Bayesian Analysis of Multi-Factorial Experimental Designs Using SEM.

Latent repeated measures ANOVA (L-RM-ANOVA) has recently been proposed as an alternative to traditional repeated measures ANOVA. L-RM-ANOVA builds upon structural equation modeling and enables researchers to investigate interindividual differences in main/interaction effects, examine custom contrasts, incorporate a measurement model, and account for missing data. However, L-RM-ANOVA uses maximum likelihood and thus cannot incorporate prior information and can have poor statistical properties in small samples. We show how L-RM-ANOVA can be used with Bayesian estimation to resolve the aforementioned issues. We demonstrate how to place informative priors on model parameters that constitute main and interaction effects. We further show how to place weakly informative priors on standardized parameters which can be used when no prior information is available. We conclude that Bayesian estimation can lower Type 1 error and bias, and increase power and efficiency when priors are chosen adequately. We demonstrate the approach using a real empirical example and guide the readers through specification of the model. We argue that ANOVA tables and incomplete descriptive statistics are not sufficient information to specify informative priors, and we identify which parameter estimates should be reported in future research; thereby promoting cumulative research.

Estimating substance use disparities across intersectional social positions using machine learning: An application of group-lasso interaction network.

OBJECTIVE: An aim of quantitative intersectional research is to model the joint impact of multiple social positions on health risk behaviors. Although moderated multiple regression is frequently used to pursue intersectional research hypotheses, such parametric approaches may produce unreliable effect estimates due to data sparsity and high dimensionality. Machine learning provides viable alternatives, offering greater flexibility in evaluating many candidate interactions amid sparse data conditions, yet remains rarely employed. This study introduces group-lasso interaction network (glinternet), a novel machine learning approach involving hierarchical regularization, to assess intersectional differences in substance use prevalence. METHOD: Utilizing variable selection and parameter stabilization functionality for main and interaction effects, glinternet was employed to examine two-way interactions between three primary social positions (gender, sexual orientation, and race) predicting heavy episodic drinking, cannabis use, and cigarette use prevalence. Analyses were conducted using the All of Us Research Program (N = 283,403), a national sample with high representation from populations historically underrepresented in biomedical research. Results were replicated using holdout cross-validation and compared against logistic regression estimates. RESULTS: Glinternet prevalence estimates were more stable across discovery and replication samples relative to logistic regression, particularly among sparsely represented groups. Prevalence estimates for cigarette and cannabis use were elevated among sexual minority and White cisgender women compared to heterosexual and non-White women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Glinternet may improve upon traditional moderated multiple regression methods for pursuing intersectional hypotheses by improving model parsimony and parameter stability, providing novel means for quantifying health disparities among intersectional social positions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an mHealth Intervention to Improve PrEP Adherence Among Young Sexual Minority Men.

This randomized controlled study assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of the PrEP iT! mHealth intervention designed to improve PrEP adherence among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). A national sample of 80 YMSM in the U.S. (Mage = 25 years; 54% racial/ethnic minority), recruited through social media ads, were randomized to either the PrEP iT! or usual PrEP care conditions. Participants completed online surveys and submitted self-collected dried blood sample (DBS) data as measures of PrEP adherence. Differences in PrEP adherence across treatment arms and between participants with high versus low engagement in PrEP iT! were assessed. Retention was high at the three (94%) and six (93%) month assessment, and participants in PrEP iT! reported satisfactory acceptability of the intervention. There were no significant differences in self-reported or DBS-derived PrEP adherence between randomized groups. However, YMSM in the PrEP iT! group with high PrEP adherence (the equivalent of four or more doses/week through self-report and DBS-derived measures) demonstrated significantly higher engagement in the intervention than those with low PrEP adherence (the equivalent of 3 or fewer doses/week). Overall, the PrEP iT! intervention demonstrated strong feasibility and acceptability. The finding that high PrEP iT! intervention engagement was associated with protective levels of PrEP adherence suggests it is a viable adherence support tool that should be further evaluated in definitive trial among YMSM who need basic support, or as part of a more comprehensive adherence support package for those who need greater assistance.Trial registration Clinical Trials # NCT04509076 (registered August 10, 2020).

