RESUMO
Antibiotic resistance is rising to dangerously high levels throughout the world. To cope with this problem, scientists are working on CRISPR-based research so that antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be killed and attacked almost as quickly as antibiotic-sensitive bacteria. Nuclease activity is found in Cas9, which can be programmed with a specific target sequence. This mechanism will only attack pathogens in the microbiota while preserving commensal bacteria. This article portrays the delivery methods used in the CRISPR-Cas system, which are both viral and non-viral, along with its implications and challenges, such as microbial dysbiosis, off-target effects, and failure to counteract intracellular infections. CRISPR-based systems have a lot of applications, such as correcting mutations, developing diagnostics for infectious diseases, improving crops productions, improving breeding techniques, etc. In the future, CRISPR-based systems will revolutionize the world by curing diseases, improving agriculture, and repairing genetic disorders. Though all the drawbacks of the technology, CRISPR carries great potential; thus, the modification and consideration of some aspects could result in a mind-blowing technique to attain all the applications listed and present a game-changing potential.
RESUMO
Nearly 15 billion metric tons of fossil fuels are consumed each year all over the world resulting in the depletion of non-renewable energy resources day by day therefore in the coming years, the shortage and price hikes of these fuels are inevitable. On the other hand, the global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Thus, there is a dire need for developing the alternatives to meet these energy needs. Biomass is seen as a significant alternative energy source to fossil fuels from this standpoint. The main bottle neck in utilizing the biomass for this purpose is the lack of an efficient conversion or pretreatment technology which prompted scientists to delve into novel stepwise biomass conversion technologies. This review article encompasses various methods for the processing the algal biomass to generate potential biobased products such as algal crude oil, biogas, and fuel alcohols. Among the various techniques of thermochemical conversion of algal biomass, hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification are the most sustainable ones. Furthermore, anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass is the commercially workable technique providing biogas and biohydrogen. Future generations may find algal biofuels to be low-cost and ecologically benign alternative to fossil fuels. This review is a connotative illustration of the conversion technologies for algal biomass, which includes both thermochemical and biochemical processes. It also highlights the salient features along with the limitations of each of these technologies and bearing in mind the expansion of a superstructure depiction to capture the various biomass feedstocks and employment techniques for the generated bioenergy through various biomass conversion technologies.