Congenital transmission of experimental leishmaniasis in a hamster model.

Little information is available on transplacental transmission of Leishmania spp. We determined the frequency and impact of congenital infection caused by Leishmania panamensis or L. donovani in experimentally infected hamsters. A polymerase chain reaction showed that congenital transmission occurred in 25.8% (24 of 93) of offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters and 14.6% (11 of 75) offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters. Mortality during lactation was higher in offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters and offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters than controls, and lymphoproliferation to Leishmania was more frequent in offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters (17.4%, 11 of 63) than in offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters (8.5%, 3 of 35). After weaning, only offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters had lower weight gain (P < 0.001) and hematocrit levels (P = 0.0045) than controls. Challenge of offspring born to L. panamensis-infected hamsters with L. panamensis showed no differences in lesion evolution, and offspring born to L. donovani-infected hamsters were more susceptible to L. donovani challenge than controls. Consequently, prenatal exposure of hamsters to L. donovani significantly increased the mortality risk and susceptibility to secondary homologous infection.

Eficacia y toxicidad de los antimoniales pentavalentes (Glucantime® y Pentostam®) en un modelo animal de leishmaniasis cutánea americana: aplicación de la luminometría / Efficacy and toxicity of pentavalent antimonials (Glucantime® and Pentostam®) in an American cutaneous leishmaniasis animal model: luminometry application

Los antimoniales pentavalentes Glucantime® y Pentostam® son los medicamentos de primera línea usados en el tratamiento anti- Leishmania; sin embargo, no hay estudios in vivo que comparen su eficacia y toxicidad controlando variables del hospedero. Los estudios bioquímicos en Leishmania detectaron diferencias entre los dos medicamentos en la inhibición de la topoisomerasa I, que podrían reflejarse en diferencias en su efectividad. Para evaluar la eficacia clínica se infectaron hámsteres en la pata trasera derecha con 106 promastigotes de Leishmania panamensis silvestre y transfectada con el gen de la luciferasa. Para evaluar la eficacia parasitológica se estandarizó la cuantificación de parásitos en los tejidos por luminometría. Tres semanas después de la inoculación, los animales se trataron intramuscularmente con Glucantime® o Pentostam® (30, 60 o 120 mg de SbV/kg por día por 20 días). La toxicidad se evaluó en hámsteres tratados intramuscularmente con 120, 160 o 240 mg de SbV/kg por día por 20 días de Glucantime® o Pentostam®. La resolución de las lesiones en los animales inoculados con ambas cepas fue similar con ambos medicamentos. La carga parasitaria disminuyó de forma equivalente con ambos medicamentos en todas las dosis, y resultó en diferencias significativas con respecto a los controles ( p<0,01). Los niveles séricos de creatinina, aspartato aminotransferasa, alanino aminotransferasa y amilasa no evidenciaron alteraciones hepáticas o renales. Los animales tratados con dosis iguales o mayores de 120 mg de SbV/kg por día por 20 días de Pentostam® presentaron alteraciones inflamatorias micro y macroscópicas en el sitio de la inyección que no se observaron en los tratados con Glucantime®. Estos resultados confirman observaciones clínicas sobre la eficacia similar de ambos productos e indican una toxicidad local mayor del Pentostam®

[Efficacy and toxicity of pentavalent antimonials (Glucantime and Pentostam) in an American cutaneous leishmaniasis animal model: luminometry application]. / Eficacia y toxicidad de los antimoniales pentavalentes (Glucantime y Pentostam) en un modelo animal de leishmaniasis cutánea americana: aplicación de la luminometría.

The pentavalent antimonial compounds Glucantime and Pentostam are the first line drugs used in anti-Leishmania treatment. However, no in vivo studies have compared the efficacy and toxicity of these drugs where host variability has been controlled. Biochemical studies of Leishmania have detected differences between the two drugs with regard to DNA topoisomerase I inhibition, a phenomenon that possibly impacts treatment efficacy. To evaluate the clinical efficacy, hamsters were infected intradermally in the right hind foot with 10(6) promastigotes of a wild type or luciferase-transfected Leishmania panamensis. At three weeks post-inoculation, the animals were treated intramuscularly with either Glucantime or Pentostam (30, 60 or 120 mg SbV/kg per day for 20 days). To evaluate parasitological efficacy a luminometry assay was standardized for quantitation of amastigotes in hamster tissues. To evaluate toxicity, hamsters were treated intramuscularly with Glucantime or Pentostam (120, 160 or 240 mg SbV/kg per day for 20 days). Animals inoculated with either of the parasite strains and treated with either drug, showed a similar rate of lesion reduction, as compared to untreated controls (p<0.01). Parasite burden was also comparable, and no significant differences were found in the cure rate. No renal or hepatic alterations occurred as evidenced by normal serum levels of creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and amylase. Hamsters treated with 120 mg SbV/kg per day for 20 days or higher doses of Pentostam showed macro- and microscopic signs of inflammation at the site of injection. These effects were absent in the animals treated with Glucantime. The results confirmed clinical observations regarding the similar efficacy of the two drugs, as well as the higher local toxicity of Pentostam.