The Effects of a Multisector, Multilevel Intervention on Child Dietary Intake: California Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Study.

Consuming too few fruits and vegetables and excess fat can increase the risk of childhood obesity. Interventions which target mediators such as caregivers' dietary intake, parenting strategies, and the family meal context can improve children's diets. A quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention with four conditions (healthcare (HC-only), public health (PH-only), HC + PH, and control) was implemented to assess the effects of the interventions and the effects of the mediators. HC (implemented with the Obesity Care Model) and PH interventions entailed capacity building; policy, system, and environment changes; and a small-scale media campaign to promote healthy eating. Linear mixed models were used to assess intervention effects and the mediation analysis was performed. Predominantly Hispanic/Latino children and caregivers from rural communities in Imperial County, California, were measured at baseline (N = 1186 children/848 caregivers) and 12 months post-baseline (N = 985/706, respectively). Children who were overweight/obese in the HC-only condition (M = 1.32) consumed more cups of fruits at the 12-month follow-up than those in the control condition (M = 1.09; p = 0.04). No significant mediation was observed. Children in the PH-only condition consumed a significantly higher percentage of energy from fat (M = 36.01) at the follow-up than those in the control condition (M = 34.94, p < 0.01). An obesity intervention delivered through healthcare settings slightly improved fruit intake among at-risk children, but the mechanisms of effect remain unclear.

The role of posttraumatic cognitions in integrated treatments for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic cognitions are a mechanism of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom reduction in trauma-focused interventions for PTSD. It is unclear how changes in posttraumatic cognitions are associated with important clinical correlates of PTSD, including drinking and psychosocial functioning. This study examined if changes in posttraumatic cognitions during integrated treatment for co-occurring PTSD/alcohol use disorder (AUD) were associated with concurrent improvements in PTSD severity, heavy drinking, and psychosocial functioning. METHOD: One hundred nineteen veterans (65.5% white and 89.9% men) with PTSD/AUD randomized to receive Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure or Seeking Safety completed assessments of posttraumatic cognitions (Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory), PTSD severity (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5), drinking (Timeline Followback), and psychosocial functioning (Medical Outcomes Survey SF-36) at baseline, posttreatment, 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Structural equation models indicated that posttraumatic cognitions improved significantly during treatments for PTSD/AUD with no significant treatment differences. Reductions in posttraumatic cognitions during treatment were associated with concurrent improvements in PTSD severity and functioning, and differentially associated with drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that changes in posttraumatic cognitions in integrated treatments for PTSD/AUD are not solely important for symptom change but are implicated in improvements in functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A longitudinal study of cannabis use and risk for cognitive and functional decline among older adults with HIV.

Cannabis use is rapidly increasing among older adults in the United States, in part to treat symptoms of common health conditions (e.g., chronic pain, sleep problems). Longitudinal studies of cannabis use and cognitive decline in aging populations living with chronic disease are lacking. We examined different levels of cannabis use and cognitive and everyday function over time among 297 older adults with HIV (ages 50-84 at baseline). Participants were classified based on average cannabis use: frequent (> weekly) (n = 23), occasional (≤ weekly) (n = 83), and non-cannabis users (n=191) and were followed longitudinally for up to 10 years (average years of follow-up = 3.9). Multi-level models examined the effects of average and recent cannabis use on global cognition, global cognitive decline, and functional independence. Occasional cannabis users showed better global cognitive performance overall compared to non-cannabis users. Rates of cognitive decline and functional problems did not vary by average cannabis use. Recent cannabis use was linked to worse cognition at study visits when participants had THC+ urine toxicology-this short-term decrement in cognition was driven by worse memory and did not extend to reports of functional declines. Occasional (≤ weekly) cannabis use was associated with better global cognition over time in older adults with HIV, a group vulnerable to chronic inflammation and cognitive impairment. Recent THC exposure may have a temporary adverse impact on memory. To inform safe and efficacious medical cannabis use, the effects of specific cannabinoid doses on cognition and biological mechanisms must be investigated in older adults.

