifty-seven years old female patient was admitted to the hospital with the complaints of headache and sudden onset of unconsciousness and hospitalized in the neurosurgery department because of subarachnoidal hemorrhage. Patient was followed up with dexamethasone treatment and daily lumbar puncture without any surgical intervention. The findings of hemorrhage were receded in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the consciousness of the patient improved gradually. However, on the ninth day of the hospitalization, the patient became febrile and confused; white blood cell count was 7920/mm3, protein level was 1952 mg/l in the CSF examination. Nosocomial meningitis was diagnosed and empirical treatment with ceftazidime (3 x 2 g/day) and vancomycin (4 x 500 mg/day) was started. CSF culture revealed growth of gram-positive cocci which were identified as Leuconostoc spp. by VITEK 2 Compact (Biomerieux, France) and Phoenix Instrument (Becton-Dickinson, USA) systems. Since the isolate was found susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefepime, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin and linezolid, and resistant to vancomycin by disk diffusion and miniAPI ATB STREP 5 (Biomerieux, France) methods, the treatment was switched to linezolid (2 x 600 mg/day). Vancomycin and teicoplanin resistance was confirmed by E-test. The treatment was continued with linezolid and the patient's clinical condition improved after 14 days of treatment. The possible way of Leuconostoc transmission in this case was thought to be the lumbar punctures performed during the follow-up of subarachnoid hemorrhage. This presentation which demonstrated that Leuconostoc spp. might rarely lead to meningitis, also pointed out that when a vancomycin resistant gram-positive coccus was identified, Leuconostoc spp. should always be kept in mind.

Three cases of anicteric leptospirosis from Turkey: mild to severe complications.

Leptospirosis is an acute generalized infectious disease, caused by spirochaetes, Leptospira interrogans. The severity of the disease ranges from an asymptomatic subclinical course to a fatal outcome. The three cases presented here were diagnosed serologically and had thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure as complication of anicteric leptospirosis. Our first case admitted with clinical presentation of pneumonia but clinical progress and laboratory findings made us to consider leptospirosis. The other two cases presented with aseptic meningitis were diagnosed as anicteric leptospirosis by the serological test results. One of the cases had fatal outcome but could not be strictly correlated with leptospirosis.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced rash and fatal hematologic disorders.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a combination chemotherapeutic agent, a commonly used antibiotic. Adverse drug reactions occur in 6-8% of patients. Although, the most common adverse reactions include mild gastrointestinal distress and cutaneous events, also a wide range of hematological abnormalities have been ascribed to TMP-SMX. We report a 40-year-old male patient who developed an early onset neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, generalised rash and oral candidiasis after 5 days long TMP-SMX therapy. Although generalised rash may seen more and improves with discontinuation of the therapy; severe neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and oral candidiasis are seen very rare and rarely leads to fatality as it was in our case. Despite thrombocyte transfusions, whole blood transfusions, red cell concentrates and filgrastim therapy we lost our patient. We want to underline that although the TMP-SMX combination is usually well tolerated it can also lead to fatal complications.

[Evaluation of Brucella tube agglutination test in patients with brucellosis, patients with bacterial infections other than brucellosis and healthy subjects]. / Brusellozisli hastalar ile brusellozis disi bakteriyel enfeksiyonu olan hasta ve saglikli kontrollerde Brucella tüp aglütinasyon testinin degerlendirilmesi.

Results obtained by standard tube agglutination (STA) test which is the most widely used serological method for brucellosis, are often evaluated together with the clinical and microbiological findings, and the titers of > or = 1/160 are generally accepted as an indicator of acute infection. However, cross reactions with some other bacteria may lead to false positive results in this test. In this study, the performance of STA test in the diagnosis of brucellosis has been evaluated by using serum samples obtained from 40 culture positive brucellosis patients, 54 patients with bacterial infections other than brucellosis and 40 healthy blood donors. The distribution of infections and number of patients were as follows; urinary infection (n: 16), salmonellosis (n: 15), bacterial meningitis (n: 5), tuberculosis (n: 4), pneumoniae (n: 3), osteomyelitis (n: 3), infective endocarditis (n: 2), peritonitis (n: 2), diabetic foot infection (n: 2), acute cholecystitis (n: 1), and catheter infection (n: 1). STA were positive in all of the brucellosis patients between the titers of 1/160-1/1280 (mean: 1/640), whereas STA were found negative in all of the healthy subjects. Nevertheless two patients whose stool cultures yielded Salmonella spp., one patient whose urine culture yielded E. coli, one patient whose diabetic foot lesion culture yielded group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, exhibited STA positivity at the titers of 1/160. There was no history of brucellosis or presence of co-infections in the patients with non-brucellosis infections and blood donors. In conclusion, cross reactions due to the presence of other bacterial infections should be considered for the evaluation of Brucella STA test results, together with the endemicity of the country of interest and seropositivity rate of the population.

Pulmonary involvement in brucellosis.

OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary involvement is a rare manifestation of brucellosis. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and forms of pulmonary involvement in the course of brucellosis. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out in 110 patients with brucellosis. All the patients were evaluated with their pulmonary symptoms, physical examination and chest radiography. If pulmonary pathologic findings were present, patients underwent additional diagnostic evaluations including computerized tomography of the thorax and pulmonary function tests. RESULTS: From 110 patients, 11 (six females and five males) were diagnosed as pulmonary brucellosis. Eight of 11 patients had pulmonary symptoms including cough, sputum and dyspnoea. Radiologic findings were parenchymal nodules, lobar pneumonia, paratracheal lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion. At the end of the treatment of brucellosis, clinical findings of pulmonary involvement were recovered in all patients except four dyspnoeic patients who had coexisting COPD. Radiological findings were normal in three and improved in four patients after 6 months of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary involvement is a rare event in the course of brucellosis. But especially in endemic regions, brucellosis should never be forgotten as a causative agent in patients with pulmonary symptoms.

[Case report: a case of tularemia with delayed diagnosis]. / Olgu sunumu: Geq tani konulan bir tularemi olgusu.

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. In this report, a tularemia case who was living in a non-endemic area, has been presented. A 24 years old female patient with multiple cervical lymphadenitis has been admitted to the outpatient clinic of Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. Her complaints started two months ago as signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. As she had received non-specific treatment (amoxycillin clavulanate; 2x 1g/day) ineffective against F. tularensis, lymph nodes were suppurated. The diagnosis was made serologically, microagglutination test was positive at a titer of 1/160. The antimicrobial therapy (streptomycin; 1x1 gr im, doxycycline; 2x100 mg/day) was prolonged to four weeks, according to the clinical response of suppurated lymph nodes. It can be concluded that, early diagnosis and treatment of tularemia are important to prevent abscess formation, and patients with delayed diagnosis may benefit from prolonged therapy.

Unusual clinical presentations of brucellosis.

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to atypical presentations of brucellosis. A prospective study identified 240 consecutive patients with brucellosis admitted to our department between December 1999 and July 2002. From these cases we present 11 patients with unusual clinical presentations. Neurobrucellosis, peritonitis, pericarditis, pancytopenia, and uveitis were diagnosed in 2 patients each and 1 presented with epididymo-orchitis.