RESUMO
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a highly inherited neurodevelopmental disorder. Previous genetic research has linked ADHD to certain genes in the dopaminergic synaptic pathway. Nonetheless, research on this relationship has produced varying results across various populations. China is a multi-ethnic country with its own unique genetic characteristics. Therefore, such a population can provide useful information about the relationship between gene polymorphisms in dopaminergic synaptic pathways and ADHD. This study looked at the genetic profiles of 284 children in China's Xinjiang. In total, 142 ADHD children and 142 control subjects were enrolled. Following the extraction of DNA from oral mucosal cells, 13 SNPs for three candidate genes (SLC6A3, DRD2, and GRIN2B) in the dopaminergic synaptic pathway of ADHD were screened. Based on the results of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses, we found that the DRD2 gene variants rs6277 and rs6275, and the SLC6A3 gene variant rs2652511, were significantly associated with ADHD in boys and girls, respectively, after adjusting for false discovery rate (FDR) in terms of allele frequencies. Furthermore, our generalized multifactorial downscaling approach identified a significant association between rs6275 and rs1012586. These findings suggest that DRD2 and SLC6A3 genes have a crucial role in ADHD susceptibility. Additionally, we observed that the interaction between GRIN2B and DRD2 genes may contribute to the susceptibility of Chinese children with ADHD.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina , Receptores de Dopamina D2 , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Dopamina/genética , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genética , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To study the mediating role of working memory between sleep quality and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The cluster random sampling method was used to select 110 ADHD children and 124 normal children as subjects from grade 3-5 students in two primary schools in Kashgar, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. SNAP-IV, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and visual-spatial working memory paradigm were used for investigation and comparison. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the ADHD group had a significantly higher total score of PSQI and scores of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, and a higher incidence of sleep quality problems (P<0.001). The working memory score in the ADHD group was significantly lower than that in the normal group (P<0.001). In the ADHD group, the working memory score was negatively correlated with the total score of PSQI (rs=-0.271, P<0.001) and the score of symptoms (rs=-0.439, P<0.001), and the total score of PSQI was positively correlated with the score of symptoms (rs=0.540, P<0.001). Working memory had a partial mediating effect in the influence of sleep quality on symptoms in children with ADHD, accounting for 18.10% of the total effect. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep quality issues are observed in some children with ADHD, and working memory plays a mediating role between sleep quality and symptoms in ADHD children.