RESUMEN: El consumo de cannabis está aumentando rápidamente entre los adultos mayores en los Estados Unidos, en parte para tratar síntomas de afecciones de salud comunes (p. ej. dolor crónico, problemas de dormir). Actualmente, hay pocos estudios longitudinales sobre el consumo de cannabis y el deterioro cognitivo en poblaciones que envejecen y viven con enfermedades crónicas. Examinamos diferentes niveles del consumo de cannabis y funciones cognitivas a lo largo del tiempo entre 297 adultos mayores con VIH (de 50 a 84 años al principio de la investigación). Los participantes se clasificaron según el consumo promedio de cannabis: consumidores de cannabis frecuentes (> semanal) (n = 23) ocasionales (≤ semanal) (n = 83), y no consumidores de cannabis (n=191) fueron seguidos longitudinalmente hasta por 10 años (promedio = 3,9 años). Los modelos multinivel investigaron los efectos del consumo promedio y reciente de cannabis en la cognición global, el deterioro cognitivo global, y la independencia funcional. Los consumidores ocasionales de cannabis mostraron un mejor rendimiento cognitivo global en comparación con los no consumidores. El nivel de deterioro cognitivo y problemas funcionales no estuvieron asociado con el uso de cannabis. El consumo reciente de cannabis se vinculó con una peor cognición en las visitas del estudio cuando los participantes tenían toxicología de orina de THC positivo­esta disminución a corto plazo de la cognición se debió a una peor memoria, pero no se extendió a los informes de deterioros funcionales. El consumo ocasional (≤ semanal) de cannabis se asoció con una mejor cognición global a lo largo del tiempo en adultos mayores con VIH, un grupo susceptible a la inflamación crónica y la disfunción cognitiva. La exposición reciente al THC puede tener un impacto negativo temporal en la memoria. Los efectos de dosis específicas de cannabinoides en la cognición y sus mecanismos de acción biológicos deben ser investigados en personas mayores con el fin de informar el uso seguro y eficaz del cannabis medicinal.

Preoperative white matter network organization and memory decline after epilepsy surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Risk for memory decline is a common concern for individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) undergoing surgery. Global and local network abnormalities are well documented in TLE. However, it is less known whether network abnormalities predict postsurgical memory decline. The authors examined the role of preoperative global and local white matter network organization and risk of postoperative memory decline in TLE. METHODS: One hundred one individuals with TLE (n = 51 with left TLE and 50 with right TLE) underwent preoperative T1-weighted MRI, diffusion MRI, and neuropsychological memory testing in a prospective longitudinal study. Fifty-six age- and sex-matched controls completed the same protocol. Forty-four patients (22 with left TLE and 22 with right TLE) subsequently underwent temporal lobe surgery and postoperative memory testing. Preoperative structural connectomes were generated via diffusion tractography and analyzed using measures of global and local (i.e., medial temporal lobe [MTL]) network organization. Global metrics measured network integration and specialization. The local metric was calculated as an asymmetry of the mean local efficiency between the ipsilateral and contralateral MTLs (i.e., MTL network asymmetry). RESULTS: Higher preoperative global network integration and specialization were associated with higher preoperative verbal memory function in patients with left TLE. Higher preoperative global network integration and specialization, as well as greater leftward MTL network asymmetry, predicted greater postoperative verbal memory decline for patients with left TLE. No significant effects were observed in right TLE. Accounting for preoperative memory score and hippocampal volume asymmetry, MTL network asymmetry uniquely explained 25%-33% of the variance in verbal memory decline for left TLE and outperformed hippocampal volume asymmetry and global network metrics. MTL network asymmetry alone produced good diagnostic classification of memory decline in left TLE (i.e., an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80-0.84 and correct classification of 65%-76% of cases with cross-validation). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest that global white matter network disruption contributes to verbal memory impairment preoperatively and predicts postsurgical verbal memory outcomes in left TLE. However, a leftward asymmetry of MTL white matter network organization may confer the highest risk for verbal memory decline. Although this requires replication in a larger sample, the authors demonstrate the importance of characterizing preoperative local white matter network properties within the to-be-operated hemisphere and the reserve capacity of the contralateral MTL network, which may eventually be useful in presurgical planning.

Bilingualism and Structural Network Organization in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Resilience in Neurologic Disease.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is growing evidence that bilingualism can induce neuroplasticity and modulate neural efficiency, resulting in greater resistance to neurologic disease. However, whether bilingualism is beneficial to neural health in the presence of epilepsy is unknown. We tested whether bilingual individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have improved whole-brain structural white matter network organization. METHODS: Healthy controls and individuals with TLE recruited from 2 specialized epilepsy centers completed diffusion-weighted MRI and neuropsychological testing as part of an observational cohort study. Whole-brain connectomes were generated via diffusion tractography and analyzed using graph theory. Global analyses compared network integration (path length) and specialization (transitivity) in TLE vs controls and in a 2 (left vs right TLE) × 2 (bilingual vs monolingual) model. Local analyses compared mean local efficiency of predefined frontal-executive and language (i.e., perisylvian) subnetworks. Exploratory correlations examined associations between network organization and neuropsychological performance. RESULTS: A total of 29 bilingual and 88 monolingual individuals with TLE matched on several demographic and clinical variables and 81 age-matched healthy controls were included. Globally, a significant interaction between language status and side of seizure onset revealed higher network organization in bilinguals compared with monolinguals but only in left TLE (LTLE). Locally, bilinguals with LTLE showed higher efficiency in frontal-executive but not in perisylvian networks compared with LTLE monolinguals. Improved whole-brain network organization was associated with better executive function performance in bilingual but not monolingual LTLE. DISCUSSION: Higher white matter network organization in bilingual individuals with LTLE suggests a neuromodulatory effect of bilingualism on whole-brain connectivity in epilepsy, providing evidence for neural reserve. This may reflect attenuation of or compensation for epilepsy-related dysfunction of the left hemisphere, potentially driven by increased efficiency of frontal-executive networks that mediate dual-language control. This highlights a potential role of bilingualism as a protective factor in epilepsy, motivating further research across neurologic disorders to define mechanisms and develop interventions.

White matter network organization predicts memory decline after epilepsy surgery.

The authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to a substantial change in data analysis and findings/conclusions. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.

Adrenocortical responses of emerging adults in California in the two months following the Pulse night club massacre: Evidence for distal stress responses.

This study examined adrenocortical responses in the days following the Pulse nightclub massacre on June 12, 2016, among emerging adults in Northern California (N = 202; M = 23.18 years, SD = 2.56; 25% LGBQ-Latinx, 25% LGBQ-White, 25% Straight-Latinx, and 25% Straight-White) between June 13-August 12, 2016. As predicted, participants tested more proximally to the massacre had higher waking cortisol (intercepts) and flatter diurnal cortisol output (slopes), indicative of time-dependent adrenocortical arousal across the day. The effect of days post-massacre on waking cortisol was moderated by daily distress, with days since the Pulse massacre predicting waking cortisol significant only for participants reporting lower distress; participants who reported feeling higher daily distress had elevated waking cortisol across the testing period. These findings were independent of weekly personal stressors, and consistent across participants' demographic and identity characteristics. The violent attack at the Pulse nightclub was connected to increased waking cortisol and diurnal cortisol production for several days after the massacre, in a distal population exposed to the massacre vicariously, and especially for individuals not experiencing other, personal stressors. Heightened physiological responses to violent crimes support policy efforts to protect vulnerable communities, including violence prevention, gun control, and community-based trauma response services for those directly and indirectly affected by gun violence.

Association Between Microstructural Asymmetry of Temporal Lobe White Matter and Memory Decline After Anterior Temporal Lobectomy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Risk for memory decline is a substantial concern in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) undergoing anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). Although prior studies have identified associations between memory and integrity of white matter (WM) networks within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) preoperatively, we contribute a study examining whether microstructural asymmetry of deep and superficial WM networks within the MTL predicts postoperative memory decline. METHODS: Patients with drug-resistant TLE were recruited from 2 epilepsy centers in a prospective longitudinal study. All patients completed preoperative T1 and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) as well as preoperative and postoperative neuropsychological testing. Preoperative fractional anisotropy (FA) of the WM directly beneath the neocortex (i.e., superficial WM [SWM]) and of deep WM tracts associated with memory were calculated. Asymmetry was calculated for hippocampal volume and FA of each WM tract or region and examined in linear and logistic regressions with preoperative to postoperative memory change as the primary outcome. RESULTS: Data were analyzed from 42 patients with TLE (19 left TLE [LTLE], 23 right TLE [RTLE]) who underwent ATL. Leftward FA asymmetry of the entorhinal SWM was associated with decline on prose and associative recall in LTLE, whereas leftward FA asymmetry of the uncinate fasciculus (UNC) was associated with decline on prose recall only. After controlling for preoperative memory score and hippocampal volume, leftward FA asymmetry of the entorhinal SWM uniquely contributed to decline in both prose and associative recall (ß = -0.46; SE 0.14 and ß = -0.68; SE 0.22, respectively) and leftward FA asymmetry of the UNC uniquely contributed to decline in prose recall (ß = -0.31; SE 0.14). A model combining asymmetry of hippocampal volume and entorhinal FA correctly classified memory outcomes in 79% of patients with LTLE for prose (area under the curve [AUC] 0.89; sensitivity 82%; specificity 75%) and 81% of patients for associative (AUC 0.79; sensitivity 83%; specificity 80%) recall. Entorhinal SWM asymmetry was the strongest predictor in both models. DISCUSSION: Preoperative asymmetry of deep WM and SWM integrity within the MTL is a strong predictor of postoperative memory decline in TLE, suggesting that surgical decision-making may benefit from considering each patient's WM network adequacy and reserve in addition to hippocampal integrity. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that preoperative asymmetry of deep WM and SWM integrity within the MTL is a predictor of postoperative memory decline.

Convergence and divergence in prediction from vocabulary and speed of word processing.

Toddler vocabulary knowledge and speed of word processing are associated with downstream language and cognition. Here, we investigate whether these associations differ across measures. At age two, 101 participants (55 monolingual French-speaking and 46 monolingual English-speaking children) completed a two-alternative forced choice task, yielding measures of decontextualized vocabulary (number of correct responses) and haptic speed of word processing (latency of correct responses). At ages three, four, and five children completed a battery of language assessments and an executive function task. Growth curve models revealed that age-two vocabulary significantly predicted age-three performance (but not growth from age three to four or four to five) across all language assessments but speed of processing did not predict language outcomes in final models. Finally, speed of processing was correlated with executive function at age three whereas vocabulary was not. Results suggest that vocabulary is associated with a range of downstream language abilities whereas haptic speed of processing may be associated with executive control.

Repeated Measures ANOVA with Latent Variables to Analyze Interindividual Differences in Contrasts.

Repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) is a broadly used statistical method to analyze data from experimental designs. RM-ANOVA aims at investigating effects of experimental conditions (i.e., factors) and predictors that affect the outcome of interest. It mainly considers contrasts that test standard main and interaction effects, even though more complex contrasts can in principle be used. Analyses, however, only focus on drawing conclusions about average effects and do not take into consideration interindividual differences in these effects. We propose an alternative approach to RM-ANOVA for analyzing repeated measures data, termed latent repeated measures analysis of variance (L-RM-ANOVA). The new approach is based on structural equation modeling and extends the latent growth components approach. L-RM-ANOVA enables the researcher to not only consider mean differences between different experimental conditions (i.e., average effects), but also to investigate interindividual differences in effects. Such interindividual differences are considered with regard to standard main and interactions effects and also with regard to customized contrasts that allow for testing specific hypotheses of interest. Furthermore, L-RM-ANOVA can include a measurement model for latent variables and can be used for the analysis of complex multi-factorial repeated measures designs. We conclude the presentation by demonstrating L-RM-ANOVA using a minimal repeated measures example.

Psychosocial functioning in integrated treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder.

Co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder (PTSD/AUD) is associated with poorer psychosocial functioning than either disorder alone; however, it is unclear if psychosocial functioning improves in treatment for PTSD/AUD. This study examined if psychosocial functioning improved in integrated treatments for PTSD/AUD, and if changes in PTSD severity and percentage heavy drinking days (PHDD) during treatment were associated with functioning outcomes. 119 veterans with PTSD/AUD randomized to receive either Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Disorders using Prolonged Exposure or Seeking Safety completed measures of functioning (Medical Outcomes Survey SF-36), PTSD (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5), and alcohol use (Timeline Follow-Back) at baseline, posttreatment, 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Our findings suggest that psychosocial functioning improved to a statistically significant degree with no significant differences between conditions. Reductions in PTSD severity during treatment were associated with psychosocial functioning improvements, whereas reductions in PHDD were associated with improvement in role impairment at posttreatment. Although psychosocial functioning improves to a statistically significant degree in interventions designed to treat PTSD/AUD, these improvements do not represent clinically meaningful improvements in patients' abilities to navigate important roles. Findings underscore the need to study how to best treat psychosocial functioning impairment in PTSD/AUD.

Analyzing cross-lag effects: A comparison of different cross-lag modeling approaches.

Developmental researchers often have research questions about cross-lag effects-the effect of one variable predicting a second variable at a subsequent time point. The cross-lag panel model (CLPM) is often fit to longitudinal panel data to examine cross-lag effects; however, its utility has recently been called into question because of its inability to distinguish between-person effects from within-person effects. This has led to alternative forms of the CLPM to be proposed to address these limitations, including the random-intercept CLPM and the latent curve model with structured residuals. We describe these models focusing on the interpretation of their model parameters, and apply them to examine cross-lag associations between reading and mathematics. The results from the various models suggest reading and mathematics are reciprocally related; however, the strength of these lagged associations was model dependent. We highlight the strengths and limitations of each approach and make recommendations regarding modeling choice.

Integrating minority stress theory and the tripartite influence model: A model of eating disordered behavior in sexual minority young adults.

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses associated with high mortality rates and health complications. Prior research has found increased rates of eating pathology in sexual minority (SM; e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual) individuals compared to sexual majority (i.e., heterosexual) individuals. Two prominent models have potential to explain these differences: the tripartite influence model and minority stress theory. While both models separately have promise for explaining the pathway of eating disordered behavior in SM individuals, research has indicated that both models have unexplained variance. Therefore, a comprehensive, integrative model could further explain unique variance. 479 men and 483 women between 18 and 30 years old were recruited through Qualtrics; all participants endorsed attraction to same-gender partners. Two models were estimated by gender using structural equation modeling. For men and women, community involvement accelerated the positive association of heterosexist discrimination with internalized homophobia. Minority stressors were associated with dissatisfaction and muscularity behavior, indicating the importance of incorporating minority stress. For women, community involvement accelerated both the association of pressures with muscularity internalization and the association of muscularity-based dissatisfaction with muscle building behaviors. If confirmed by prospective studies, this model could help refine prevention and intervention efforts with this vulnerable population.

Strengthening capacity for implementation of evidence-based practices for autism in schools: The roles of implementation climate, school leadership, and fidelity.

Understanding the factors that influence the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in schools is critical to the selection of effective implementation strategies to support their sustained use. The current study has 2 aims: (a) evaluate the association between school leadership profiles (undifferentiated and optimal) and fidelity of EBP implementation and (b) examine the role of implementation climate as a mediator in this association. Participants included 56 principals, 90 special education teachers, and 133 classroom staff from 66 elementary schools. Participants completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Implementation Climate Scale. Teachers and staff reported on intensity (frequency) of EBP delivery, and the research team rated the accuracy (adherence) to the components of the EBP. Schools were required to implement at least 1 of 3 EBPs for ASD (discrete trial training, pivotal response training, or visual supports). Using structural equation modeling, we found that schools with optimal leadership had higher observed ratings of teacher and staff fidelity for pivotal response training accuracy (p < .05), but not for discrete trial training or visual supports. However, this association became nonsignificant with the introduction of implementation climate into the models. Optimal leadership profiles were linked to more positive teacher/staff-reported implementation climate, compared with undifferentiated profiles (p < .01), but found no association between implementation climate and fidelity. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the role of principal leadership in EBP implementation is complex, which has implications for fostering a conducive organizational implementation context in schools. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Comparison of readmission and early revision rates as a quality metric in total knee arthroplasty using the Nationwide Readmission Database.

BACKGROUND: After release of the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement bundle, there has been increased emphasis on reducing readmission rates for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The potential for a separate, clinically-relevant metric, TKA revision rates within a year following surgery, has not been fully explored. Based on this, we compared rates and payments for TKA readmission and revision procedures as metrics for improving quality and cost. METHODS: We utilized the 2013 Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) to examine national readmission and revision rates, the reasons for revision procedures, and associated costs for elective TKA procedures. As data are not linked across years, we examined revision rates for TKA completed in the month of January by capturing revision procedures in the subsequent following 11-month period to approximate a 1-year revision rate. Diagnosis and procedure codes for revision procedures were collected. Average readmission and revision procedure costs were then calculated, and the cost distributed across the entire TKA population. RESULTS: We identified 20,851 patients having TKA surgery. The mean unadjusted 30- and 90-day TKA readmission rates were 3.4% and 5.8%, respectively. In contrast, the mean unadjusted 3-month and approximate 1-year reoperation rates were 1.0% and 1.6%, respectively. The most common cause for revision was periprosthetic joint infection, which accounting for 62% of all reported revision procedures. The mean payment for 90-day readmission was roughly half ($10,589±$11,084) of the mean inpatient payment for single reoperation procedure at 90 days ($20,222±$17,799). Importantly, nearly half (46%) of all 90-day readmissions were associated with a reoperation event within the first year. CONCLUSIONS: Readmission following TKA is associated with a 1-year reoperation in approximately half of patients. These reoperations represent a significant patient burden and have a higher per episode cost. Early reoperation may represent a more clinically relevant target for quality improvement and cost containment.

Reframing Financial Incentives Around Reducing Readmission After Radical Cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To better understand the financial implications of readmission after radical cystectomy, an expensive surgery coupled with a high readmission rate. Currently, whether hospitals benefit financially from readmissions after radical cystectomy remains unclear, and potentially obscures incentives to invest in readmission reduction efforts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a 20% sample of national Medicare beneficiaries, we identified 3544 patients undergoing radical cystectomy from January 2010 to November 2014. We compared price-standardized Medicare payments for index admissions and readmissions after surgery. We also examined the variable financial impact of length of stay and the proportion of Medicare payments coming from readmissions based on overall readmission rate. RESULTS: Medicare patients readmitted after cystectomy had higher index hospitalization payments ($19,164 readmitted vs $18,146 non-readmitted, P = .03) and an average readmission payment of $7356. Adjusted average Medicare readmission payments and length of stay varied significantly across hospitals, ranging from $2854 to $15,605, and 2.0 to 17.1 days, respectively (both P <.01), with longer length of stay associated with increased payments. After hospitals were divided into quartiles based on overall readmission rates, the percent of payments coming from readmissions ranged from 5% to 13%. CONCLUSION: Readmissions following radical cystectomy were associated with increased Medicare payments for the index hospitalization, and the readmission payment, potentially limiting incentives for readmission reduction programs. Our findings highlight opportunities to reframe efforts to support patients, caregivers, and providers through improving the discharge and readmission processes to create a patient-centered experience, rather than for fear of financial penalties.

Interaction of APOE, cerebral blood flow, and cortical thickness in the entorhinal cortex predicts memory decline.

The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, a risk factor for cognitive decline, is associated with alterations in medial temporal lobe (MTL) structure and function, yet little research has been dedicated to understanding how these alterations might interact to negatively impact cognition. To bridge this gap, the present study employed linear regression models to determine the extent to which APOE genotype (ε4+, ε4-) modifies interactive effects of baseline arterial spin labeling MRI-measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) and FreeSurfer-derived cortical thickness/volume (CT/Vo) in two MTL regions of interest (entorhinal cortex, hippocampus) on memory change in 98 older adults who were cognitively normal at baseline. Baseline entorhinal CBF was positively associated with memory change, but only among ε4 carriers with lower entorhinal CT. Similarly, baseline entorhinal CT was positively associated with memory change, but only among ε4 carriers with lower entorhinal CBF. Findings suggest that APOE ε4 carriers may experience concomitant alterations in neurovascular function and morphology in the MTL that interact to negatively affect cognition prior to the onset of overt clinical symptoms. Results also suggest the presence of distinct multimodal neural signatures in the entorhinal cortex that may signal relative risk for cognitive decline among this group, perhaps reflecting different stages of cerebrovascular compensation (early effective vs. later ineffective).